2025届人教版(2019)高考英语一轮话题复习高考题型通关练：话题28　科技发展与科学家精神(教师版)

话题28科技发展与科学家精神Ⅰ.阅读理解JoseHernandezmadehisdreamofbecominganastronautarealityandhedidsodespiteunbelievabledifficulties.“IwasworkinginafieldnearStockton，andIheardonmyradiothatFranklinChang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps，”saidJose，whowasaseniorinhighschoolatthetime.“Iwasalreadyinterestedinscienceandengineering，”Joseremembered.“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”Asoneoffourchildreninamigrant(移民)farmingfamilyfromMexico，Jose—whodidn’tlearnEnglishuntilhewas12yearsold—spentmuchofhischildhoodtravelingwithhisfamilyfromMexicotosouthernCaliforniaeachMarch，thenworkingnorthwardtotheStocktonareabyNovember，pickingstrawberriesandcucumbersatfarmsalongtheroute.TheywouldthenreturntoMexicoforChristmasandstartthecyclealloveragaininthespring.“Somekidsmightthinkitwouldbefuntotravellikethat，”Joselaughed.“Butwehadtowork.”Aftergraduatingfromhighschool，JosewasadmittedintotheUniversityofthePacific.In1987，heacceptedafull－timejobwithLawrenceNationalLaboratory.In2001，JosejoinedtheJohnsonSpaceCentre，wherehecameface－to－facewithFranklinChang－Diaz.“Weactuallyhadcommonexperiences—asimilarupbringing，thesamelanguageissues.Thatbuiltupmyconfidence.Anybarriersthatexisted，hehadalreadyovercomethem，”Josesmiled.“Nowit’smyturn！”“NASArejectedmenotonce，nottwice，notthreetimesbut11times.Itwasn’tuntilthe12thtimethatIgotselected，”hesaid.Josewasselectedaspartofthe19thclassofastronautsin2004.Hecircledtheglobe217timesbutremainsadowntoEarthguy.JoseHernandezreceivedthe2016NationalHispanicHeroAwardandhecontinueshislonghistoryinthefieldofengineeringandspace.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述了出身农民家庭的Jose在中学时期受FranklinChang－Diaz的事迹激励而梦想成为一名宇航员，他为此付出了极大的努力并最终取得了傲人的成绩，实现梦想的故事。1.WhatmadeJosedeterminedtobeanastronaut?A.TheinfluenceofAstronautCorps.B.ThesuccessofFranklinChang－Diaz.C.Hisinterestinscienceandengineering.D.Theexperienceofworkinginthefield.答案B[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“andIheardonmyradiothatFranklinChang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps”和“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”可知，当Jose通过收音机得知FranklinChang－Diaz被选为宇航员的那一刻，早就对理工科感兴趣的他立志成为一名宇航员。]2.WhatcanwelearnaboutJoseasachild?A.Hedidmuchfarmwork. B.Hetraveledalotforfun.C.HehatedlearningEnglish. D.Heobeyedhisfamilyineverything.答案A[细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，Jose来自墨西哥的移民农民家庭，他童年时做了大量的农活。]3.HowdidJosefeelwhenhemetFranklinChang－Diazpersonally?A.Inspired. B.Valued.C.Relaxed. D.Puzzled.答案A[推理判断题。根据第五段内容可知，当Jose见到FranklinChang－Diaz本人时，他意识到他俩有很多共同经历，这包括他目前遇到的障碍，但对方都已经克服了这些障碍，这使得Jose充满信心。由此可推知，他很受鼓舞。]4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ClimboverBarriers B.ReachfortheStarsC.WorktheHardWay D.LearnfromYourPast答案B[标题归纳题。通读全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了出身农民家庭的Jose为了成为一名宇航员付出了极大的努力，最终实现梦想，飞上了太空的故事。B项(有九天揽月之志)能概括文章大意，适合作文章标题。]Peoplewhoregularlysleepforsixhoursorlesseachnightinmiddleagearemorelikelytodevelopdementia(痴呆)thanthosewhoroutinelymanagesevenhours，accordingtoamajorstudyintothedisease.Researchersfounda30%greaterriskofdementiainthosewhoduringtheir50s，60sand70sconsistentlyhadashortnight’ssleep，regardlessofotherriskfactorssuchasheartconditionandpoormentalhealth.Sabia，anauthorofthestudyattheUniversityofParisandhercolleaguesanalyzedsurveydatafromUniversityCollegeLondon’sWhitehallstudy，whichlaunchedin1985andfollowedthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan10，000Britishvolunteers.TheFrenchteamfocusedonnearly8，000participantswhoself－reportedtheirsleeppatterns.During25yearsoffollow－up，521participantsdevelopeddementia，withmostdiagnosedintheirlate70s.WritinginNatureCommunications，thescientistsdescribedhowthosewhoroutinelygotsixhoursofsleeporlesseachnightintheir50sand60swere30%morelikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhotypicallymanagedsevenhours.Thestudydoesnotprovethatsleepingtoolittlecausesdementia，sincesleeplossitselfmaybeoneoftheearliestsymptomsofthedisease.Butsomescientistsbelievetheresultsstrengthenevidencethatcontinuouspoorsleepmayatleastcontributetothedisease.Thefirstpathologicalchangesthatleadtodementiaoccuronetotwodecadesbeforethediseasebecomesobvious，asstickyproteinscalledamyloidbuildupinthebrain.Whenthe1985Whitehallstudyfirstassessedthesleepofvolunteerswholaterdevelopeddementia，thisprocesshadprobablynotstarted.Thismeantthatiftheyweresleepingtoolittle，itwasunlikelytohavebeencausedbydementia－relatedbrainchanges.“Itstrengthenstheevidencethatpoorsleepinmiddleagecouldcauseorworsendementiainlaterlife，”saidDr.LizCoulthard，aconsultantseniorlecturerindementianeurology.“Itmakessensetotakemeasurestoimprovesleepsuchasgoingoutsideduringdaylighthourstohelpmaintainthenaturalrhythmsthatpromotegoodsleep，avoidingtoomuchalcoholorcaffeine，particularlybeforebed，andfindingabedtimeroutinethatworksforyou.”【语篇解读】本文是说明文。一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明，中年时每晚经常睡6小时或更少的人比那些每天睡7小时的人更容易患痴呆症。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究人员对此的看法和建议。5.Whatriskfactorfordementiadoesthepassagefocuson?A.Sleeploss. B.Age.C.Poormentalhealth. D.Heartcondition.答案A[推理判断题。根据第二段可知，这篇文章关注的是痴呆的风险因素是睡眠不足。]6.HowdidFrenchscientistsgettheresearchfindings?A.Bymakingacomparison.B.Bymonitoringsleeppatterns.C.ByinterviewingBritishvolunteers.D.Byanalyzingprevioussurveydata.答案D[细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Sabia，anauthorofthestudy...morethan10，000Britishvolunteers.”可知，法国科学家通过分析以前的调查数据得到研究结果。]7.Inwhattonedothescientiststalkabouttheresearch?A.Casual. B.Doubtful.C.Negative. D.Cautious.答案D[推理判断题。根据第五段可推知，科学家们用谨慎的语气谈论这项研究。]8.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A.Togiveexamples. B.Tocollectproofs.C.Tooffersuggestions. D.Topresentarguments.答案C[写作意图题。根据最后一段可推知，最后一段的目的是提供建议。]Mostpeopledon’tthinkmuchaboutthefoodscrapstheythrowaway；however，researchersinTokyohavedevelopedanewmethodtoreducefoodwastebyrecyclingdiscardedfruitandvegetablescrapsintorobustconstructionmaterials.Worldwideindustrialandhouseholdfoodwasteamountstohundredsofbillionsofpoundsperyear，alargeproportionofwhichcomprisesedible(可食用的)scraps，likefruitandvegetablepeels.Thisunsustainablepracticeisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly，soresearchershavebeensearchingfornewwaystorecycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.“Ourgoalwastouseseaweedandcommonfoodscrapstoconstructmaterialsthatwereatleastasstrongasconcrete，”explainsYuyaSakai，theseniorauthorofthestudy.“Butsincewewereusingediblefoodwaste，wewerealsointerestedindeterminingwhethertherecyclingprocessimpactedtheflavoroftheoriginalmaterials.”Theresearchersborroweda“heatpressing”conceptthatistypicallyusedtomakeconstructionmaterialsfromwoodpowder，excepttheyusedvacuum－dried，pulverized(粉状的)foodscraps，suchasseaweed，cabbageleaves，andorange，onion，pumpkin，andbananapeelsastheconstructionpowders.Theprocessingtechniqueinvolvedmixingthefoodpowderwithwaterandseasonings，andthenpressingthemixtureintoamoldathightemperature.Theresearcherstestedthebendingstrengthoftheresultingmaterialsandmonitoredtheirtaste，smellandappearance.“Withtheexceptionofthespecimenobtainedfrompumpkin，allofthematerialsexceededourbendingstrengthtarget，”saysKotaMachida，aseniorcollaborator.“WealsofoundthatChinesecabbageleaves，whichproducedamaterialoverthreetimesstrongerthanconcrete，couldbemixedwiththeweakerpumpkin－basedmaterialtoprovideeffectivereinforcement.”Thenew，robustmaterialskepttheirediblenature，andtheadditionofsaltorsugarimprovedtheirtastewithoutreducingtheirstrength.Furthermore，thedurableproductsresistedrot，fungi(菌类)，andinsects，andexperiencednoappreciablechangesinappearanceortasteafterexposuretoairforfourmonths.Giventhatfoodwasteisaglobalfinancialburdenandenvironmentalconcern，itiscrucialtodevelopmethodsforrecyclingfoodscraps.Usingthesesubstancestopreparematerialsthatarestrongerenoughforconstructionprojects，butalsomaintaintheirediblenatureandtaste，opensthedoortoawiderangeofcreativeapplications.【语篇解读】本文是说明文，主要介绍了一项研究。东京的研究人员开发了一种新的方法，通过将废弃的水果和蔬菜残渣回收成坚固的建筑材料来减少食物浪费，这项科技有很大的发展空间。9.Whydotheresearcherssearchfornewwaystorecycleorganicmaterials?A.Becausetheconstructionofrobustmaterialneedsmuchfoodwaste.B.Becausefoodwasteisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly.C.Becausetheywanttomakeafortunebyrecyclingthefoodwaste.D.Becausetheamountoffoodwasteistoolargetostoreatthemoment.答案B[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thisunsustainablepracticeis...torecycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.”可知，这种做法浪费了很多钱，不环保，所以科学家们一直在寻找新的方法，把这些废料变成有用的东西。]10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“comprises”meaninthesecondparagraph?A.Contains. B.Processes.C.Presses. D.Originates.答案A[词义猜测题。分析句子可知，which引导定语从句，指代foodwaste，结合下文“edible(可食用的)scraps，likefruitandvegetablepeels.”可推断，食物浪费包括可食用的残羹剩饭，画线词与A项“包括”意思相近。]11.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?A.Allthematerialsobtainedfromfoodwastesurpassresearchers’strengthtarget.B.ThematerialproducedfromChinesecabbageleavesistwotimesstrongerthanconcrete.C.Thereisalotofroomforcreativeuseofthistechnology.D.Thenewmaterialsarestrongenoughforconstructionprojects，butfailtomaintaintheiroriginaltaste.答案C[正误判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Usingthesesubstancetopreparematerialsthat...awiderangeofcreativeapplications.”可知，用食物残余物来做成足够坚固的材料用于建筑工程，为未来技术打开了大门，因此推断这项技术有很大的创造性使用空间。]12.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?A.Atouristbrochure. B.Arecipebook.C.Abiographybook. D.Asciencemagazine.答案D[文章出处题。根据第一段中的“researchersinTokyohaveorobustconstructionmaterials.”和下文内容可知，文章主要介绍了一项研究，因此，文章很可能来自科学杂志。]Ⅱ.七选五(2024·潍坊高三测试)ToputintowordsmytimeinAntarcticaandSouthGeorgiaisnearlyimpossible.Ihadalwaysdescribeditasaonce－in－a－lifetimeexperience,butassoonasIsteppedfootonthecontinent,IimmediatelyknewIneededtoreturn.1About50%ofthepassengersofourexpedition(远征)hadbeentoAntarcticaatleastoncebefore.Thisgoestoshowjusthowmagicalofadestinationitis.ThatallyoursenseswillbestimulatedisthebestwayIcandescribethetimeonthewhitecontinent.Howtinyyoufeelnexttotoweringglaciersandicebergs.TheicywatermovingthroughyourbodyasyoutaketheinfamousPolarPlunge.Thelearningofheart－touchingstoriesofsurvivalfromexplorersofthepast.2Antarcticamakesyoufeelsosmallandinsignificant,inthebestway.3Yougetfrontrowseatstowitnessthemostincredibleshow：nature.Itisasmuchbeautifulascruel.Forexample,whenyouseeabrownskua(贼鸥)attackingapenguinchick,yourheartaches.ThenyourexpeditionguideregretfullytellsyouthatachickthatissmallinMarchwouldhaveveryslimchancesofsurvivingtheupcomingwinter.Thecyclecontinues,andyou’releftwonderingwhotorootfor.ThingsmovefastinAntarctica,andeverymonthofferssomethingreallyuniqueandspecialtosee.InMarch,theweatherisabitmoreunpredictable,andtheseaiceisbeginningtoformagain.4Intwomoreweeks,expeditionshipswouldnotbeabletobreakthroughtheice.Thepenguinsarecompletingtheiryearlyfeather－changingprocess.5Theexpeditionteam