【GTI】2024无源物联网典型场景白皮书

PassiveIoTTypical

ScenariosWhitePaper

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PassiveIoTTypicalScenariosWhitePaper

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PassiveIoTTypicalScenariosWhitePaper

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5GENS

Task

PassiveIoT

Sourcemembers

ChinaMobileResearchInstitute

Supportmembers

Huawei,ZTE,OPPO,Vivo,Nokia,FudanMicro,QuanrayElectronics,MaxWaveMicro,PostalScientificResearchandPlanningAcademy,CSCEC,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,BeijingJiaoTongUniversity,TianjinUniversity,UniversityofElectronicScienceandTechnologyofChina,FudanUniversity

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20-02-2024

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DD-MM-YYYY

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Confidentiality:ThisdocumentmaycontaininformationthatisconfidentialandaccesstothisdocumentisrestrictedtothepersonslistedintheConfidentialLevel.Thisdocumentmaynotbeused,disclosedorreproduced,inwholeorinpart,withoutthepriorwrittenauthorizationofGTI,andthosesoauthorizedmayonlyusethisdocumentforthepurposeconsistentwiththeauthorization.GTIdisclaimsanyliabilityfortheaccuracyorcompletenessortimelinessoftheinformationcontainedinthisdocument.Theinformationcontainedinthisdocumentmaybesubjecttochangewithoutpriornotice.

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TableofContents

1OverviewofpassiveIoT 5

2TypicalscenariosofpassiveIoT 9

2.1Regionalinventory“one-codeidentification” 9

2.1.1Large-scalewarehousemanagement 9

2.1.2Officeassetmanagement 10

2.1.3Industryequipmentmonitoring 12

2.1.4Householdgoodsmanagement 13

2.1.5Summary 15

2.2Wide-areatracking“one-codetracking” 15

2.2.1Personnelandgoodstracking 15

2.2.2Trafficvehicleregulation 16

2.2.3Regulationofliquidassets 17

2.2.4Summary 18

2.3Full-areamanagement“one-codeforall” 18

2.3.1Productionprocessmanagement 18

2.3.2Expresslogisticsmanagement 20

2.3.3Coldchainitemmanagement 21

2.3.4Commoditysupplychainmanagement 23

2.3.5Summary 24

3Conclusionandoutlook 25

4Abbreviation 26

5Reference 27

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1OverviewofpassiveIoT

1.1Developmentstatusandtrends

Industrialdigitizationisbooming,andtheindustry'sdemandforall-factor,all-processand

all-life-cyclemanagementofallkindsofobjectsisbecomingincreasinglyurgent.Existing

technologiesfacechallengesintermsofthenumberofterminalconnections,perceived

scaleandapplicationcosts,andtheindustrycallsfornewtechnologiesandproductsforIoT.PassiveIoTisalow-powercommunicationtechnologythatrealizesthetransmissionof

informationtothetargetnodebycollectingenvironmentalenergyandconvertingthe

availableradiowaveenergy,thermalenergy,vibrationenergyandmechanicalenergy

arounditintoelectricalenergythatcandriveitsowncircuit,whileusingthecommunicationmoderepresentedbybackscattering.Itsmostnotablefeatureisthatitdoesnotrelyon

traditionalbatterypowersupply,whichcanwellsolvethepowerconsumptionbottleneck

problemandisthekeytechnologyforthedevelopmentofthenextgenerationofInternetofThings.Accordingtothecurrentsituationoftheindustry,marketdemandandtechnology

evolutiontrends,thedevelopmentofpassiveIoTtechnologycanbedividedintothreestages:P-IoTI,P-IoTIIandP-IoTIII(Figure1).

Figure1ThreestagesofpassiveIoT

P-IoTIadoptssingle-pointarchitecture,representedbyUHFRFID,whichcontainsthree

parts:passivetag,readerandmanagementplatform.Theworkingschematicsisthatthe

readertransmitsRFsignaltoactivatethepassivetag,thetagusesbackscatteringtechnology[1]tomodulateitsowninformationtotheRFsignal.Thereaderreceivesthetag

backscatteredsignalsanddemodulation,anduploadsthecollectedinformationtotheback-endmanagementplatformtorealizethereadingandtransmissionofinformation.Dueto

theexistenceofsignalself-interferenceandinter-readerinterferenceatthereaderend,

resultinginthecommunicationdistancebetweentheread-writeandthelabelislimited.Atpresent,theindustryfocusesonoptimizingtheperformanceofreaderandtagtoimprovethepoint-to-pointidentificationandshort-distancecommunicationcapability.

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P-IoTIIadoptsanetworkedarchitecture,dividingRFIDreadersfromasingle-point

architectureintotwodevices:thehelperandthereceiver.Intheapplication,the

managementplatformisresponsibleforstartingtherequestprocess,unifiedschedulingofreceiversanddataanalysiswithvisualization.Thereceiverisresponsibleforsending

commandsignalsandmanagingthehelper.Thehelperisresponsibleforforwarding

commandsignalstothepassivetagsandsupplyingenergytoactivatethetags.Theactivatedtagstransmittheirowndatatotheoutsideworldbybackscattering[1].Thereceiver

receivesthedataandreportsittocompletethereadingprocess.P-IoTIIdecouplesthe

forwardlinkandreverselinkbyseparatingthetransceiverfunction,effectivelyreducestheself-interferenceproblemofthereader,andthusimprovesthereceiver'ssensitivity,

extendingthecoverageofthesystem[2].Atthesametime,thereceiverneedstosupportnetworkdeploymenttooptimizetheefficiencyofthesystem.Successfullyextendthe

regionalcoveragefromdozensofmeterstomorethanahundredmeters.

P-IoTIIIadoptsnewcellulararchitectureandprotocols,andwillusebasestationsor

terminaldevicestorealizethestimulationandinformationcollectionoftags,andwiththe

advantagesofcellularnetworkupstreamanddownstreaminterferencesuppression,

adaptivecodingandmodulation,flexibleresourcescheduling,multi-antennaandmulti-nodejointtransmission,andmobilitymanagement,itwillrealizemediumtolong-range

transmissionandlarge-scalecoverage.Providingtheconnectivitycapabilityof"full-processandfull-network".3GPPhasalreadycarriedoutthestandardizationresearchofpassiveIoT.Accordingtothedefinitionoftherelevant3GPPstandards,passiveIoTsupportsthreetypesoftags,namely,deviceA,BandC.ThetechnicalcharacteristicsoftagsareshowninTable1.Thesystemcanflexiblyselectlabeltypesaccordingtodifferentbusinessrequirements,

whichfurtherimprovestheapplicabilityofpassiveIoTindifferentscenarios.Meanwhile,tagssupportingothernetworkarchitecturesorprotocolsinpassiveIoTcanalsobe

categorizedwithreferencetotheabovefeatures.

DeviceA

DeviceB

DeviceC

Features

Backscatter

communication.Noindependentsignalgenerationandamplificationcapability.

Backscatter

communication,withenergystorage.

Noindependentsignalgenerationcapability,Supportslabelreversesignalamplification.

Withenergy

storage.

Supporting

independentsignalgeneration.

Power

Consumption

Microwattpowerconsumption

BetweenDeviceAandDeviceC

Milliwattpowerconsumption

Table1FeaturesofdifferenttypesofpassiveIoTtag

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P-IoTIcansupportpoint-to-pointidentificationwithinthelocalarea.IthasbeenusedforawhileinFMCGretailing,small-scalewarehousinginventoryandotherscenarios.However,

duetothedownlinkbudgetlimitation,thecoveragedistanceislessthan10meters(withalinkmarginofabout59dB),anditismostlyusedforsmall-scopeproximityinventory,makingitdifficulttomeettheneedsoflarge-scaleassetmanagement,locationtracking,

warehousingandotherfull-processbusinessautomationrequirements.P-IoTIItagreverseidentificationdistancecanexceed100meters,withgoodidentificationaccuracy,andbasedonnetworkcoverage,furtherexpandingantenna-level,depot-levelandmeter-levellow-costpositioningcapabilitiesonthebasisofinventoryandwarehousingbusinesscapabilities,it

hasalreadybeenrealizedforgroundapplication,deployedinlarge-scalewarehousing,assetmanagementscenariossuchassingle/multiplecrossingareas,whichcanrealizethe

automatedlarge-scaleinventoryofgoods,andiscontinuouslyplayingahugeroleinthe

value-addedofthesystem.Meanwhile,P-IoTIIdoesnotrequirenewtag.Thesystemcanreusetheexistingresources,tosupporttheseamlessconnectionwiththesingle-pointtypeandtherapidupgradeofbusiness.

Inthefuture,passiveIoTwillfurtheradvancetocellular.CellularpassiveIoTcanmakefull

useofthecellularnetworkinfrastructureandauthorizedspectrum.Firstly,therewillbea

substantialincreaseincommunicationdistance,reliabilityandsecurityandother

communicationperformance,supportforlong-distancetransmission,lightweightidentity

authentication,multisensoryfusion,andotherimportantcapabilities.Secondly,supportforcross-domainlabelmanagement,canachieveend-to-endfullbusinessprocessthrough,

eliminatinginformationsilos.Basedontheaboveadvantages,passiveIoTwillrealizethe

“three-transition”managementofallkindsofobjects,i.e.,thevisualization,automationandintelligenceofallelements,allprocessesandalllifecycles,andrealizingsensingforall,

connectionforall.Throughoutallprocessescontrolandmanagement,alllifecycledatacanbeconnected,thuscreatingadigitalbasefortheInternetofEverything.Effectivelymeetingthenewneedsofindustrialdigitization,whichwillhelpthescaleofIoTconnectionto

achievehundredsofbillionsoreventrillionsofdollars.Makingthewholelifecycledata

manageableandcontrollable,thenbuildtheInternetofEverythingdigitalbase,effectivelymeetthenewneedsofindustrialdigitization,helpingtheInternetofThingsconnectivity

scaletoachievehundredsofbillionsoreventrillionsofbreakthroughs,tocreateanew

industryoftheInternetofEverything,topromotethequalityoftheindustry,costreduction,efficiency,greeningandsecurity,andempoweringtheproductionofenterprises,people's

livesandsustainablesocialdevelopment.

1.2Applicationscenarioclassification

Withthein-depthapplicationofIoTtechnologyinvariousindustries,inthefaceofmoreflexibleandchangeableapplicationscenarios,passiveIoTisbecomingakeyenablingtechnologyforrealizingthevisionof"hundredsofbillionsoreventrillionsofIoTs"byvirtueofitslowerdeploymentandmaintenancecosts,noneedfortraditionalbatterypowersupplyandotheradvantages.AsshowninFigure2,thetypicalscenariosofpassiveIoTcanbecategorizedintothreetypes:regionalinventory,wide-areatrackingandfull-areamanagement,

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accordingtothebusinessaspectsandapplicationcharacteristicsoftagsintheirwholelifecycle.

Figure2PassiveIoTtypicalapplicationscenarioclassificationandexamples

Regionalinventory,itsapplicationenvironmentismainlylocalized,andtheapplicationdemandisbasedontheinventoryofthelabeledobjectsinarelativelyfixedarea.Regionalinventoryfocusesonwarehousemanagement,assetmanagement,equipmentmonitoring,smartfamily,supermarketretailingandotherscenes,automatinginventoryandmanagementofitemsinwarehouses,parksandfamilyareas,reducingmanualinventorycostsanderrorrisks,improvinginventoryefficiencyandsecurity,andrealizing"one-codeidentification".

Wide-areatracking,whoseapplicationenvironmentismainlywide-areaandthemovementofmarkedobjectsmaybeirregular,theapplicationdemandismainlyforpositioningandtrackingofmarkedobjects.Wide-areatrackingfocusesonpersonnelandgoodstracking,trafficandvehiclesupervision,urbanmovableassetsmanagementandotherscenarios.Throughrapidmonitoring,positioningandtrackingofimportantpeopleandgoods,itcaneffectivelypreventpeopleoranimalsfromgettinglostandgoodsfrombeinglost,helpindividualusersandurbanmanagementunitsbetterprotectpersonnelandassets,improvecomprehensivemanagementandoperationefficiency,reducelossesandrisks,andrealize"one-codetracking".

Inthecategoryoffull-areamanagement,theapplicationenvironmentisbothlocalandwide-area,involvingmultiplebusinessentities,applicationlinksandmanagementprocesses,andtheapplicationdemandismainlyforend-to-endfull-processmanagementandinformationtraceability.Theapplicationrequirementsaremainlyend-to-endfull-processmanagementandinformationtraceability.Thewholedomainmanagementcategoryfocusesonindustry,logistics,coldchain,construction,supplychainmanagementandotherfields,andcarriesoutend-to-endsupervisionofthemarkingobjectinitswholelifecycle.Takingproductionprocessmanagementasanexample,startingfromtheentryofmaterialsintothefactory,thesupervisionandtraceabilityofmaterialwarehousing,manufacturingandfinishedproductlogisticsarecarriedouttorealizethedigitization,transparencyandintelligenceofthe

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wholeprocessoftheproducts,andrealize"one-codetotheend".

2TypicalscenariosofpassiveIoT

2.1Regionalinventory“one-codeidentification”

2.1.1Large-scalewarehousemanagement

Inrecentyears,withtherapiddevelopmentofonlineshopping,cross-bordertrade,coldchainandpharmaceuticals,andthetransformationandupgradingoftraditionalindustriessuchasmanufacturingandretailing,thedemandforlarge-scalewarehousingcontinuestogrow.Facingthedevelopmenttrendofinformatization,automationandintelligenceoflarge-scalewarehousing,passiveIoTsupportscontinuouscoverageinsideandoutsidethewarehouse.Accuratepositioningofitemsandintelligentidentificationofinformationcanrealizeefficientinventoryandmanagementoflarge-scalewarehousingmaterials.

Atpresent,large-scalewarehousingmainlyusetheQRcode,machinevision,RFIDandothertechnologiescombinedwithmanualoperationtoachievethedailymanagementofgoodsinandoutofthewarehouseandinventory.Thelevelofautomationremainslow,inventorydataisnotinstantaneously.Inaccuratedataandlowefficiencyofthesearchforthings,etc.,whichnotonlyconsumesalotofmanpowerandmaterials,butalsogreatlyaffectstheefficiencyofwarehousingmanagement.Inaddition,large-scaleonlineshopping,pharmaceuticalsandotherhigh-endcustomersalsoneedtokeepabreastofthesupplyandflowofgoodsinthewarehouse.Traditionalmanagementmethodsarenotsufficienttomeetthedemand.

PassiveIoTcanextendthecoverageofthesystem,inthewarehouseonthegoodsorpackagingcontainers(suchas:cartons,woodenboxesorplasticpallets,etc.)deploymentofdeviceAorBtags.Tagsandgoodsinformationisbounded,andthroughthewarehousegate,roof,flatstorageandverticalstorageandotherkeyareasofthedistributionofincentiveandreceivingequipment(Figure3),canrealizethetargetgoodsoftherapidinventory,inandoutofthewarehousemanagementandpositioningandlocationsearchandotherapplications.Thetagcanbeusedforquickinventoryoftargetgoods,in/outmanagementandlocating.Whenthegoodsenterorleavethegate,thetaginformationisreadtorealizetheautomaticidentificationoftheenteringorleaving.Atthesametime,thereadcargoinformationwillbereportedtothemanagementplatform,whichwillbeconnectedtothecustomer'swarehousemanagementsystem,thusrealizingtheautomaticupdatingofthestatusofgoodsinandoutofthewarehouse.Whenthegoodsareputontheshelves,thePDAreaderdeployedontheforkliftcanidentifythegoodsonthetruckandmatchthemwiththewarehouseinformation,thusrealizingaccuratepositioningofthegoodsandtimelyupdatingoftheinformation.Whenthegoodsareinventoried,thebasestationequipmentdeployedinthewarehousecanrealizeminute-levelquasi-real-timeinventoryofthelabels,andtheinventoryefficiencyisgreatly

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improvedcomparedwiththatofmanualinventory.Whenthegoodsaresearched,passiveIoTsupportsantenna-levelandwarehouse-levelaccuracyofthewarehousetofindthegoods,combinedwithintelligentalgorithmstoachievelow-costmeter-levelpositioning.

Figure3SchematicofpassiveIoTdeploymentinalargewarehouse

China'ssmartwarehousingmarketislargeandthereisstillroomforgrowthinbothstockandincrementalmarketinthemediumtolongterm.PassiveIoTcanbeusedtodeployequipmentatthewarehousesite,andcombinedwiththemanagementplatformtocarryoutremoteautomaticinventoryandmeter-levelpositioning;ontheonehand,canimprovetheconvenienceofwarehousemanagement,andfurthersavemanpowercosts;ontheotherhand,canimprovetheaccuracyoftheinformationofthegoodsinthewarehouse,tosolvethediscrepanciesinthewarehousemanagementandotherproblems,andbettermeetthecomprehensivemanagementneedsoflarge-scalewarehousing.

2.1.2Officeassetmanagement

Officeassetsincludeofficesupplies,communicationequipmentandspecialequipment,etc.Officeassetsinenterpriseparksaregenerallycharacterizedbymultipletypes,largequantities,frequentflowsandhighusagefrequency,whichurgentlyrequireefficient,accurateandconvenientwaystomeetthemanagementrequirementsofenterprisesintermsofapproving,checking,inventoryandtrackingofassets.PassiveIoTrealizestheautomatedcollectionofallelementsofassetinformationintheregionthroughthecontinuouscoverageofofficeareas,warehousesandoutdoorparks.

Atpresent,thedailymanagementofassetsintheparkismainlyrealizedbyonlinesheet,QRcodes,machinevisionandothermethodscombinedwithmanualinventory,buttherearestillsomeproblems.Firstly,manualinventorytakesalongtime,whichisinefficientandpronetoerrors,thereal-timenatureofassetmanagementispooranditisimpossibletorealizeon-demandinventory,anditiseasytoshirkresponsibilitywhenproblemsoccur.Secondly,some

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assetsarecharacterizedbyhighborrowingfrequencyandfrequentmovementoflocation,soitisdifficulttodetectchangesinassetsintimeandrealizerapidrecoveryofassetswiththecurrentmanagementmethod.Thirdly,asdifferentcategoriesofofficeassetsarehighlydifferentiated,itisdifficulttocollectallelementsofinformationonthecharacteristicsoftheassetsintheexistingmethods,anditisnotpossibletoachieverefinedmanagement.Fourth,theexistingmethodisgreatlyaffectedbytheenvironment,anditisdifficulttoplayaroleindarkenvironmentsatnight.

BasedonpassiveIoT,deviceAorBtagsaredeployedonassetssuchascomputers,printers,filingcabinets,desksandchairstogiveofficeassetsaunique"IDcard"(Figure4).Cellularpassivebasestationsaredeployedinkeyareassuchasoffices,warehousesorentrancesandexitsinenterpriseparks,andthemanagementplatformrelatestotheinternalinformationsystemoftheenterprise.Themanagementplatformisconnectedwiththeenterprise'sinternalinformationsystem,whichcaneffectivelyrealizethecollectionofdetailedinformation(e.g.color,function,usage,procurementtime,usagecycleanduser,etc.)andautomatedcomprehensivemanagementoftheentirelifecycleofofficeassetsintheparkfromprocurement,distribution,usage,dailyinventorytodisposal.PassiveIoTcannotonlygreatlyreducethetimeofassetinventoryintheregion,solvethemanagementproblemof"onceayear,takeayear",butalsocombinewithpositioningtechnologytorealizeantenna-levelprecisionpositioning,facilitatetherapidrecoveryoflostassets,andfurthersolvetheproblemsofunclearquantityofassets,unclearownershipandinconsistencybetweenaccountsandfactsthatexistintheday-to-daymanagementofenterprises.Especiallyintheoutdoorenvironmentofthepark.Basedonthecontinuouscoverageofthecellularbasestation,itcanstillrealizetherapidpositioningofassets.Inadditiontoassetinventory,passiveIoTcombinedwithelectronicfencetechnologycanalsorealizethemanagementofpersonnelinthepark,suchasautomaticIDforpersonnelenteringandleavingthepark.

Figure4DeploymentofpassiveIoTintheofficeassetmanagementscenarioofthepark

Thenumberofofficeassetsintheparkislargeandfacingdifficultiestomanage.PassiveIoThastheadvantagesoffastinventory,regionalpositioningandcontinuousindoorandoutdoorcoverage,whichcanfurthermeettherequirementsofenterprisesfortherefinement,automationandintelligentizationofofficeassetsmanagementinthepark,andhasgreatpotentialformarketdevelopment.

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2.1.3Industryequipmentmonitoring

Fieldslikeindustryandenergyarethebasicsupportforeconomicandsocialdevelopment,anddigitalization,intelligenceandgreendevelopmentaretheimportantdirectionsofthenewindustrialandenergysystems.Atpresent,thelevelofautomationandcomplexityofvarioustypesofequipmentintheindustryareconstantlyincreasing.Effectiveconditionmonitoringandfaultdiagnosisofequipmentarerequiredtomeettheneedsofsafeproduction.Taketheelectricpowerindustryasanexample,powertransmissionandsubstationarethecorelinktorealizelong-distancetransmissionofelectricpower,andthereisademandforperiodicmonitoringoftheoperatingstatusofworkingfacilitiesandworkingenvironment.PassiveIoTcanprovidetheindustrywithamoreefficientandconvenientwaytomonitortheconditionofequipmentthroughoutitslifecycle.

Industriessuchasmodernmanufacturingandelectricpowertypicallyusealargenumberofsensornodes,manualhandheldmonitoringdevices(e.g.,infraredthermometers),ordroneinspectionstomonitorworkfacilitiesandenvironments,butthereisalackofreal-timeandcost-effectivemeanstodoso.Atthesametime,somemonitoringequipmentmaybedeployedinharshenvironments(e.g.,high/lowtemperatures,highhumidity,orpronetoelectromagneticbreakdown,etc.),speciallocationspaces(e.g.,undergroundpipelinecorridors,etc.),orhazardousenvironments(e.g.,high-speedmovingorrotatingequipment,etc.),whichleadstomanyinconveniencesintheexistingmonitoringmethods.

Taketheelectricpowerindustryasanexample,intheenvironmentofundergroundpipelinecorridorsandotherenvironments,undergroundpowertransmissioncablesaremostlyburiedinthespaceof1meterorlessfromthegroundatthetop,andtheuppermostcoverisconcreteorasphaltpavement,whichischaracterizedbyasmallworkingspaceandweakcommunicationsignals,andsoon.UsingpassiveIoT,deviceBorCtagswithsensingcapabilityareinstalledatthelocationswhereparameterssuchastemperature,humidityandwaterlevelneedtobemonitored,andrelayequipmentisdeployedtoenhancesignalcoverage(Figure5).Thesensingtagsareself-poweredbyefficientlyharvestingenvironmentalenergysuchaselectromagneticenergy,light(fluorescentlamps)andheat.Thebasestationorrelaydevicecanperiodicallyreadthetagsensingdata,andtheplatformcanfilter,curveandanalyzethedatabycombiningmultipleenvironmentalquantities.Byfiltering,mappingandanalyzingthedataincombinationwithmultipleenvironmentalquantities,theplatformachieveslow-costandhighreal-timeenvironmentalmonitoringbasedonthepointlocation.Timelydiscoverstheconditionsofheat,abnormalvibration,highhumidityandwaterloggingoftheline,andlocatesthefaultpointstoensurethesafeoperationofundergroundtransmissioncables.Intheoutdoormonitoringenvironment,theworkingvoltageoftheprimarypowerequipmentrangesfrom800kVto0.4kV,whichhastheproblemsofwideoperatingrange,difficulttogetpowerandpossibleelectromagneticbreakdown.DeviceBtags,whicharecapableofsensingandresistinghigh-voltagebreakdown,canbemountedatthecontactpointsoftheequipmenttobemeasured(Figure6).Thetagcanusesolarenergytoachieveenvironmentalenergysupply,thebasestationperiodicallyreadsthesensingdataofthetemperaturemeasurementpoint,andtheplatformusesthecollectedtemperaturedatatoanalyzetheoperatingstatusof

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theequipment,thusrealizinglow-costandmaintenance-freemonitoringoftheoperatingstatusofprimaryequipment.Atthesametime,inactualdeployment,theexistingcellularbasestationsintheparkcanbereusedfortaginformationreadingandsensingmonitoring,soastorealizemulti-functionalityofonenetwork.

Figure5SchematicsofpassiveIoTapplicationinequipmentmonitoringofunderground

pipeline

Figure6SchematicsofpassiveIoTapplicationinprimarysubstationequipmentmonitoring

Insummary,passiveIoThastheadvantagesoflongcommunicationdistanceandreusableexistingcommunicationresources,whichcanmeetthemonitoringneedsofvarioustypesofequipmentandenvironmentinverticalindustrieswithhighquality,bettersolvethecrucialproblemsofdifficulttoobtainpowerformonitoringequipmentandhighcostofmanualinspectionandoperationandmaintenance,andprovidecost-effectiveandreal-timeequipmentdigitalmonitoringnewtechnologicalmeansfortheindustry.Providetheindustrywithcost-effectiveandreal-timeequipmentdigitalmonitoringabilities.

2.1.4Householdgoodsmanagement

Asthestandardoflivingrises,thevarietyofpersonalandhouseholditemsbecomesmorediv