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PassiveIoTTypical
ScenariosWhitePaper
1
GTl
PassiveIoTTypicalScenariosWhitePaper
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PassiveIoTTypicalScenariosWhitePaper
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□OpentoGTIOperatorMembers
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5GENS
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PassiveIoT
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ChinaMobileResearchInstitute
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Huawei,ZTE,OPPO,Vivo,Nokia,FudanMicro,QuanrayElectronics,MaxWaveMicro,PostalScientificResearchandPlanningAcademy,CSCEC,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,BeijingJiaoTongUniversity,TianjinUniversity,UniversityofElectronicScienceandTechnologyofChina,FudanUniversity
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20-02-2024
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Confidentiality:ThisdocumentmaycontaininformationthatisconfidentialandaccesstothisdocumentisrestrictedtothepersonslistedintheConfidentialLevel.Thisdocumentmaynotbeused,disclosedorreproduced,inwholeorinpart,withoutthepriorwrittenauthorizationofGTI,andthosesoauthorizedmayonlyusethisdocumentforthepurposeconsistentwiththeauthorization.GTIdisclaimsanyliabilityfortheaccuracyorcompletenessortimelinessoftheinformationcontainedinthisdocument.Theinformationcontainedinthisdocumentmaybesubjecttochangewithoutpriornotice.
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TableofContents
1OverviewofpassiveIoT 5
2TypicalscenariosofpassiveIoT 9
2.1Regionalinventory“one-codeidentification” 9
2.1.1Large-scalewarehousemanagement 9
2.1.2Officeassetmanagement 10
2.1.3Industryequipmentmonitoring 12
2.1.4Householdgoodsmanagement 13
2.1.5Summary 15
2.2Wide-areatracking“one-codetracking” 15
2.2.1Personnelandgoodstracking 15
2.2.2Trafficvehicleregulation 16
2.2.3Regulationofliquidassets 17
2.2.4Summary 18
2.3Full-areamanagement“one-codeforall” 18
2.3.1Productionprocessmanagement 18
2.3.2Expresslogisticsmanagement 20
2.3.3Coldchainitemmanagement 21
2.3.4Commoditysupplychainmanagement 23
2.3.5Summary 24
3Conclusionandoutlook 25
4Abbreviation 26
5Reference 27
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1OverviewofpassiveIoT
1.1Developmentstatusandtrends
Industrialdigitizationisbooming,andtheindustry'sdemandforall-factor,all-processand
all-life-cyclemanagementofallkindsofobjectsisbecomingincreasinglyurgent.Existing
technologiesfacechallengesintermsofthenumberofterminalconnections,perceived
scaleandapplicationcosts,andtheindustrycallsfornewtechnologiesandproductsforIoT.PassiveIoTisalow-powercommunicationtechnologythatrealizesthetransmissionof
informationtothetargetnodebycollectingenvironmentalenergyandconvertingthe
availableradiowaveenergy,thermalenergy,vibrationenergyandmechanicalenergy
arounditintoelectricalenergythatcandriveitsowncircuit,whileusingthecommunicationmoderepresentedbybackscattering.Itsmostnotablefeatureisthatitdoesnotrelyon
traditionalbatterypowersupply,whichcanwellsolvethepowerconsumptionbottleneck
problemandisthekeytechnologyforthedevelopmentofthenextgenerationofInternetofThings.Accordingtothecurrentsituationoftheindustry,marketdemandandtechnology
evolutiontrends,thedevelopmentofpassiveIoTtechnologycanbedividedintothreestages:P-IoTI,P-IoTIIandP-IoTIII(Figure1).
Figure1ThreestagesofpassiveIoT
P-IoTIadoptssingle-pointarchitecture,representedbyUHFRFID,whichcontainsthree
parts:passivetag,readerandmanagementplatform.Theworkingschematicsisthatthe
readertransmitsRFsignaltoactivatethepassivetag,thetagusesbackscatteringtechnology[1]tomodulateitsowninformationtotheRFsignal.Thereaderreceivesthetag
backscatteredsignalsanddemodulation,anduploadsthecollectedinformationtotheback-endmanagementplatformtorealizethereadingandtransmissionofinformation.Dueto
theexistenceofsignalself-interferenceandinter-readerinterferenceatthereaderend,
resultinginthecommunicationdistancebetweentheread-writeandthelabelislimited.Atpresent,theindustryfocusesonoptimizingtheperformanceofreaderandtagtoimprovethepoint-to-pointidentificationandshort-distancecommunicationcapability.
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P-IoTIIadoptsanetworkedarchitecture,dividingRFIDreadersfromasingle-point
architectureintotwodevices:thehelperandthereceiver.Intheapplication,the
managementplatformisresponsibleforstartingtherequestprocess,unifiedschedulingofreceiversanddataanalysiswithvisualization.Thereceiverisresponsibleforsending
commandsignalsandmanagingthehelper.Thehelperisresponsibleforforwarding
commandsignalstothepassivetagsandsupplyingenergytoactivatethetags.Theactivatedtagstransmittheirowndatatotheoutsideworldbybackscattering[1].Thereceiver
receivesthedataandreportsittocompletethereadingprocess.P-IoTIIdecouplesthe
forwardlinkandreverselinkbyseparatingthetransceiverfunction,effectivelyreducestheself-interferenceproblemofthereader,andthusimprovesthereceiver'ssensitivity,
extendingthecoverageofthesystem[2].Atthesametime,thereceiverneedstosupportnetworkdeploymenttooptimizetheefficiencyofthesystem.Successfullyextendthe
regionalcoveragefromdozensofmeterstomorethanahundredmeters.
P-IoTIIIadoptsnewcellulararchitectureandprotocols,andwillusebasestationsor
terminaldevicestorealizethestimulationandinformationcollectionoftags,andwiththe
advantagesofcellularnetworkupstreamanddownstreaminterferencesuppression,
adaptivecodingandmodulation,flexibleresourcescheduling,multi-antennaandmulti-nodejointtransmission,andmobilitymanagement,itwillrealizemediumtolong-range
transmissionandlarge-scalecoverage.Providingtheconnectivitycapabilityof"full-processandfull-network".3GPPhasalreadycarriedoutthestandardizationresearchofpassiveIoT.Accordingtothedefinitionoftherelevant3GPPstandards,passiveIoTsupportsthreetypesoftags,namely,deviceA,BandC.ThetechnicalcharacteristicsoftagsareshowninTable1.Thesystemcanflexiblyselectlabeltypesaccordingtodifferentbusinessrequirements,
whichfurtherimprovestheapplicabilityofpassiveIoTindifferentscenarios.Meanwhile,tagssupportingothernetworkarchitecturesorprotocolsinpassiveIoTcanalsobe
categorizedwithreferencetotheabovefeatures.
DeviceA
DeviceB
DeviceC
Features
Backscatter
communication.Noindependentsignalgenerationandamplificationcapability.
Backscatter
communication,withenergystorage.
Noindependentsignalgenerationcapability,Supportslabelreversesignalamplification.
Withenergy
storage.
Supporting
independentsignalgeneration.
Power
Consumption
Microwattpowerconsumption
BetweenDeviceAandDeviceC
Milliwattpowerconsumption
Table1FeaturesofdifferenttypesofpassiveIoTtag
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P-IoTIcansupportpoint-to-pointidentificationwithinthelocalarea.IthasbeenusedforawhileinFMCGretailing,small-scalewarehousinginventoryandotherscenarios.However,
duetothedownlinkbudgetlimitation,thecoveragedistanceislessthan10meters(withalinkmarginofabout59dB),anditismostlyusedforsmall-scopeproximityinventory,makingitdifficulttomeettheneedsoflarge-scaleassetmanagement,locationtracking,
warehousingandotherfull-processbusinessautomationrequirements.P-IoTIItagreverseidentificationdistancecanexceed100meters,withgoodidentificationaccuracy,andbasedonnetworkcoverage,furtherexpandingantenna-level,depot-levelandmeter-levellow-costpositioningcapabilitiesonthebasisofinventoryandwarehousingbusinesscapabilities,it
hasalreadybeenrealizedforgroundapplication,deployedinlarge-scalewarehousing,assetmanagementscenariossuchassingle/multiplecrossingareas,whichcanrealizethe
automatedlarge-scaleinventoryofgoods,andiscontinuouslyplayingahugeroleinthe
value-addedofthesystem.Meanwhile,P-IoTIIdoesnotrequirenewtag.Thesystemcanreusetheexistingresources,tosupporttheseamlessconnectionwiththesingle-pointtypeandtherapidupgradeofbusiness.
Inthefuture,passiveIoTwillfurtheradvancetocellular.CellularpassiveIoTcanmakefull
useofthecellularnetworkinfrastructureandauthorizedspectrum.Firstly,therewillbea
substantialincreaseincommunicationdistance,reliabilityandsecurityandother
communicationperformance,supportforlong-distancetransmission,lightweightidentity
authentication,multisensoryfusion,andotherimportantcapabilities.Secondly,supportforcross-domainlabelmanagement,canachieveend-to-endfullbusinessprocessthrough,
eliminatinginformationsilos.Basedontheaboveadvantages,passiveIoTwillrealizethe
“three-transition”managementofallkindsofobjects,i.e.,thevisualization,automationandintelligenceofallelements,allprocessesandalllifecycles,andrealizingsensingforall,
connectionforall.Throughoutallprocessescontrolandmanagement,alllifecycledatacanbeconnected,thuscreatingadigitalbasefortheInternetofEverything.Effectivelymeetingthenewneedsofindustrialdigitization,whichwillhelpthescaleofIoTconnectionto
achievehundredsofbillionsoreventrillionsofdollars.Makingthewholelifecycledata
manageableandcontrollable,thenbuildtheInternetofEverythingdigitalbase,effectivelymeetthenewneedsofindustrialdigitization,helpingtheInternetofThingsconnectivity
scaletoachievehundredsofbillionsoreventrillionsofbreakthroughs,tocreateanew
industryoftheInternetofEverything,topromotethequalityoftheindustry,costreduction,efficiency,greeningandsecurity,andempoweringtheproductionofenterprises,people's
livesandsustainablesocialdevelopment.
1.2Applicationscenarioclassification
Withthein-depthapplicationofIoTtechnologyinvariousindustries,inthefaceofmoreflexibleandchangeableapplicationscenarios,passiveIoTisbecomingakeyenablingtechnologyforrealizingthevisionof"hundredsofbillionsoreventrillionsofIoTs"byvirtueofitslowerdeploymentandmaintenancecosts,noneedfortraditionalbatterypowersupplyandotheradvantages.AsshowninFigure2,thetypicalscenariosofpassiveIoTcanbecategorizedintothreetypes:regionalinventory,wide-areatrackingandfull-areamanagement,
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accordingtothebusinessaspectsandapplicationcharacteristicsoftagsintheirwholelifecycle.
Figure2PassiveIoTtypicalapplicationscenarioclassificationandexamples
Regionalinventory,itsapplicationenvironmentismainlylocalized,andtheapplicationdemandisbasedontheinventoryofthelabeledobjectsinarelativelyfixedarea.Regionalinventoryfocusesonwarehousemanagement,assetmanagement,equipmentmonitoring,smartfamily,supermarketretailingandotherscenes,automatinginventoryandmanagementofitemsinwarehouses,parksandfamilyareas,reducingmanualinventorycostsanderrorrisks,improvinginventoryefficiencyandsecurity,andrealizing"one-codeidentification".
Wide-areatracking,whoseapplicationenvironmentismainlywide-areaandthemovementofmarkedobjectsmaybeirregular,theapplicationdemandismainlyforpositioningandtrackingofmarkedobjects.Wide-areatrackingfocusesonpersonnelandgoodstracking,trafficandvehiclesupervision,urbanmovableassetsmanagementandotherscenarios.Throughrapidmonitoring,positioningandtrackingofimportantpeopleandgoods,itcaneffectivelypreventpeopleoranimalsfromgettinglostandgoodsfrombeinglost,helpindividualusersandurbanmanagementunitsbetterprotectpersonnelandassets,improvecomprehensivemanagementandoperationefficiency,reducelossesandrisks,andrealize"one-codetracking".
Inthecategoryoffull-areamanagement,theapplicationenvironmentisbothlocalandwide-area,involvingmultiplebusinessentities,applicationlinksandmanagementprocesses,andtheapplicationdemandismainlyforend-to-endfull-processmanagementandinformationtraceability.Theapplicationrequirementsaremainlyend-to-endfull-processmanagementandinformationtraceability.Thewholedomainmanagementcategoryfocusesonindustry,logistics,coldchain,construction,supplychainmanagementandotherfields,andcarriesoutend-to-endsupervisionofthemarkingobjectinitswholelifecycle.Takingproductionprocessmanagementasanexample,startingfromtheentryofmaterialsintothefactory,thesupervisionandtraceabilityofmaterialwarehousing,manufacturingandfinishedproductlogisticsarecarriedouttorealizethedigitization,transparencyandintelligenceofthe
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wholeprocessoftheproducts,andrealize"one-codetotheend".
2TypicalscenariosofpassiveIoT
2.1Regionalinventory“one-codeidentification”
2.1.1Large-scalewarehousemanagement
Inrecentyears,withtherapiddevelopmentofonlineshopping,cross-bordertrade,coldchainandpharmaceuticals,andthetransformationandupgradingoftraditionalindustriessuchasmanufacturingandretailing,thedemandforlarge-scalewarehousingcontinuestogrow.Facingthedevelopmenttrendofinformatization,automationandintelligenceoflarge-scalewarehousing,passiveIoTsupportscontinuouscoverageinsideandoutsidethewarehouse.Accuratepositioningofitemsandintelligentidentificationofinformationcanrealizeefficientinventoryandmanagementoflarge-scalewarehousingmaterials.
Atpresent,large-scalewarehousingmainlyusetheQRcode,machinevision,RFIDandothertechnologiescombinedwithmanualoperationtoachievethedailymanagementofgoodsinandoutofthewarehouseandinventory.Thelevelofautomationremainslow,inventorydataisnotinstantaneously.Inaccuratedataandlowefficiencyofthesearchforthings,etc.,whichnotonlyconsumesalotofmanpowerandmaterials,butalsogreatlyaffectstheefficiencyofwarehousingmanagement.Inaddition,large-scaleonlineshopping,pharmaceuticalsandotherhigh-endcustomersalsoneedtokeepabreastofthesupplyandflowofgoodsinthewarehouse.Traditionalmanagementmethodsarenotsufficienttomeetthedemand.
PassiveIoTcanextendthecoverageofthesystem,inthewarehouseonthegoodsorpackagingcontainers(suchas:cartons,woodenboxesorplasticpallets,etc.)deploymentofdeviceAorBtags.Tagsandgoodsinformationisbounded,andthroughthewarehousegate,roof,flatstorageandverticalstorageandotherkeyareasofthedistributionofincentiveandreceivingequipment(Figure3),canrealizethetargetgoodsoftherapidinventory,inandoutofthewarehousemanagementandpositioningandlocationsearchandotherapplications.Thetagcanbeusedforquickinventoryoftargetgoods,in/outmanagementandlocating.Whenthegoodsenterorleavethegate,thetaginformationisreadtorealizetheautomaticidentificationoftheenteringorleaving.Atthesametime,thereadcargoinformationwillbereportedtothemanagementplatform,whichwillbeconnectedtothecustomer'swarehousemanagementsystem,thusrealizingtheautomaticupdatingofthestatusofgoodsinandoutofthewarehouse.Whenthegoodsareputontheshelves,thePDAreaderdeployedontheforkliftcanidentifythegoodsonthetruckandmatchthemwiththewarehouseinformation,thusrealizingaccuratepositioningofthegoodsandtimelyupdatingoftheinformation.Whenthegoodsareinventoried,thebasestationequipmentdeployedinthewarehousecanrealizeminute-levelquasi-real-timeinventoryofthelabels,andtheinventoryefficiencyisgreatly
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improvedcomparedwiththatofmanualinventory.Whenthegoodsaresearched,passiveIoTsupportsantenna-levelandwarehouse-levelaccuracyofthewarehousetofindthegoods,combinedwithintelligentalgorithmstoachievelow-costmeter-levelpositioning.
Figure3SchematicofpassiveIoTdeploymentinalargewarehouse
China'ssmartwarehousingmarketislargeandthereisstillroomforgrowthinbothstockandincrementalmarketinthemediumtolongterm.PassiveIoTcanbeusedtodeployequipmentatthewarehousesite,andcombinedwiththemanagementplatformtocarryoutremoteautomaticinventoryandmeter-levelpositioning;ontheonehand,canimprovetheconvenienceofwarehousemanagement,andfurthersavemanpowercosts;ontheotherhand,canimprovetheaccuracyoftheinformationofthegoodsinthewarehouse,tosolvethediscrepanciesinthewarehousemanagementandotherproblems,andbettermeetthecomprehensivemanagementneedsoflarge-scalewarehousing.
2.1.2Officeassetmanagement
Officeassetsincludeofficesupplies,communicationequipmentandspecialequipment,etc.Officeassetsinenterpriseparksaregenerallycharacterizedbymultipletypes,largequantities,frequentflowsandhighusagefrequency,whichurgentlyrequireefficient,accurateandconvenientwaystomeetthemanagementrequirementsofenterprisesintermsofapproving,checking,inventoryandtrackingofassets.PassiveIoTrealizestheautomatedcollectionofallelementsofassetinformationintheregionthroughthecontinuouscoverageofofficeareas,warehousesandoutdoorparks.
Atpresent,thedailymanagementofassetsintheparkismainlyrealizedbyonlinesheet,QRcodes,machinevisionandothermethodscombinedwithmanualinventory,buttherearestillsomeproblems.Firstly,manualinventorytakesalongtime,whichisinefficientandpronetoerrors,thereal-timenatureofassetmanagementispooranditisimpossibletorealizeon-demandinventory,anditiseasytoshirkresponsibilitywhenproblemsoccur.Secondly,some
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assetsarecharacterizedbyhighborrowingfrequencyandfrequentmovementoflocation,soitisdifficulttodetectchangesinassetsintimeandrealizerapidrecoveryofassetswiththecurrentmanagementmethod.Thirdly,asdifferentcategoriesofofficeassetsarehighlydifferentiated,itisdifficulttocollectallelementsofinformationonthecharacteristicsoftheassetsintheexistingmethods,anditisnotpossibletoachieverefinedmanagement.Fourth,theexistingmethodisgreatlyaffectedbytheenvironment,anditisdifficulttoplayaroleindarkenvironmentsatnight.
BasedonpassiveIoT,deviceAorBtagsaredeployedonassetssuchascomputers,printers,filingcabinets,desksandchairstogiveofficeassetsaunique"IDcard"(Figure4).Cellularpassivebasestationsaredeployedinkeyareassuchasoffices,warehousesorentrancesandexitsinenterpriseparks,andthemanagementplatformrelatestotheinternalinformationsystemoftheenterprise.Themanagementplatformisconnectedwiththeenterprise'sinternalinformationsystem,whichcaneffectivelyrealizethecollectionofdetailedinformation(e.g.color,function,usage,procurementtime,usagecycleanduser,etc.)andautomatedcomprehensivemanagementoftheentirelifecycleofofficeassetsintheparkfromprocurement,distribution,usage,dailyinventorytodisposal.PassiveIoTcannotonlygreatlyreducethetimeofassetinventoryintheregion,solvethemanagementproblemof"onceayear,takeayear",butalsocombinewithpositioningtechnologytorealizeantenna-levelprecisionpositioning,facilitatetherapidrecoveryoflostassets,andfurthersolvetheproblemsofunclearquantityofassets,unclearownershipandinconsistencybetweenaccountsandfactsthatexistintheday-to-daymanagementofenterprises.Especiallyintheoutdoorenvironmentofthepark.Basedonthecontinuouscoverageofthecellularbasestation,itcanstillrealizetherapidpositioningofassets.Inadditiontoassetinventory,passiveIoTcombinedwithelectronicfencetechnologycanalsorealizethemanagementofpersonnelinthepark,suchasautomaticIDforpersonnelenteringandleavingthepark.
Figure4DeploymentofpassiveIoTintheofficeassetmanagementscenarioofthepark
Thenumberofofficeassetsintheparkislargeandfacingdifficultiestomanage.PassiveIoThastheadvantagesoffastinventory,regionalpositioningandcontinuousindoorandoutdoorcoverage,whichcanfurthermeettherequirementsofenterprisesfortherefinement,automationandintelligentizationofofficeassetsmanagementinthepark,andhasgreatpotentialformarketdevelopment.
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2.1.3Industryequipmentmonitoring
Fieldslikeindustryandenergyarethebasicsupportforeconomicandsocialdevelopment,anddigitalization,intelligenceandgreendevelopmentaretheimportantdirectionsofthenewindustrialandenergysystems.Atpresent,thelevelofautomationandcomplexityofvarioustypesofequipmentintheindustryareconstantlyincreasing.Effectiveconditionmonitoringandfaultdiagnosisofequipmentarerequiredtomeettheneedsofsafeproduction.Taketheelectricpowerindustryasanexample,powertransmissionandsubstationarethecorelinktorealizelong-distancetransmissionofelectricpower,andthereisademandforperiodicmonitoringoftheoperatingstatusofworkingfacilitiesandworkingenvironment.PassiveIoTcanprovidetheindustrywithamoreefficientandconvenientwaytomonitortheconditionofequipmentthroughoutitslifecycle.
Industriessuchasmodernmanufacturingandelectricpowertypicallyusealargenumberofsensornodes,manualhandheldmonitoringdevices(e.g.,infraredthermometers),ordroneinspectionstomonitorworkfacilitiesandenvironments,butthereisalackofreal-timeandcost-effectivemeanstodoso.Atthesametime,somemonitoringequipmentmaybedeployedinharshenvironments(e.g.,high/lowtemperatures,highhumidity,orpronetoelectromagneticbreakdown,etc.),speciallocationspaces(e.g.,undergroundpipelinecorridors,etc.),orhazardousenvironments(e.g.,high-speedmovingorrotatingequipment,etc.),whichleadstomanyinconveniencesintheexistingmonitoringmethods.
Taketheelectricpowerindustryasanexample,intheenvironmentofundergroundpipelinecorridorsandotherenvironments,undergroundpowertransmissioncablesaremostlyburiedinthespaceof1meterorlessfromthegroundatthetop,andtheuppermostcoverisconcreteorasphaltpavement,whichischaracterizedbyasmallworkingspaceandweakcommunicationsignals,andsoon.UsingpassiveIoT,deviceBorCtagswithsensingcapabilityareinstalledatthelocationswhereparameterssuchastemperature,humidityandwaterlevelneedtobemonitored,andrelayequipmentisdeployedtoenhancesignalcoverage(Figure5).Thesensingtagsareself-poweredbyefficientlyharvestingenvironmentalenergysuchaselectromagneticenergy,light(fluorescentlamps)andheat.Thebasestationorrelaydevicecanperiodicallyreadthetagsensingdata,andtheplatformcanfilter,curveandanalyzethedatabycombiningmultipleenvironmentalquantities.Byfiltering,mappingandanalyzingthedataincombinationwithmultipleenvironmentalquantities,theplatformachieveslow-costandhighreal-timeenvironmentalmonitoringbasedonthepointlocation.Timelydiscoverstheconditionsofheat,abnormalvibration,highhumidityandwaterloggingoftheline,andlocatesthefaultpointstoensurethesafeoperationofundergroundtransmissioncables.Intheoutdoormonitoringenvironment,theworkingvoltageoftheprimarypowerequipmentrangesfrom800kVto0.4kV,whichhastheproblemsofwideoperatingrange,difficulttogetpowerandpossibleelectromagneticbreakdown.DeviceBtags,whicharecapableofsensingandresistinghigh-voltagebreakdown,canbemountedatthecontactpointsoftheequipmenttobemeasured(Figure6).Thetagcanusesolarenergytoachieveenvironmentalenergysupply,thebasestationperiodicallyreadsthesensingdataofthetemperaturemeasurementpoint,andtheplatformusesthecollectedtemperaturedatatoanalyzetheoperatingstatusof
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theequipment,thusrealizinglow-costandmaintenance-freemonitoringoftheoperatingstatusofprimaryequipment.Atthesametime,inactualdeployment,theexistingcellularbasestationsintheparkcanbereusedfortaginformationreadingandsensingmonitoring,soastorealizemulti-functionalityofonenetwork.
Figure5SchematicsofpassiveIoTapplicationinequipmentmonitoringofunderground
pipeline
Figure6SchematicsofpassiveIoTapplicationinprimarysubstationequipmentmonitoring
Insummary,passiveIoThastheadvantagesoflongcommunicationdistanceandreusableexistingcommunicationresources,whichcanmeetthemonitoringneedsofvarioustypesofequipmentandenvironmentinverticalindustrieswithhighquality,bettersolvethecrucialproblemsofdifficulttoobtainpowerformonitoringequipmentandhighcostofmanualinspectionandoperationandmaintenance,andprovidecost-effectiveandreal-timeequipmentdigitalmonitoringnewtechnologicalmeansfortheindustry.Providetheindustrywithcost-effectiveandreal-timeequipmentdigitalmonitoringabilities.
2.1.4Householdgoodsmanagement
Asthestandardoflivingrises,thevarietyofpersonalandhouseholditemsbecomesmorediv
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