燃料电池和氢能的研究进展

Research

Progress

on

Fuel

Cell

and

Hydrogen

Energy

inSingapore

燃料电池和氢能的研究进展

H2FuelCelland

Hydrogentechnologies

inSingapore新加坡燃料电池和氢能发展CO2

emissionsandenergy

use

inSingapore新加坡CO2排放和能源使用Hydrogen/Ammoniaasanenergy

carrier氢/氨作为能量载体Safetyconcerns安全问题Contents

/报告内容Motivation动力*LocalcommitmentReduceemissions’intensity

by

36%from

2005levels

by2030Climate

changeChangein

temperature,

precipitation,extreme

events,etc.

patternsGlobalcommitmentLimitthetemperature

rise

to

1.5

°C*Source:.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/impact-of-climate-change-on-singapore*FuelCelland

Hydrogentechnologies

inSingapore新加坡燃料电池和氢能发展CO2

emissionsandenergy

use

inSingapore新加坡CO2排放和能源使用Hydrogen/Ammoniaasanenergy

carrier氢/氨作为能量载体Safetyconcerns安全问题Contents

/报告内容Motivation动力*Singapore0.350.000.000.4612.2587.053.411.796.603.604.41*

2017

EnergyConsumptionStructure/2017能源消费结构Source:

BPStatistical

ReviewofWorld

Energy2018

BP2018年世界能源统计评论*

Inthisreview,primaryenergycomprisescommercially-tradedfuels,

including

modern

renewables

usedto

generate

electricity.20168.611.10%20158.525.24%20148.09-4.31%20138.46-0.62%20128.51-1.84%20118.67-3.68%201095.62%20098.52-6.48%20089.11-1.02%20079.211.24%20069.090.88%Others其他Transportation

交通Industry工业Electricity

and

heat

production电力和热能SingaporeCO2

emissions

percapitaDate

ValueChange,%*

CO2

Emissions

inSingapore2005

9.01

Total

emissions

=

45.7

MtSource:/atlas/Singapore/CO2-emissions-per-

capita.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/singapore's-emissions-profileOthers:

Residential,commercial,

publicservicesandothers:TheWorld

Bank

(2012)碳排放(来自燃料燃烧)每美元GDP人均碳排放(来自燃料燃烧)Source:.sg/climate-change-and-singapore/national-circumstances/singapore's-emissions-profile**Solar

PV

system

onanHDB

building政府组屋楼顶Other

Application蓄水池表面校园建筑屋顶*FindingWaysto

IncreaseSolarPowerGeneration太阳能应用实例Floating

Solar

Plant

-

Singapore

NTU

campus

overlooking

map太阳能实时发电量*

FindingWaysto

IncreaseSolarPowerGenerationEst.

PVoutput:

Estimatedsolarphoto-voltaic(PV)

output

Installed

PVcap:

InstalledsolarPV

capacityMWac:

Nominal

poweroutput

in

megawatts(MW),convertedtoalternatingcurrentSource:.sg/solarmap.aspx网格连接太阳能光伏装置的数量*Limitation

of

Solar

Energy

太阳能的缺陷FuelCelland

Hydrogentechnologies

inSingapore新加坡燃料电池和氢能发展Safetyconcerns安全问题Hydrogen/Ammoniaasanenergy

carrier氢/氨作为能量载体CO2

emissionsandenergy

use

inSingapore新加坡CO2排放和能源使用Contents

/报告内容Motivation动力*Singapore*

Timelineofmajor

FuelCelland

HydrogenTechnologyActivities

in新加坡主要燃料电池和氢技术发展历程

Fue

l

Ce

l

l

andHydrogenTechno

logyActivitiesGreen

Building

Systems

绿色建筑系统Flagship

Programme旗舰项

目EcoCampus生态校园1

RE

Integration&Smart

Grids再生能源集成和智慧电网High

Impact

Energy

Efficiencyand

SustainabilityAccentuating

Innovationand

GreenGrowth4Energy

InformationAnalytics能源信息分析Urban

Mobility城市流动User

Behavior用户行为sie

ensEnvelope,

Facades&

Lighting

Innovativetropicalcooling5phHlL

lps2*315园16太阳能发电量增加一倍：将提供9.9兆瓦的太阳能发电，是现有5MW系统输出功率的两倍。将满足大学7％至10％的能源需求。Eco

Campus

生态校*17Flagship

Programme旗舰项

目Renewable

Energy

Integration

DemonstratorSingapore

(REIDS)RD&D

at

a

large-scale

-新pro

g可rati

o生fab能road源ran集geo成fre

leen(eRrg

pI

d

c)tion

-

onshore

andoffshore,energystorageand

rationalenergyend-use

technologies.*FuelCelland

Hydrogentechnologies

inSingapore新加坡燃料电池和氢能发展CO2

emissionsandenergy

use

inSingapore新加坡CO2排放和能源使用Hydrogen/Ammoniaasanenergy

carrier氢/氨作为能量载体Safetyconcerns安全问题Contents

/报告内容Motivation动力*HeatFC-CHCP*

Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量画

H

Storage/Dispenser

FCV2H

H2Electrolyzer载体

zlHythane/HZ-richFuel

processorElectricityCoo

l

ingLNG*

Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量载体EnergyShiTypicalLithium

IonStorageH2

+

Li

IonBattery

StorageLoad

in

HDB1

day–

18

kWhLi

Ion

BatteryStorageLoad–

HDB2.5

daysSolar

PVSolar

PVHydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量可再生能源的储存和应用系统微网和分布式电源多余的电能储存模式氢气+氧气电力模式放电模式充电模式循环水载体Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量载体*2223Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量载体Theproposedhigh-temperaturewaterelectrolysissystembasedon

1

m2YSZ|YSZ-GDC|BCFNcell.基于工作面积为1

m2的

Ni-YSZ

|YSZ-GDC

|

BCFN设计的高温水电解系统Ni-*(a)(b)Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an载体24Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量Flowchartof

LSCMpowdersynthesisviasol-gelmethod.*25Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量载体OrganicMonomer,Cross-Linker(AM,MBAM)Fig.1Processflowchartforapatitepowderssynthesized

by

gel-castingtechniqueRolling/Ball-Milling(SlurryFormation)WaterDispersant(PMAA)CalciningPrecursorOxideCastingInitiator(APS)GelationDrying*Synthesis

methodfor

LSCMpowderLSCM粉末的合成方法Gel-casting凝胶注法Solid-statereaction固相反应法Sol-gel溶胶-凝胶法Glycinecombustion

甘氨酸燃烧法Co-precipitation

共沉淀法Wide

rangeof

raw

materials

原料来源广√√xxxLowcostof

raw

materials

原料成本低√√xxxShortsynthesis

cycle合成周期短√√xxxLesstoxicexhaust废气少√√xxxLowenergyconsumption

能耗低√√xxxNarrow

particlesizedistribution

粒径分布窄√x√√√Excellentelectrochemicalactivity优良的电化学活性√x√√√Easily

bescaled

up易产业化√√xxxHydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量载体*26Stability

in

wet

CH4

and0.5%H2

S+

99.5%CH4

at

850oC.27Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量载体*28*Hydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量Conc载ep体tof

renewable

Haber-Bosch

process•Green

process•

Highenergy

efficiency•Similar

productivity

likeconventionalSolidOxide

Electrolyser

CellH2

+

N2Renewable

power•

Mature

process•

Large

CO2

emissionsH-B

reactorH-B

reactorAirseparationSteam

reformingNH3NH3Conventional

Haber-Bosch

processH2OAirRenewable

Haber-Bosch

processH2N2NGAirprocess载体I-V

cure

of

wetair

co-electrolysisTransitionfrom

air

splitingtowater

splitingGascomposition

analysisWaterspliting

begins

afteralmost

all

O2

in

air

are

being

removedCell

info:SSZ

electrolyte,

250umLSCM-GDCfuelelectrodeLSCF-GDCair

electrodeAir:

5sccmBalance:N2At

1.2A/cm2,theenergyconversionefficiency

isestimatedto

be33.6%.Feedstock:wet

air,

70%

H2OTemperature:900oCAirflow

rate:5

sccmH2O2•Almostzeroconcentrationof

H2andO2was

detected

at

0.6A/cm2

,very

close

to

the

current,

0.58

A/cm2

,which

is

equivalent

to

the

O2

amount

in

5

sccm

air.•At1.2A/cm2,a

H2/N2

ratioof

1:2.7

was

achieved,

far

from

the

required

ratio

for

ammonia

feedstock.

With

smaller

air

flow

rate

in

the

feedstock,

thl

ti

f

H2/N2ill

b

idHydrogen/Ammonia

as

an

Energy

Carrier

氢/氨作为能量0

.0

0

.4

0

.8

1

.2

1

.6

2

.0Currentdensity

(A/cm2

)Gascontent(vo

l

%)

Ce

l

l

vo

ltage

(V)1

.81

.6

1

.4

1

.21

.0

0

.8

0

.6

0

.4

0

.2

0

.00

.0

0

.4

0

.8

1

.2

1

.6

2

.02824201612840*29Solidoxide

cell固体氧化物电池Novel

nickel-free

SOC新型无镍固体氧化物电池Traditional

Ni-based

SOC传统镍基固体氧化物电池Powerdensity

>1w∙cm-2

电池功率密度

>1w∙cm-2x√Impuritygastolerance

杂质气体高容忍度√xAnti-sulfur

poisoning

抗硫性能√xAnti-carbondeposit

抗积碳性能√xElectrolyzewater

电解纯水√xElectrol