江苏专版2025版高考英语大二轮复习专题1语法知识第十节形容词与副词学案牛津译林版

PAGEPAGE1第十节形容词与副词1.常考副词though，therefore，meanwhile，moreover，however的用法和区分。2.形容词、副词的比较级(1)比较级的修饰语常见的有：rather，much，still，even，far，any(用于否定句或疑问句)，alot，alittle，agreatdeal，byfar，abit等。(2)比较级＋than...“比……更……”。(3)the＋比较级，the＋比较级“越……，越……”。3.形容词、副词的最高级(1)三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。(2)最高级的修饰语常见的有：序数词，byfar，nearly，almost，bynomeans，notreally，notquite，nothinglike等。(3)“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级意义。4.几种带有否定词的比较句型(1)nobetterthan表示“和……一样；实际等于……”。(2)nomore...than表示“同……一样不……”。(3)noless...than表示“和……一样……；不逊于……”。5.表示倍数的几个句型(1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as...(2)倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than...(3)倍数＋the＋性质名词(size/length/height等)＋of...(4)the＋名词＋be＋倍数＋what从句...(5)the＋名词＋be＋倍数＋that/thoseof...1.Unliketraditionalgyms，app-backedgymsofferpeopleoptionstoexercise.(2024·江苏，28)A.casual B.regularC.flexible D.tight答案C解析考查形容词词义辨析。句意为：与传统的健身房不同，有软件支持的健身房为人们供应了敏捷的熬炼选择。casual随意的；regular规则的；flexible敏捷的；tight紧的。2.Adog’seatinghabitrequiresregulartrainingbeforeitisestablished.(2024·天津，15)A.properly B.widelyC.originally D.temporarily答案A解析考查副词词义辨析。句意为：狗的饮食习惯须要定期的训练才能正确地养成。properly正确地；widely广泛地；originally最初；temporarily临时地。故选A。3.Despitethepoorserviceofthehotel，themanageristoinvestinsufficienttrainingforhisstaff.(2024·江苏，34)A.keen B.reluctantC.anxious D.ready答案B解析考查形容词词义辨析。句意为：虽然宾馆的服务很差，但经理仍旧不情愿投资对员工进行充分的培训。reluctant意为“不情愿的”，符合语境。keen渴望的，着迷的；anxious担忧的，焦虑的；ready打算好的，情愿的。4.OnlyfiveyearsafterSteveJobs’death，smart-phonesdefeatedPCsinsales.(2024·江苏，29)A.controversial B.contradictoryC.confidential D.conventional答案D解析考查形容词词义辨析。句意为：仅仅在史蒂夫·乔布斯去世五年之后，智能手机的销售额就战胜了传统的个人电脑。语境提到smart-phones(智能手机)，与之对应的PCs(personalcomputers)应当用形容词conventional修饰，表示“传统的”。controversial有争议的；contradictory自相冲突的；confidential机密的。故选D。5.Thedisappearanceofdinosaursisnotnecessarilycausedbyastronomicalincidents.But______explanationsarehardtofind.(2024·江苏，34)A.alternative B.aggressiveC.ambiguous D.apparent答案A解析考查形容词词义辨析。句意为：恐龙的灭亡不肯定是因为天体的碰撞，但也难以找到别的说明。空格处与前面的“未必”(notnecessarily)呼应，这里用alternative表示“另外的，可替代的”。aggressive好斗的，挑衅的；ambiguous模棱两可的，不明确的；apparent自不待言的，明白的。6.Asuddenstopcanbeaveryfrighteningexperience，ifyouaretravellingathighspeed.(2024·浙江，13)A.eventually B.strangelyC.merely D.especially答案D解析考查副词词义辨析。句意为：突然停下来可能是一次特别可怕的经验，尤其是你正在高速行驶时。especially特殊，尤其，符合语境。eventually最终；strangely惊奇地；merely仅仅，只。7.IhavealwaysenjoyedalltheeventsyouorganizedandIhopetoattendinthecomingyears.(2024·浙江，18)A.littlemore B.nomoreC.muchmore D.manymore答案D解析考查比较级。句意为：我始终喜爱你组织的全部活动，希望在将来几年里能参与更多的活动。manymore后省略了events。依据句意可知选D。8.Thepoliceofficersdecidedtoconductathoroughandreviewofthecase.(2015·江苏，31)Aprehensive BplicatedC.conscious D.crucial答案A解析考查形容词词义辨析。句意为：警官们确定对该案件进行一次彻底、详尽的审查。comprehensive综合的，详尽的；complicated困难的；conscious有意识的；crucial至关重要的。依据and推断，所填词和thorough(彻底的，细致的)意思相近。故选A项。9.Mostofus，ifweknowevenalittleaboutwhereourfoodcomesfrom，understandthateverybiteputintoourmouthswasalive.(2015·浙江，13)A.steadily B.instantlyC.formerly D.permanently答案C解析考查副词词义辨析。句意为：我们大多数人，假如对食物来源多少知道一点点的话，就会明白我们嘴里的每一口食物从前都是有生命的。formerly以前，从前，符合语境。steadily稳固地，坚决地，不动摇地；instantly马上，立刻；permanently永久地，长期不变地。10.LittleTomsatwatchingthemonkeydancinginfrontofhim.(2015·四川，9)A.amaze B.amazingC.amazed D.toamaze答案C解析11.Thanksforyourdirectionstothehouse；wewouldn’thavefoundit.(2014·江西，23)A.nowhere B.howeverC.otherwise D.instead答案C解析考查副词词义辨析。nowhere无处；however然而；otherwise否则，要不然；instead反而。句意为：感谢你为我们指路，要不然我们找不到那所房子。故C项正确。诊断报告考向对应题号我的薄弱环节1形容词与副词的词义辨析1，2，3，4，5，6，8，92形容词和副词的比较等级73形容词作状语104连接副词辨析11解题方法1.形容词词义辨析法形容词的考查在高考试题中比较多，在解答试题时要依据详细的语境辨析所给选项。2.副词词义辨析法副词的考查在高考试题中也比较多，在解答试题时要依据详细的语境辨析所给选项。详细来说，要留意：(1)一些副词的详细含义；(2)一些副词在详细句子中的辨析。考点1形容词与副词的词义辨析1.Tomissocreativeapersonthathealwayshaslotsofideasinhismind，andsometimeswedon’tevenknowwhatheisthinkingabout.A.meanB.novelC.slimD.instant答案B解析考查形容词词义辨析。mean吝啬的，苛刻的；novel新颖 的；slim苗条的；instant马上的。句意为：汤姆是那样一个有创建力的人，以至于他心中总是有许多新颖 的想法。有时我们甚至不知道他在想什么。2.Pollutionhasreachedhighlevelinsomeurbanareas，whichisquiteworrying.A.disturbingly B.slightlyC.exactly D.flexibly答案A解析考查副词词义辨析。disturbingly令人担忧地；slightly稍微地；exactly恰好地；flexibly敏捷地。句意为：一些城市地区的污染已经达到了令人担忧的程度，这是相当令人担忧的。3.Hiscomprehensivesurveyshaveprovidedthemoststatementsofhow，andonwhatbasis，dataarecollected.(2024·江苏，31)A.explicit B.ambiguousC.original D.arbitrary答案A解析考查形容词词义辨析。句意为：他全面的调查供应了关于如何收集信息及在什么基础上收集信息的最清晰明确的说明。explicit清晰的，明晰的，详述的；ambiguous模棱两可的，模糊不清的；original起初的，原来的；arbitrary随意的，为所欲为的。考点归纳解决词义辨析题的关键是牢记某些高频词的词义，驾驭词义的有效方法就是通过语境去记忆，通过背诵句子来记忆词汇的音、形、义。1.—Didhebreakitaccidentally(＝byaccident/bychance)?—No，purposely(＝onpurpose).——他是不当心把它打碎了吗？——不是，是有意地。2.Searchyourheartandaskifyou’reequallytoblame.扪心自问，你是不是同样也应当受到指责。3.I’mespecially(＝particularly)fondofpopsongs.我尤其喜爱流行音乐。4.Eventually(＝Finally)，hemadeit.他最终胜利了。创设语境牢登记列高考高频词汇：increasingly，largely，meanwhile，merely，completely，partly，practically，rarely，accessible，accurate，adaptable，addicted，adorable，affordable，aggressive，alternative，apparent，artificial，available，casual，cautious，complex，confident，constant，contradictory，controversial，dramatic，effective，flexible，frequent，individual，inevitable，optional，permanent，potential，relevant，skeptical，secure，sensitive，responsible，subtle，transparent，unique等。考点2形容词与副词的比较等级1.Nowadaystherolesofhusbandandwifearenotasdefinedasbefore，especiallywhenbothpartnersworkandearnmoneyforthefamily.A.clear B.clearerC.clearly D.moreclearly答案C解析依据语法学问可知，as...as...为同级比较结构，as与as之间要用形容词或副词的原级，故选项B和D首先被解除；又由于此处define作动词，它要用副词来修饰，故选C项。句意为：现在丈夫和妻子的角色不像以前定义的那么明确，尤其是双方都工作为家庭挣钱的情形下。2.Iftherewerenoexaminations，weshouldhaveatschool.A.thehappiesttime B.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttime D.amuchhappiertime答案D解析本题将比较的对象隐藏在虚拟条件句中，句意为：假如没有考试，我们在学校里会过得更快乐。much可用来修饰比较级；haveahappytime过得快乐。3.—HowisyourrecenttriptoSichuan?—I’veneverhadonebefore.A.apleasant B.amorepleasantC.amostpleasant D.themostpleasant答案B解析“否定词(never)＋比较级”表示最高级的含义，表示这次四川之行是到目前为止玩得最快乐的一次旅行，故答案为B。句意为：——你最近去四川的旅行怎么样？——我以前从未玩得这么快乐过。4.Light-to-moderatesmokersweretodieofsuddenheartproblemsthanthosewhohadneversmoked.A.astwicelikely B.twicemorepossibleC.twicemorelikely D.astwicepossible答案C解析句意为：轻度至中度吸烟者死于突发心脏病的可能性是从不吸烟的人的两倍。倍数表达法为“倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than...”；possible不用表示人的词作主语，故选C。考点归纳(一)形容词与副词的比较级1.比较级的修饰语常见的有：rather，much，still，even，far，any(用于否定句或疑问句)，alot，alittle，agreatdeal，byfar，abit等。2.比较级＋than...“比……更……”；less...than“不如……”3.the＋比较级，the＋比较级“越……，越……”4.the＋比较级＋of(the)＋名词/代词“(两者中)较……的”(1)—GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysevenbetterthanthosemadeinChina.—Yes.Someofthegoodsmadeinourcountryareofhighquality.——国外进口的商品并不肯定比中国做得更好。——没错。我们国家生产的一些商品质量很好。(2)It’sbelievedthattheharderyouwork，thebetterresultyou’llget.人们信任，工作越努力，得到的结果将越好。(二)形容词与副词的最高级1.三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。2.最高级的修饰语常见的有：序数词，byfar，nearly，almost，bynomeans，notreally，notquite，nothinglike等。3.“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级意义。(1)Thehappiestarenotthosewhoownallthebestthings，butthosewhocanappreciatethebeautyoflife.最华蜜的人们并不是拥有最好的东西的人，而是那些懂得观赏生活的美妙的人。(2)Ican’tagreewithyoumore，butwecan’taffordthemoney.我特别同意你的观点，但我们负担不起这笔费用。(三)表示倍数的几个句型1.倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as...2.倍数＋形容词/副词比较级＋than...3.倍数＋the＋性质名词(size/length/height等)＋of...4.The＋名词＋be＋倍数＋what从句5.The＋名词＋be＋倍数＋that/thoseof...(1)ThenewstadiumbeingbuiltforthenextAsianGameswillbethreetimesasbigasthepresentone.为迎接下一届亚运会而正在修建的体育场将是现在的三倍大。(2)MrHiltonisverypleasedwiththenewly-builthouse，whichisalmosttwicethesizeoftheoneheusedtolivein.希尔顿先生对新建的房子很满足，这个房子几乎是他过去居住房子的两倍大。考点3形容词作状语1.Theycamebackfromtheirlongwalkandwentintobed，.A.tiredlybutrelaxingB.tiredbutrelaxingC.tiredlybutrelaxedD.tiredbutrelaxed答案D解析tired和relaxed都是过去分词转化来的形容词，这里用形容词短语作状语说明主语的特征。句意为：他们经过长途跋涉回来后就上床睡觉了，人很累但是很放松。2.—CouldyoupleaseexplaintheassignmentforMonday，MissSmith?—Certainly.Readthenextchapterandcometoclasstodiscusswhatyou’veread.A.preparing B.preparedC.toprepare D.tobeprepared答案B解析句意为：——史密斯小姐，请说明一下周一的任务好吗？——当然可以。阅读下一章，来上课的时候打算好探讨你所读的内容。依据句子结构可知设空处应为状语，表示状态。此处prepared为过去分词转换为形容词，强调状态，说明到学校的时候已经打算好了。考点归纳eq\x(形容词作状语表示伴随或结果，并不表示动作的方式。)(1)Havingbeenoutoftouchwithhisparentsfortwoyears，Jonesreturnedhome，safeandsound.与父母失去联系两年后，琼斯安稳无恙地回到了家中。(2)Scaredandalone，JoshuaonedaymakesfriendswithalittlemousehecallsBethlehemwhobecomeshisclosestfriend.由于胆怯 和孤独，一天乔舒亚和一只被他叫作伯利恒的小老鼠成为挚友，之后那只小老鼠成了他最密切的挚友。考点4连接副词辨析1.Progresssofarhasbeenverygood.，wearesurethattheprojectwillbecompletedontime.A.However B.OtherwiseC.Therefore D.Besides答案C解析“始终进展良好”与“按时完工”是因果关系，用therefore。2.LastnightMrCrookdidn’tcomebackattheusualtime.，hemetsomefriendsandstayedoutuntilmidnight.A.Meanwhile B.HoweverC.Instead D.Yet答案C解析句意为：昨天晚上库鲁克先生没有按平常的时间回来，而是见了几个挚友，在外面待到半夜。instead代替，反而，相反。考点归纳1.表示增补：besides，further，then，similarly，likewise，moreover2.表示等同：similarly，likewise，equally3.表示对比：rather，oppositely4.表示概括：altogether，generally5.表示列举：first(ly)，second(ly)，finally6.表示条件：otherwise7.表示让步：however，still，yet，nevertheless，though，anyway，instead8.表示结果：therefore，consequently，accordingly，thus9.表示时间过渡：meanwhile，sometimes，occasionally10.表示同位关系：namely11.表示着重特指：mainly，mostly，particularly，especially考点5形容词与副词短语辨析1.—Mom，isitreallynecessarytoremovethosesmallerweedsfromtheflowerbed?—Yes，theyaredestructivetotheflowers.A.littlemore B.nolessC.notabit D.notintheleast答案B解析littlemore稍多；noless尽然，还是，仍旧；notabit一点也不；notintheleast一点也不，绝不。句意为：——妈妈，真的有必要从花坛移除那些较小的杂草吗？——是的，它们对鲜花还是有破坏性的。2.—Whatdidyoudolastweekend?—Oh，nothing.(2014·大纲全国，35)A.much B.elseC.ever D.yet答案A解析句意为：——上周末你干什么了？——哦，没(干)什么事。nothingmuch和nothingelse是固定短语，nothingmuch意为“没什么事”，nothingelse意为“没有别的东西，没有别的事情”；nothing不和ever构成固定短语，但可以一起用在句中，表示“没有什么事情曾经……”；nothing和yet也不能构成固定短语，但也可以同时出现在句中。由语境可知，此处明显是表示“没什么事”。故A项正确。考点归纳1.tobesure诚然，无疑toberigid刻板地说，死板地说tobeperfect完备地说tobefair公允而言tobefrank坦率地讲2.good/niceand...很，特别，完全3.muchless＝stillless(承接前述否定内容)更不用说stillmore还有更多；更进一步4.somuchthebetter那样更好forbetteror(for)worse不论是好是坏，不论是福是祸5.Nota/one(little)bit！一点也不！6.lastbutnotleast＝lastbutbynomeansleast最终但同样很重要的是1.Thepeopleinthevillagearesothattheyarewillingtohelpeveryvisitor.A.optimistic B.energeticC.enthusiastic D.ambitious答案C解析考查形容词词义辨析。optimistic乐观的；energetic精力充足的；enthusiastic热心的；ambitious有志向的。句意为：这个村里的人都很热心，他们情愿帮助每一位游客。依据“theyarewillingtohelpeveryvisitor”可知此处表示“热心的，热忱的”，故C项正确。2.Forallthefailureofhisbusiness，heremainsoptimisticanduntroubledbyhisproblems.A.hopefully B.approximatelyC.seemingly D.frequently答案C解析考查副词辨析。hopefully有希望地；approximately大约；seemingly似乎；frequently频繁地。句意为：对于生意上的失败，他仍旧很乐观，似乎并没有被这些问题所困扰。依据句意可知C项正确。3.Thechurchwhichiseasilyfrommyhomeisbeingrebuilt.A.accessible B.availableC.acceptable D.responsible答案A解析句意为：从我家很简单到达正在重建的教堂。accessible简单接近的；available可获得的，有空的；acceptable可以接受的；responsible负责的，有责任的。4.Officefurniturelikechairsandsofasshouldbeattractiveaswellascomfortable.(2024·南徐盐常4月联考)A.manually B.visuallyC.physically D.securely答案B解析考查副词词义辨析。manually手动地；visually视觉上，外表上；physically身体上；securely平安地。句意为：像沙发和椅子这样的办公家具应当既美观又舒适。依据句意可知此处是说“在视觉上吸引人”，故B项正确。5.TherewillbeanendlesspowerofyouthsupportingtheChinesenation’srejuvenation______theyoungergenerationofthecountryhasideals，pursuitsandshoulders.(2024·如皋高三三模)A.asfaras B.solongasC.evenif D.asif答案B解析考查副词短语辨析。句意为：只要年轻一代有志向、有追求、有担当，就有源源不断的青年力气支持中华民族宏大复兴。asfaras至于；solongas只要；evenif即使；asif似乎。依据句意，故选B。6.Theoldcouple，countrylife，wereunwillingtomovetothecitytolivewiththeirson.A.accustomedto B.buriedinC.addictedto D.exposedto答案A解析句意为：那对习惯了乡村生活的老夫妇不情愿搬到城市里和他们的儿子住在一起。beaccustomedto习惯于……，符合句意。beburiedin埋头于……；beaddictedto对……有瘾；beexposedto暴露在……。7.Shethoughtherselfherfriendsbecauseherfamilywasricher.A.moresuperiorto B.moresuperiorthanC.superiorto D.superiorthan答案C解析superior更优秀，更精彩，本身没有比较级，跟介词to连用，不与than连用。句意为：她觉得自己比她的挚友们都优越，因为她家更富有。8.—HowdidyoufindyourtriptoWaterParkinthesummerof2024?—Ithoroughlyenjoyedit.ItwasthanIexpected.A.evenmuchinterestingB.farmoreinterestingC.sofarinterestingD.farfrominteresting答案B解析依据题干中than可知，考查形容词比较级。far修饰比较级，而farfrom是“远非”的意思。句意为：——你觉得2024年夏天的水上公园之旅怎么样？——我玩得很尽兴。比我预期的要好玩得多。9.Inphysicsclasses，wewantstudentstoseescienceisfun，justaboutformulasandexperiments.A.ratherthan B.morethanC.otherthan D.lessthan答案A解析考查副词短语。句意为：在物理课上，我们想让学生们明白科学是好玩的，而不是仅仅有关公式和试验。ratherthan而不是；morethan不仅仅；otherthan除……之外；lessthan少于。故选A。10.Oneshouldaccomplishtasksinsteadofalwaysturningtoothersforhelp.A.independently B.activelyC.skillfully D.voluntarily答案A解析考查副词辨析。independently独立地；actively主动地；skillfully奇妙地；voluntarily自愿地。句意为：一个人应当独立完成任务，而不是总是向别人求助。强化练(十)Ⅰ.单项填空1.I’mtiredofthepracticetoassignendlesshomeworktostudentsinholidays.Actually，summerholidayistheperfecttimetothebookstheymeanttoread.A.controversial；compensateforB.conventional；catchuponC.confidential；pushforD.conscious；caterto答案B解析形容词controversial有争议的；conventional传统的；confidential隐私的；conscious有意识的，醒悟的；动词短语compensatefor补偿；catchupon补完，赶上；pushfor努力争取；caterto迎合。句意为：我厌倦了给学生布置许多假期作业的传统做法。事实上，暑假是学生补读自己想要读的书的最好时间。依据句意可知B项正确。2.Makesureyouhaveyourpassportwithyouallthetimeinaforeigncountry，whichwould_______causetrouble.A.somehow B.meanwhileC.otherwise D.anyway答案C解析句意为：在国外务必把护照随身携带，否则会有麻烦。somehow不知怎么地；meanwhile同时；otherwise否则；anyway不管怎样。分析句子可知，whichwouldcausetrouble.为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整个主句，前后句关系属于转折，故选C。3.—It’ssaidthatyourbosswillgiveyouafatraisesoon.—She’sverywithpromisesbutmuchlesswithmoney.A.acquainted B.toughC.thrilled D.liberal答案D解析acquainted知晓的；tough艰苦的；thrilled激烈的；liberal慷慨的。句意为：——据说你的老板很快就会给你加薪。——她对许诺很慷慨，但对钱就没那么慷慨了。依据句意可知此处应与but后的内容表示相反的意思，故D项正确。4.Thepopularityofgovernmentpostshasdroppedinrecentyears，thoughthecivilservicejobsarestillfavoredbytheChineseastheyofferastablecareer.(2024·泰州四模)A.relatively B.regularlyC.roughly D.rigidly答案A解析5.—WhynotturntoKevin?Hesawwhathappened，sohisistheonlyaccount.—Theproblemisthathehasrefusedtosayanythingabouttheaccident.(2024·常州高三期末)A.tentative B.controversialC.authentic D.arbitrary答案C解析tentative试验性的；controversial有争议的；authentic可信的，真实的；arbitrary武断的。句意为：——为什么不去找凯文？他目睹了发生的一切，所以他的叙述是唯一可信的。——问题是他拒肯定这次事故发表任何看法。依据“Hesawwhathappened”推断此处表示“真实可信的”，故C项正确。6.—Look！Maryiscrazilylookingforsomethingagain!—，shecan’tfindherkeys.(2024·南京三模)A.Typically B.OccasionallyC.Accordingly D.Particularly答案A解析句意为：——看！玛丽又在疯狂地找东西了！——果真，她找不到钥匙了。typically典型，果真，通常；occasionally间或；accordingly因此；particularly特殊地。这里的typically相当于itistypical/characteristicofsb.todosth.“做某事是某人的典型特征”，故选A。7.Ourteamisworld-classanditwasnosurprisethatwewonbysuchamargin.(2024·南京三模)A.low B.highC.wide D.narrow答案C解析句意为：我们的球队是世界级的，我们以如此大的优势获胜并不令人惊异。low低的；high高的；wide宽的；narrow窄的。短语widemargin表示差距很大，故选C。8.Thankstoherdeterminationandperseveranceonthepianolesson，shehasagraspofthesubject.(2024·如皋高三三模)Aprehensive B.confidentialC.conservative Dpulsory答案A解析句意为：由于她在钢琴课上的决心和毅力，她对这个科目有了综合的把握。comprehensive综合的；confidential机密的；conservative保守的；compulsory义务的。依据句意，故选A。9.TheAerospaceCenterHospitalhaswitnessedgrowthovertheyears，fromonethatonlyhadtent-likewardsintoamodernregionalmedicalcenter.A.slight B.tremendousC.moderate D.modest答案B10.Yourfaceseems.I’veprobablymetyouhereintheolddays.A.familiar B.knownC.similar D.alike答案A解析句意为：你的脸看起来很熟识，我以前可能在这里见过你。familiar熟识的；known著名的；similar类似的；alike相同的，相像的。11.Byacceptinglowerprices，organizerscansellticketsthatwouldgounsell.A.therefore B.otherwiseC.instead D.however答案B解析therefore因此；otherwise否则；instead反而；however无论如何，然而，但是。句意为：组织者可以通过低价出售把原本卖不出去的票卖出去。12.SinceIamnowpreparingforthecollegeentranceexamination，myparentsarevery___tome.A.constant B.consciousC.considerate D.grateful答案C解析句意为：因为我现在正在打算高考，我的父母对我很爱护。considerate爱护的，符合句意。constant不断的，持续的；conscious有意识的，神志醒悟的，自觉的，刻意的；grateful感谢的，感谢的。13.Withtheword“PM2.5”appearinginmediareports，peoplepaygreaterattentiontoitandseekhealthtipsforsmoggydays.A.occasionallyB.constantlyC.rarelyD.immediately答案B解析occasionally偶然，有时候；constantly重复不断地；rarely难得地，少见地；immediately马上，立刻。句意为：随着“PM2.5”一词不断出现在媒体报道中，人们越来越关注它，并为度过烟雾充满的日子寻求健康秘诀。14.—Alicehasjustlostherhusbandtoheartfailure.—Hersmilecan’thidehersorrow.A.controversialBpulsoryC.artificialD.conventional答案C解析controversial有争议的，引发争议的；compulsory强制性的；artificial不自然的，假的；conventional(行为、观念等)传统的，符合习俗的。句意为：——爱丽丝刚刚失去了死于心力衰竭的丈夫。——她那不自然的微笑掩盖不了她的哀痛。15.Itissaidthattheyoungmanistofleetosomeforeigncountrybecauseofthecampaignagainsthim.A.possibleB.maybeC.probableD.likely答案D解析分析句子成分可知，此处作表语，maybe“或许”是副词，不能作表语；ACD三个选项都表示“可能的”，但只有likely可以运用人作主语。句意为：据说这个年轻人因为反对他的运动可能会逃往境外某个国家。Ⅱ.阅读理解A(2024·南京金陵中学、海安中学、外国语学校四模)“Facts”ThatAreFalseThe$100billisthebiggestbillincirculation.Althoughthefederalgovernmentstoppedprintingthemin1945，currencynotesof$500，$1,000，$5,000，and$10,000arestilllegaltender.Mostofthemhavebeensnatchedupbyprivatecollectors.BetweenDecember18,1934，andJanuary9,1935，thegovernmentputout$100,000notes.However，theywereonlyfortransactionsbetweenFederalReservebanksandneverwentouttothegeneralpublic.TheSaharaistheworld’slargestdesert.Technically，Antarcticais.TheU.S.GeologicalSurveydefinesdesertas“drylandwitharainfallofusuallylessthanteninchesperyearthatsupportsonlysparsevegetationandalimitedpopulationofpeopleandanimals”.Antarcticaaveragesonlysixinchesofrainayear(mostlyassnow)andisalmost5.5millionsquaremiles.TheSaharaisonly3.3millionsquaremiles.Thegreenpasteservedwithyoursushiiswasabi.Wasabiisexpensiveanddifficulttogrow.Sinceit’sinthesamefamily，mostrestaurantsandfoodcompaniesusehorseradish(withfoodcoloring)instead.RealwasabiismorecomplexandsweeterthanwhatyougetinatypicalJapaneserestaurant.Theostricheswouldsuffocate(窒息)iftheydid.Ifanenemyisapproaching，afrightenedostrichwilllayitsheadandneckflatagainstthegroundasacamouflage(伪装)ploy.Somehumanonlookershaveassumedthatthebirds’light-coloredheadswereactuallyinthesand.eq\x(语篇解读这是一篇说明文，介绍了四个虚假的“事实”。)16.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.Asotherbiggerbillsareoutofprint，the$100billisstillthebiggestone.B.Antarcticawithverylittlerainfallisconsideredasthelargestdesert.C.Horseradishcanbesubstitutedwithwasabiforthesimilartasteandcolor.D.Anostrichoftenusesitsheadasaweapontofightagainstitsenemy.答案B解析细微环节理解题。由其次部分可知，美国地质调查局将沙漠定义为“干旱的土地，每年的降雨量通常不到10英寸，只能维持稀疏的植被和有限的人口和动物的生存”。南极洲平均每年只有6英寸的降雨量(大部分是雪)，将近550万平方英里。撒哈拉只有330万平方英里。所以南极洲降雨量很少，被认为是最大的沙漠。故B选项正确。17.Whichofthefollowingisthebestfitfortheblank?A.Ostrichescanbreatheinthesand.B.Ostricheshaveverysmartbrains.C.Ostrichesburytheirheadsinthesand.D.Theostrich’sheadisthelightestintheworld.答案C解析推理推断题。由第四部分可知，假如它们这样做会窒息的。为了躲避危急，鸵鸟会躺在地下隐藏起来。这种习性后来被人误认为是鸵鸟在遇到危急时，会把头埋在沙土里。所以本段主要在说，鸵鸟把头埋在沙子里是虚假的事实。故本段的中心句为“鸵鸟把头埋在沙子里”，也是空白处要填的内容。故C选项正确。BAbusedkidsmaybehitandotherwisephysicallyattackedbytheirparents.Thisleadsthemtoseetheworldasaplacewherehugsandotherpositiveresponsestogoodbehaviorhappeninconsistently.Andthisphysicalabusedoesn’tjustleavekidsblackandblue.Italsodoesharmtotheirabilitytolearnhowtoactatschoolandelsewhere.Thiscanleadtotheproblembehaviorsoftenseeninabusedchildrenintheirlaterlife.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Anditisthefirsttimeresearchershavelinkedtroublelearningabasicformofsocialskillsinchildrentotheirmisbehavioryearslater.JamieHansonandhiscolleaguesfocusedondecision-makinginabusedkids.Theirexperimentsshowedthatphysicallyabusedkidslagbehindothersinlearningtomakechoicesthatleadtoareward.Thiswastrueevenaftermanytrials.Thesechildrensticktowhattheylearnedearlyinlife—thatrewardsarerareandunpredictable，butpunishmentisalwayswaiting.Insituationsoutsidetheirfamilies，physicallyabusedkidsfailtoadjustflexiblytonewbehavioralrules.Suchkidsneverlearnrulesforgoodbehaviorwithteachersandotherchildren.Sotheyendupfightingpeersontheplaygroundandactingoutinclass.Inoneexperiment，Hanson’steamstudied41physicallyabusedand40nonabusedkids.Theysawapictureofabellorabottle.Researcherstoldthemtochooseoneofthoseobjectstoearnpointstheycouldexchangefortoys—researchersrandomlychosewhetherthevaluablepicturewouldbethebellorthebottleanddecidedthepointsofeachpicture，butgenerally，thekidschoosingthebellwouldgetmorepointsthanthosechoosingthebottle.Kidswhogotenoughpointscouldchoosefromseveralcooltoysinthelab.Bothgroupsofkidschosehigher-pointimagesmoreoftenastheexperimentwenton.Butphysicallyabusedkidslaggedbehind.Hansonthinkstheabusedkidswereheldbackbytheexpectationstheyhadpickedupathome.Ifthenewfindingholdsup，Hansonsays，itcouldleadtonewwaystohelpsuchkids.Forexample，thesekidsmightgettraininginhowtotellsafeapartfromdangeroussettings.Theymightalsogetlessonsonhowtocontroltheirimpulses.Treatmentscurrentlyjustfocusonhelpingabusedchildrenfeelsafeandlessanxious.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。探讨表明，小时候身体受过虐待的经验对孩子以后的生活也会产生消极的影响。18.Whatdoesthestudymainlyfindout?A.Abusedkidshaveastrongdesireforrewards.B.Abusedkidstendtoholdapositiveattitudetolife.C.Physicalabuse’ssideeffectscanextendtokids’laterlife.D.Physicalabusecanleadtoseverementalillnessamongkids.答案C解析19.Whatleadstothekids’poorperformanceinthedecision-makingexperiment?A.Thesmallnumberofrewards.B.Thecomplexrulesoftheexperiment.C.Others’lowexpectationsofthem.D.Theirpreviousfamilylifeexperience.答案D解析细微环节理解题。依据第三段的内容和倒数其次段中的“Hansonthinkstheabusedkidswereheldbackbytheexpectationstheyhadpickedupathome.”可知，由于从前家庭经验的影响，这些孩子认为嘉奖是少见的，而惩处却是时时都在的，在家庭之外的环境中他们也未能敏捷地应对新的行为规则，从而导致了他们在做确定的试验中表现不佳。故选D。20.Whatcanweknowfromthepresenttreatmenttargetedatabusedkids?A.Itneedstobeimproved. B.Ithasnopracticalbenefits.C.Itlacksscientificevidence. D.Ithasmademuchprogress.答案A解析推理推断题。依据最终一段的内容可知，这项发觉有助于探讨者找到新方法来帮助受虐待的孩子，而本段的最终一句“Treatmentscurrentlyjustfocusonhelpingabusedchildrenfeelsafeandlessanxious.(目前对于受虐待孩子的治疗重心只是帮助他们使其感到平安并少些焦虑)”示意了当前用于帮助受虐待的孩子的方法还存在局限性，即帮助这些受虐待孩子的方法还需进一步改善。故选A。Ⅲ.任务型阅读Whencontentorproductrecommendationsmissthemark，theycangofromvaluabletoannoyinginlesstime.Youmayassumeeverystay-at-homemomwantstobefilledwithrecommendationsforcookingandcleaningproducts，andeveryseniorcitizencanbenefitfromcountlessadsforincontinenceproducts，butofcoursethat’snottrue.Buyingintothatkindofassumptionignorestherealitythatindividualshaveindividualneedsortastes.Theanalysesofconversationsonsocialmediacanunderstandconsumerdesires.It’snotsimpletodo，butitisbecomingessential，allowingyoutoseethe“feelings，attitudesandcommonalities(共性)”andfindouttargetaudienceyouneverknewexisted.Recommendationsmustalsorespectconsumers’timeandintelligence.Thatmeanstheyshouldbehigh-qualityandrelevant.AsRevcontentadvises，“Oneofthefastestwaystodriveyouraudienceawayislow-qualitycontentrecommendations.”Recommendedcontentmustbeasgoodasyourown，bothintermsofrelevancetoyourfieldofexpertise(专长)andqualityofpresentation.Badcontentatthebottomofyourblogdoesn’tmakeyourbrandlookbetter—itmakesyourbrandoveralllookworse.Attheleast，itleavesvisitorsquestioningyourtaste；atworstitmakesthemwonderifyourproductorserviceisjustaslow-quality.Andit’sthesamewithproductrecommendations.Ifaconsumerpurchasesaluxuryitem，therecommendationsthatappearpost-purchaseshouldn’tbeforitemsthey’dfindatthelocaldollarstores.It’snotaboutmakingarecommendationforthesakeofit—it’saboutmakingtherightrecommendationforeachuser.AgoodplacetostartiswithyourcurrentfollowersifyourbusinessisonFacebook.EachFacebookuserwholikesyourbrand’spagehasawholenetworkofpotentiallyinterestedfriendsyoucantarget.Facebookalsoletsyoutargetconsumersbytheirintereststodefineyourbrand’sidealaudience.Throughlikes，sharedcontentandkeywords，Facebookusersgiveyoualotofinformationaboutwhat’simportanttothem.Bycombiningthesedatawithyourrecommendations，youcangiveusersexactlywhatthey’relookingfor，encouragingthemtoconnectwithyouinturn.Ifyouwanttodialupthings，A/BtestingonFacebookletsyouassessandperfecttheeffectivenessofyourmessage.Bykeepingtheimagesthesameandusingvariouslanguage，tonesandcallstoaction，youlearnwhichwordsconsumerswanttohear，andyou