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Britain
ThePoliticalSystemContents
1.Britain’sPoliticalSystem2.TheMonarch
3.TheParliament4.TheCabinet5.TheJudiciary1.Britain’sPoliticalSyetemBritainadoptsconstitutionalmonarchyasitsformofgovernment.Thissystemstartedattheendofthe17thcentury.TheBritishConstitutionprescribesthattheheadofstatemustbetheMonarch(theKingorQueen),inthenameofwhomtheBritishgovernmentadministersthecountry.TheKingorQueenundertakesthefunctionoftheproprietyperformingtheformalrightsinthelightofthedecisionsmadebythegovernment.ThePrimeMinisterandtheCabinet(establishedbythePartywiththemajorityofParliamentaryseats;consistingofallthemostseniorgovernmentdepartmentheads)arecollectivelyaccountablefortheirpoliciesandactionstotheSovereign,toParliament,totheirpoliticalpartyandultimatelytotheelectorate.1.Britain’sPoliticalSyetemTheBritishgovernmentisthefirstonetobeestablishedonthebasisoftheseparationofpowers,thatis,thethreebranchesofthenationalpower:thelegislature,theexecutiveandthejudiciary.Inprinciple,thelegislativepowerisinthechargeofParliament;theexecutivepowerisinthehandofthegovernmentandthejudicialtheCourt.Butinpractice,thelegislatureandtheexecutiveinBritainareintegratedintoaunity,becausethePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetmembersoftheexecutivecomefromthelegislature:Parliament.Therefore,theconstitutionofBritainisoftendescribedashaving“aweakseparationofpowers”.2.
TheMonarchTheKingorQueenisregardedastheoriginof
allthepowersandthepersonificationofthestate.ButtheKingorQueenisjustthesymbolofthewholenationwithnopracticalpower.EverythingthattheMonarchdoeshasbeendecidedinadvancebyParliamentandtheCabinet,suchastheappointmentoftheministersinthegovernment,theopeningspeechofParliament,theoutlineofthegovernment’sprogrammeandthedeclarationofwars,etc.3.TheParliamentTheBritishsystemofParliamentstartedin1264,chieflymadeupoftwoparts:theHouseofLords(ortheUpperHouse)andtheHouseofCommons(ortheLowerHouse).
●
TheHouseofLords
Thisistheupperchamberbuttheonewithlessauthority.ItsmainrolesaretoreviselegislationandkeepacheckonGovernmentbyscrutinisingitsactivities.
UltimatelyitcannotblockthewilloftheHouseofCommons.
3.TheParliament●
ThereisnofixednumberofmembersintheHouseofLords,butcurrentlythereareabout770members.●
HistoricallymostmembersoftheHouseofLordshavebeenwhatwecalledhereditarypeers.ThelastLabourGovernmentabolishedtherightofallbut92ofthesehereditarypeerstositintheHouse.●
TheHouseofLords
3.TheParliament●
TheHouseofCommons
3.TheParliament●Thisisthelowerchamberbuttheonewiththemostauthority.●
TheHouseofCommonscurrentlycomprises650MembersofParliamentorMPs(thenumbervariesslightlyfromtimetotimetoreflectpopulationchange).Thisisalargelegislaturebyinternationalstandards.TheConservativePartyhassaidthatitwishestoreducethenumberofCommonsseatsbyaround10%.●
TheHouseofCommons
3.TheParliament
IneachHouseofParliament,aBillgoesthroughthefollowingstages:•FirstReading:theBillisintroducedwithsimplyareadingbyaMinisterofthelongtitleoftheBill.
•SecondReading:thegeneralprinciplesoftheBillaredebatedbyallthemembersoftheHouseandaformalvoteistaken.
•CommitteeStage:eachclauseandscheduleoftheBill,plusamendmentstothemandanynewclausesorschedules,isexaminedindetail,intheCommonsbyasmall,speciallychosengroupofmembersmeetingasPublicBillCommittee,intheLordsbythemembersasawholeontheflooroftheHouse.
●TheLegislativeProcess
3.TheParliament•ReportStage:thechangesmadetotheBillintheCommitteearereportedtoanddebatedbythewholeHousewhichisinvitedtoconsidertheBillasawhole,approvethechangesbytheCommittee,andconsideranyfurtherproposedchangesthatmightbesuggested.
•ThirdReading:thefinalversionoftheBillisconsideredbythewholeHouseinashortdebate(intheCommonswithoutthefacilityforfurtheramendments).•RoyalAssent:theCrowngivesassenttotheBillwhichthenbecomesanAct,theprovisionsbecominglaweitherimmediatelyoratadatespecifiedintheActoratadatespecifiedbywhatiscalledaCommencementOrder.●TheLegislativeProcess
3.TheParliamentTheHouseofLordshasmuchmorelimitedlegislativepowersthantheHouseofCommons.MoneyBillscanonlybeinitiatedintheCommonsandtheLordscanonlyrejectlegislationfromtheCommonsforoneyear.Furthermorethereisaconvention-calledtheSalisburyConvention-thattheLordsdoesnotblocklegislatureinfulfillmentoftheelectionmanifestooftheelectedGovernment.●TheLegislativeProcess3.TheParliament4.TheCabinetTheCabinetservesasthenucleusofthe
government.Itiscomposedofthechiefsofthemost
importantministriesanddepartmentsandheadedby
thePrimeMinister,whodecidesthecompositionof
theCabinet.Mostimportantbillsdebatedin
ParliamentoriginateintheCabinetandcanoftenwin
theapprovalofParliament.Theorgansofstate
power,suchasthearmy,policeandcourts,are
underthecontroloftheCabinetmembers,because
theCabinetisinthechargeofthepartythatpossesses
themajorityofseatsinParliament.4.TheCabinet●Two-PartySystemStandingfordifferentpoliticalparties,theheadoftheCabinetandmembersofParliamentareelectedeveryfiveyearsthroughgeneralelections.Britaincarriesoutasystemofpartypolitics,thatis,politicalpartiescontrolpolitics.Thetransferofpoliticalpowerfromonepartytoanotherisviewedasaneffectivewayofmakingpoliticiansmoreresponsibleforsocialproblemsinthewesterndemocracies.AnumberofpoliticalpartiesaregrantedequaltreatmentbythelawintheUK.Butinpractice,politicsinBritainisonthebasisofatwo-partysystem.BritishParliamentisnowdominatedbyoneofthetwomostimportantpartiesknownasthemajorparties:theConservativePartyandtheLabourParty.●ThePrimeMinister•TheUKdoesnothaveaPresident.ConstitutionallytheHeadofStateistheQueenwhoisahereditarymemberoftheRoyalFamily.However,theQueenhasveryfewformalpowersandstaysabovepartypolitics.•So,inpractice,themostimportantpersonintheBritishpoliticalsystemisthePrimeMinister.4.TheCabinetAsthereisnoMinisterofJusticeintheBritishGovernment,thejurisdictionisinthechargeoftheLordChancellorwhopresidesovertheadministrationofJustice.Asthesupremeleaderofthejudiciary,theLordChancelloroftheCourtofEquityinParliamentalsoservesasthe
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