英语国家概况课件 Britain The History

BritainTheHistoryContents

1.EarlyHistory:foreignConquests2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar3.IndustrialRevolutionandExternalExpansion4.FalloftheEmpire5.ModernBritain1.Introduction•Educationiscompulsoryforallchildrenbetweentheagesof5and17.•About93%ofallchildrenattendpublicschoolsandthereststudyingatprivateschools.•TheNationalCurriculumwasintroducedintheeducationalsystemofGreatBritainin1988.•Pupilstodaymustlearn10subjects.●EducationalPolicy1.EarlyHistory:ForeignConquests●RomanConquest•JuliusCaesar,commanderofRomanarmy,invadedEnglandin55BC.•MarkedthebeginningoftherecordedBritishhistory.•Recorded

historyofBritainstarted

intheyear55BC,whenJulius

Caesar

and

hisRomantroops

invadedthe

island.•The

RomanOccupation

ofBritainlasted

fornearly

400

yearsuntil

410

AD.JuliusCaesar1.EarlyHistory:ForeignConquests●TheAnglo-saxonConquestTheAnglesandSaxons(theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes)begantoinvadetheBritishIslesin450A.D.,TheynamedtheLandinhabitedEngland,andthepeopleEnglish,sotheconquestisalsoknowntheEnglishConquest,whichlaidthebasisofmodernEnglishrace.1.EarlyHistory:ForeignConquests●TheVikingsInvasion•Inthe787,VikingsandDanesbegantoplunderEnglandandconquereditin1013.•AlfredtheGreat:thefatherofBritishNavy.•EdwardIbecameKingofEngland.

AlfredtheGreat1.EarlyHistory:ForeignConquests●TheNormanConquest•

Causes:KingEdward’sdeathwithoutanheir.•AfterEdward’sdeath,HaroldbecametheEnglishking.•William’sarmylandedonEngland,wontheBattleofHastingsandconquereditin1066.•Effect:ThestartofMedievalEnglandandthedominanceofNorman-Frenchculture.

•HenryIIdestroyedfortressesofthenobles,disbandedtheirsoldiers,andconsolidatedtheroyalpower.•Heimposedanewtax.•Heestablishedcircuitcourtsandthejurysystem.•Hereformedthechurchcourts.•ThemurderofThomasBecket.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●HenryIIandhisReforms•Selfish,greedyandweek.•JohnLackland.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●KingJohnandMagnaCarta•HewasforcedtosigntheGreatCharteratRunnymedein1215.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●KingJohnandMagnaCarta•Causes:*breakingtheFrencheconomicblockade*ReclaimingthelandslosttoKingJohn•TheResultoftheWar:ThewarendedinfailurefortheAnglo-Normans.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●TheHundredYears’War(1337-1453)•IttookthelivesofhalfofthepopulationinEngland.•Manpowerbecamemoreimportantforthelackofit.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●TheBlackDeath(1348-1349)•Directcause:thepolltaximposeduponpoorpeasantstofinancetheHundredYears’War.•Result:suppressedbyfraudbytheking.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●ThePeasantUprising(1381)TheName:theHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbyredrose;theHouseofYork,symbolizedbywhiterose.Thetwoducalhouses:HenryVI

(descendentofEdwardIII)HenryVIIDukeofYork(grandsonofEdwardIII)EdwardIVRichardIII(EdwardIV’sbrother)2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●TheWarsoftheRoses(1455-1485)•England’smostfamouskingforhismanywives.•KnownfortheseparationoftheChurchofEnglandfromtheRomanCatholicChurch.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●HenryVIIICatherineAnneBolyne•MaryI,thedaughterofHenryVIIIandCatherine,wasadevoutcatholic.ShecruellysuppressedandpersecutedtheProtestants,knownasBloodyMaryinBritishHistory.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●MaryI•daughterofKingHenryVIIIandhissecondwife,AnneBoleyn.•inheritedandsolvedanumberofproblemsstirredupbyMaryin1558.•stayedsingleallherlife-VirginQueen•HerreignisoftenreferredtoastheGoldenAge,ortheElizabethanera.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●ElizabethI•ElizabethIdiedin1603,theScottishKing,JamesI,waswelcomedtotheEnglishthrone.•knownforthedivinerightoftheking•KnownforKingJamesBibleandJamestownin1607•GunpowderPlotandGuyFawkesDay2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●JamesI•TheBreakoutoftheWar：OwingtotheconflictbetweentheCrownandParliament,inAugust,1642,CharlesIdeclaredthewar.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●CharlesI(1642-1646)TheFirstCivilWar(1648)TheSecondCivilWar(1649-1660)Commonwealth:thesummitofEnglishBourgeoisieRevolution(1660-1688)RestorationTheGloriousRevolution2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar•Theprocess2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar•Theprocess2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar•Significance*TheEnglishCivilWaroverthrewfeudalsysteminEngland;italsoshockedthefeudalfoundationinEurope.*ItmarkedtherealbeginningofconstitutionalmonarchyinEngland.*Itwitnessedtheriseofmiddle-classandpavedthewayfortheriseofcapitalism.*Itsignifiedthebeginningofmodernworldhistory.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar•TheRestorationandGloriousRevolutionin1688JamesII•FoundationfortheIndustrialRevolution

*Firstly,theenclosuremovementreducedpeasantstoemployees.*Secondly,Englandaccumulatedgreatamountsofprimitivecapital.

*Inaddition,thedevelopmentofthebasicscience

3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●IndustrialRevolution•TheProcessoftheIndustrialRevolution

3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●IndustrialRevolutionJeansflyingshuttleSteamEngineSteamboat:ClermentSteamboat:SavannahSteamLocomotive

3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●IndustrialRevolution•TheProcessoftheIndustrialRevolution3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●IndustrialRevolution•TheConsequencesoftheIndustrialRevolution*Theindustrialbourgeoisiegainedsupremacyinthe1840sinbotheconomicandpoliticallifeinBritain.*Therapidgrowthofcapitalismbroughtenormouswealthtothebourgeoisieandatthesametimecausedmiseriesanddisasterstotheworkingpeople.3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●Colonization•ProcessofColonization*defeatoftheSpanishArmadain1588*defeatofFrancefourtimes-1689-1763,*defeatofPortugal,Holland,RussiaandIndia*occupationofAmerica,Africa,Oceania*theOpiumWar3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●Colonization•AnEmpireIn1876,itembracedaboutone-fourthoftheworld,135timesthesizeofitsmainland.TheEmpireonwhichtheSunNeverSets3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●Colonization•TheOpiumWartoChina

In1840,BritainblockedHaikou,andtheOpiumWarbegan.In1842,theQinggovernmentwasforcedtosignthefirstunequaltreaty,theTreatyofNanjing.Eversince:*massiveoutflowofgoldandsilverandnationalindustryhithard*FlaggingnationalspiritandtheOldSummerPalaceburnt*AseriesofunequaltreatiesandConcessions*landCededandreparationspayed

3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●Colonization•TheOpiumWartoChina

ThusChinawasinaSemi-feudalandsemi-colonialstate.4.FalloftheEmpire●BritainandWWIQueenVictoria(1819-1901),reignedfrom1837to1901.ShelivedthroughtheriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire.4.FalloftheEmpire●BritainandWWIIntheFirstWorldWar(1914-18),Britainlost750,000people,one-thirdofitsnationalwealthand70%ofitsmerchantships.Britainwastransformedfromacreditorintoadebtor,thefinancialcenterofLondonwasreplacedbyNewYork,tradedeficitsoccurred,andmaritimedominancewaslost.4.FalloftheEmpire●BritainandWWIIInWorldWarII(1939-1945),Britainlostnearly300,000combatantsandabout100,000civilians,costing£25billioninmilitaryspendingandupto£4billioninlosses.TheUKwasforcedtoselloffaquarterofitsoverseasassets(around£1billion),withanationaldebtof£237andaforeigndebtof£3.7billion.5.ModernBritain●MargraretThatcherMargaretThatcher(1925-2013)wasthe49thBritishPrimeMinisterfrom1979to1990andthefirstfemalePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom.Herpoliticalphilosophyandpolicieswerepopularlyknownas“Thatcherism”andshewasnicknamedthe“IronLady”bytheSovietpress.•Economicreforms:*promotecompetitionandvigorously;*promoteprivatization;*fiscalausterityandmonetaristpolicies;*reformthetaxsystemtostimulateprivateinvestment;*turnitintoatradeunionandintroducepeople‘scapitalism;*adjusttheindustrialstructureandencouragehightechnology.5.ModernBritain●AnthonyBlairAnthonyBlair(1953),borninEdinburgh,Scotland,isaBritishpoliticianandthe51stPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom(1997-2007).●DavidCameronDavidWilliamDonaldCameron(bornin9October1966inLondon,England)isaBritishConservativepolitician,the53rdPrime