2023年考研英语真题及解析黄皮书

2023年全国攻读硕士学位硕士入学考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank

andmai'kA,B,CORDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20th

centuryandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuch

hadhappened].Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot2the19thcertury

thatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-e1ectronic3,followinginthe

wakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe4oftheperiodical.Itwas

duringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution5up,beginning

withtransport,therailway,andleading6throughthetelegraph,the

telephone,radio,andmotionpictures7the20"centuryworldofthemotor

carandtheairplane.NoteveryoneseesthatProcessin8.Itis

importanttodoso.

11isgenerallyrecognized,9,thattheintroductionofthecomputerin

theearly20thcentury,10bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit

duringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,11itsimpactonthemedia

wasnotimmediately12.Astimewentby,conputersbecamesmallerandmore

powerful,andtheybecameapersonalwtoo,as.veilas13withdisplay

becomingsharperandstorage14increasing.Theywerethoughtof,like

people,15generations,\viththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch16

Itwaswithinthecomputeragethatthetermuinformationsociety“began

tobewidelyusedtodescribethe17withinwhichwenowlive.The

communicationsrevolutionhas18bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkand

feelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen19viewaboutits

economic,political,socialandculturalimplications."Benefits“havebeen

weighed20"harmful“outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

1.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later

2.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until

3.[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure

4.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form

5.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]picked

6.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off

7.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into

8.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[D]perspective

9.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore

10.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]

characterized

11.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]although

12.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible

13.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[I)]

instrumental

14.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty

15.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregeirdto[D]inline

with

16.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller

17.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory

18.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected

19.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational

20.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]with

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktumakepeoplesmile,youmustknow

howtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevantto

theaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyou

understandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.

Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswi11bedifferent.Ifyou

aretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethods

oftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmay

wanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.

Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastory

whichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.A

manarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderful

accommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisvery

peaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenew

arrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestothe

headofthe1ine,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.uWho

isthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that*sGod,“camethe

reply,“butsometimeshethinkshe,sadoctor.M

Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwi11beina

positiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyou

andit'11beappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinecible

canteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withether

audiencesyoumustn,tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentan

outsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.You

wi11beonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthe

telephonesystem.

Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomes

morenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhich

youcandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedelivery

whichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraised

eyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight­

heartedremark.

Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistona

familiarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup“oraplayonwords

oronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatement.Lookatyour

talkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandirject

withhumor.

21.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould.

[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience

[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople

[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeop1e

[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners

22.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare

[A]impolitetonewarrivals

[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole

[C]entitledtosomeprivileges

[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours

23.ItCcinbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.

[A]havebenefitedmanypeople

[B]arethefocusofpublicattention

[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor

[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock

24.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered

[A]inwe11-wordedlanguage

[B]asawkward1yaspossible

[C]inexaggeratedstatements

[!)]ascasuallyaspossible

25.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.

[A]UseHumorEffectively

[B]VariousKindsofHumor

[C]AddHumortoSpeech

[D]DifferentHumorStrategies

Text2

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunning

toolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplain

nasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics-thescienceofconferring

varioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreate

themechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligent

gizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehas

removedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassembly

arms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswith

mechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledby

tirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationof

electronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcan

performsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmi11imeteraccuracy-far

greaterprecisionthanhighlyskiliedphysicianscanachievewiththeirhands

alone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywill

havetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafew

decisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.aWhileweknowhow

totellarobottohandleaspecificerror,“saysDaveLavery,managerofa

roboticsprogramatNASA,4<wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonscr.se,

toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixed

results.Despiteaspel1ofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenit

appearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopythe

actionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2023,researcherslatelyhavebegunto

extendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain's

roughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhuman

perceptionfarmorecomplicated-thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuilt

robotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofa

mi11imeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpse

arapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatis

irrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawinding

forestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.Themostadvanced

computersystemsonEarthcan,tapproachthatkindofability,and

neuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.

26.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin

[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.

[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.

[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.

[D]theelite,scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.

27.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.

[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices[[)]creatures

28.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesigna

robotthatcan.

[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.

[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.

[C]havealittlecommonsense.

[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld.

29.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso.

[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves.

[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.

[C]improvefactoryenvironments.

[D]cultivatehumancreativity.

30.Theauthorusestheexamp1eofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.

[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.

[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.

[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.

[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.

Text3

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPEC

agreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26

abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilprices

callsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and

1979-1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedin

double-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlines

warningofgloomanddoomthistime?

Theoi1pricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoi1

exports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthe

northernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehighersti11intheshortterm.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobe

lessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnow

accountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1&70s.

InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soeven

quitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumpprices

thaninthepast.

Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsoless

sensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttoether

fuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustries

havereducedoi1consumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesuse

farlessoi1thansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstant

prices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoi1thanin1973.TheOECD

estimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22a

barrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoil

importbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25~0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-

quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importing

emergingeconomies-towhichheavyindustryhasshifted-havebecomemore

energy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.

Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoi1pricesisthat,

unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundof

generalcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizab1eportion

oftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist's

commoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commodity

pricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.

31.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis

[A]globalinflation.[B]reductioninsupply.

[C]fastgrowthineconomy.[D]Iraq'ssuspensionofexports.

32.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoup

dramaticallyif.

[A]priceofcruderises.[B]commoditypricesrise.

[C]consumptionrises.[0]oi1taxesrise.

33.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries.

[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.

[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.

[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.

[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.

34.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat.

[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.

[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooi1-priceshocks.

[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoi1prices.

[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.

35.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.

[A]optimistic.[B]sensitive.[C]gloomy.[D]scared.

Text4

TheSupremeCourtJsdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarry

importantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpain

andsuffering.

Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-

assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof

<4doubleeffect"，acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanaction

havingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatis

foreseen-ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.

Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghigh

dosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhough

increasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.

NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthatthe

principlewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsisted

thattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpain

ifthatmighthastendeath”.

GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,

maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemecical

purpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingi11ega1evenifthepatientusesthedrug

tohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,"hesays."Wedon'tcal1thosedeaths

homicidesbecausethedoctorsdicin'tintendtokilltheirpatients,although

theyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatientys

suicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide.”

Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethatthe

assisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsfor

whommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.

JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt,srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,

theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,Approaching

Death:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentof

painandtheaggressiveuseofuineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthat

mayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying“asthetwinproblemsof

end-of-lifecare.

Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotrainin

hospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelop

aMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandards

forassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.

Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthosewell-meaning

medicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysicians

seemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictably

suffering"，totheextentthatitconstitutes^systematicpatientabuse”.He

saysmedical1icensingboards“muslmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsare

presumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicense

suspension”.

36.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat

[A]doctorsusedtDincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatientstpain

[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives

[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide

[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide

37.Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext?

[A]Doctorswillbeheldgui1tyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.

[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainless

recovery.

[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbe

prescribed.

[D]Adoctor,smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.

38.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecare

[AjprolongedmedicalproceduresLB：inadequatetreatmentofpain

[C]systematicdrugabuse[D]insufficienthospitalcare

39.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(line4,

paragraph7)?

[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate

40.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedif

they

[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently

[BJgivepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded

[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients

[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWER

SHEET2.(10points)

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbe

solvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisa

technologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhich

suchatechnologymightbedrawn.(41)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallof

whatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,

feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiology

oncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.

(42)ThebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowlochangepartlybecauseIhe

explanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseether

kindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviously

important,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,it

selects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.(43)Therole

ofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethana

hundredyearsago,andtheselectiverol。ofth。environmentinshapingand

maintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognized

andsludied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobe

understood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,and

traitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyof

behaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,

however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andtheseare

stronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.(44)They

arethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditional

theory,andtheyarcessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheld

responsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachicvcmonts.Ascientific

analysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheonvironirient.

11alsoraisesquestionsconcerninguvaluesw.Whowilluseatechnologyand

towhatends?(45)Untiliheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehavior

willcontinueI。berejected,andwilhit,possiblyiheonlywaytosolveour

problems.

SectionIIIWriting

46.Directions:

Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled

wCulturesNationalandInternalionalw.

Intheessayyoushould

1.describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and

2.giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.

Youshouldwritecibout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

AnAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostume（服装）

第一部分英语知识应用试题解析

一、文章总体分析

本文重要简介了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们R勺生存方式产生的影响。文章第一段

从初期日勺通信革命入手，指出在15、16世纪和20世纪之间发生了诸多事情，尤其是通信

革命加紧了步伐。第二段接着提到20世纪计算机的出现极大地变化了这一进程。第三段指

出伴随计算机的发展，我们步入了一种信息社会。在计算机影响下，通信革命变化了我们

的工作和休闲方式，也影响了我们的思索和感知方式。在结尾部分，文章提到，当然，有

关这种通信革命在经济、政治、社会和文化各方面H勺影响是利不小于弊还是弊不小于利，

还存在争议。

二、试题详细解析

1.[A]between在…当中，在空间、位置或时间的中间

[B]before在此之前早些时候，在…前面

[C]since自从…后来,此前

[D]later后来，稍后，随即

[答案]A

[解析]本题考核的知识点是：时间副词的使用方法辨析。

解此题关键看两个方面，一是理解文章第一句话的I含义：人们曾对20世纪电视的发展

以及15世纪和16世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。二是注意转折连词yet的使用方法，yet

一般标志着接下来的内容与前面的J内容出现了较大的J不一样，如：Shesaidshewouldbe

late,yetshearrivedonti