Unit+5+Languages+Around+the+World+知识点清单+-2024-2025学年高一英语人教版（2019）必修第一册-1-1

UNIT5LANGUAGESAROUNDTHEWORLD知识点ListeningandSpeakingInviteyourfriendtoanevent(p60)CountryandLanguageFrance法国French法语Russia俄罗斯Russian俄语Germany德国German德语Spain西班牙Spanish西班牙语India印度Hindi印地语Korea韩国Korean韩语Japan日本Japanese日语Arabic阿拉伯语Listening(p60)foreignlanguage外语wise[adj]明智的UN(UnitedNation)联合国nativelanguage母语secondlanguage第二语言Danish[n]丹麦语；丹麦人[adj]丹麦的Denmark[n]丹麦Tosomestudents,itseemsthattheonlyforeignlanguagetolearnisEnglish.Thereare,however,near7,000languagesintheworld.AfterChinese,thelanguagewiththemostnativelanguagespeakersisn’tEnglish----it'sSpanish!LearningEnglishisveryuseful,butitiswisetolearnatleastoneotherforeignlanguage,ifpossible.Therearemanyreasonswhypeoplelearnaforeignlanguage.ManystudentschoosetostudyoneofthelanguagesthatarespokenattheUN.Astheythinkitmeansbetterjobchancesinthefuture.TheUNhassixofficiallanguages:Arabic,Chinese,English,French,Russian,andSpanish.Theyarespokenbyaround2.8billionpeopleastheirnativeorsecondlanguages.Somestudents,though,choosetostudyalanguagebecauseoffamilyorfriends.OneAmericangirlchosetolearnDanishbecausehergrandparentswerefromDenmark.Whenshewaslittle,hergrandpausedtoreadletterstoherinDanishfromtheirrelativesinDenmark.AnotheryoungladystartedlearningFrenchbecauseshehadseveralfriendsfromAfricancountrieswhereFrenchisspoken.Whatdoyouthink?Whichotherlanguagewouldyouchoosetostudyandwhy?Discussotherlanguagesyouwanttolearn(p61)LanguageRussian俄语Japanese日语French法语WordsSentencePatternDiscussotherlanguagesyouwanttolearn①(Language)IreallywanttostudyFrench.②(Reason)IthinkthattheFrenchlanguagessoundsbeautiful.③(Aspiration)I’dlovetogotoFrancesomeday.④(Practicability)AlsoFrenchisusedbymanyinternationalorganisationsaroundtheworld.⑤(Example)Forexample,FIFAistheacronymfortheFédérationinternationaledeFootballAssociation.ItisaFrench-languagename.Example①I’vealwaysbeeneagertolearnGerman.②First,I’mfascinatedbyGermanliteratureandphilosophy,fromGoethe/ˈɡɜːtə/(歌德)toKant(康德).③Also,I’dlovetostudyorworkinGermanysomeday.④Germanyisapowerhouse(强大的集团或组织)intheautomotive(汽车)andengineering(工程)industries(产业).⑤LikeVolkswagen/ˈvəʊkswæɡən/Group(大众汽车)foundedin1937,BMWGroupestablishedin1916,andMercedes/məˈsɪdiz/-BenzGroupfoundedin1926arefromGermany.ReadingandThinkingTheChineseWritingSystem:ConnectingthePastandthePresent(p62)Words(背记)despite[adv]尽管，即使factor[n]因素，要素based[adj]（以某事）为基础的bone[n]骨头symbol[n]符号；象征carve[v]雕，刻dynasty[n]王朝；朝，代variety[n]种类；多样性major[adj]主要的；重大的mean[n]方式；方法；途径classic[adj]传统的；古朴的regard[n]尊重；敬佩character[n]文字；字体calligraphy[n]书法globalaffairs全球盛事(指影响全球的政治、经济、文化等方面的事件或问题。)appreciate[v]欣赏；鉴赏；理解；感谢，感激；升值，增值Words(认读)well-developed成熟发达的develop[v]发展；(使)成长form[n]形式；类别，种类divide[v]（使）分开，分散geographically[adv]在地理上dialect[n]方言；土话unite[v]统一;（使）联合unified[adj]统一的；联合的state[n]国家；州，邦direction[n]方向；方位communicate[v]交流；通讯；传达Phrases(认读)throughinto直到moderntimes近代upsanddowns起起落落dateback追述于leadto导致nomatter不论；不管OutlineChinesewritingsystemconnectsthepastandthepresent(para1)SignificanceofChinesewritingsystemChinesewritingsystemisthemainfactorofthereasonwhyChina’sancientcivilizationhasbeenpossiblyenduredallthewaythroughintomoderntimes,despitethemanyupsanddownsinhistory.Connectpeopleregardlessoflocationanddialect(para2-4)AncientTime(thousandyearsago)Originofpicture-basedChinesewritingWrittenChinesestartedasapicture-basedlanguage,datingbackthousandsofyearstotheuseoflongu.ShangDynasty(around1600-1046BCE)Evolutionthesymbolshadformedawell-developedwritingsystemDiversificationlaterthesystemdevelopedintodifferentforms,resultinginvariousdialectsandcharactersQinDynasty(221-207BCE)UnifyingChinesewritingsystemEmperorQinShihuangunitedthesevenmajorstatesintooneunifiedcountryPromoteculturalinteractionChinesewritingsystembegantodevelopinonedirection,whichplayedacrucialroleinunitingtheChinesepeopleandculture,andenablingcommunicationamongpeopleregardlessoflocationordialectConnectthelanguageandart(para5)PasttopresentInheritanceofChinesecharacterspeopleinmoderntimescanreadancientclassicworksChineseCalligraphyasanartformChinesecharactersdevelopedasanartform,knownasChinesecalligraphy,whichhasbecomeanimportantpartofChinesecultureConnectChinaandtherestoftheworld(para6)TodayCulturalinfluenceofChinesewritingsystemChinesewritingsystemisstillanimportantpartofChinesecultureChinagainingworldattentionasChinaplaysagreaterroleinglobalaffairs,moreinternationalstudentsarebeginningtoappreciateChina’scultureandhistorythroughthisamazinglanguageDiscoveringUsefulStructuresRestrictiverelativeclauses限制性定语从句(p64)概念用法定语从句是在主从复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句。从句是句子的一部分，定语从句告诉我们句中名词或代词具体指的是哪个人或者什么事。在定语从句中，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，放在先行词之后。关系词分为关系代词，以及关系副词。例如：Anarchitect(先行词)issomeonewho(关系词)designsbuildings.分类根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，定语从句分为限制性定语从句，和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。例如：Graceworksforacompanythatmakesfurniture.（thatmakefurniture限定了是“制作家具的公司”）非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，与先行词关系不十分密切。即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。例如：Joegotthejob,whichsurprisedeverybody.（“whichsurprisedeverybody”是对“Joegotthejob”这件事情的补充说明）关系词分类及其句法功能关系词的分类及其句法功能如下表所示。关系词例词所修饰先行词句中成分省略关系代词who人主语、宾语作宾语时可省略whom宾语可省略which物主语、宾语作宾语时可省略that人/物主语、宾语、表语whose定语不可省略关系副词when时间名词时间状语where地点名词地点状语why原因名词原因状语例如：Don’tforgettobringthebookthat/whichIneed.(that/which作宾语可省略)Iliketheplaceswhere/inwhichthereareflowers.(where/inwhich作地点状语不可省略)Sheinvitedsomefriendsthat/whoarefromJapan.(that/who作主语不可省略)Istillrememberthetimewhenwefirstmet.(when作时间状语不可省略)3.1关系代词关系代词的句法作用：词从句用于限定性和非限定性定语从句只用于限定性从句句中成分格指人指物指人/物主格whowhichthat/*as主语、宾语、表语宾格whom所有格whose定语关系代词用法who,whom二者用于指人。who在定语从句中可作主语、宾语，whom在定语从句中作宾语。在现代英语里，who也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语Heisamanwhoisn’tinterestedinclothes.(who作主语)Therearesomepeople(who/whom)youwanttomeet.(who/whom作动词宾语)that指人/物，指人时可与who,whom互换；指物时可与which互换。在句中可作主语或宾语。that不能做介词的宾语Theletterthat/whichcamethismorningisfrommyaunt.(that/which作主语)Haveyougoteverything(that)theyneeded?(that作宾语)Heistheperson(that/who/whom)Iknewtenyearsago.(that/who/whom做宾语)which一般指物，在定语从句中作宾语时可省略，但在“介词+which”机构中不可省略Readthepassageinwhichweareinterested.(which作介词in宾语)whose一般指人，有时也指物，在定语从句中作定语Doyouknowthegirlwhoseuncleisourheadmaster?Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.as的先行词有so,such,thesame修饰限制性定语从句Suchpeopleasoftenhelpothersshouldbepraised.(as作主语)Iwanttobuythesamepenasyouboughtlastweek.(as作宾语)*as也可用于修饰整个主句的非限制性定语从句，在句中做主语、宾语。它引导的从句可以位于主句之前或者之后，还可以位于主句中间。例如：Heisahero,asisreportedinthenewspaper.正如报纸报道那样，他是一位英雄。(as作主语，位于主句后)Sheisafamousfilmstar,asweknow.众所周知，她是一个著名影星。(as作宾语，位于主句后)3.2关系副词关系副词主要有when,where,why等，在定语从句中作状语，关系副词在定语从句中一般不可省略。when指时间，先行词通常为time,day,night,week,year等表示时间的名词I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstvisitNewYork.where指地点，先行词通常为place,street,city,town,country等表示地点的名词Thehospitalwheresheworkswasbuiltfiveyearsago.why指原因或理由，先行词只有reason。Hedidn’texplainthereasonwhyhewaslateforschool.“介词+which/whom(关系代词)”代替when,where,why关系副词Theyearinwhich/whentheearthquakehappenedwas2008.Iforgettheplaceinwhich/whereIhaveputtheMP4.There’snoreasonforwhich/whywewillgiveuptheplan.关系代词which作介词宾语时，介词可放置定语从句句首，构成“介词+which”结构:Sheboughtaflat,onwhichshespentallhermoney.Themapwithoutwhichwecannottravelislost.关系代词前介词的使用取决于句子意义的需要，或句中动词、形容词、副词与介词的搭配：Shemadeacraftplane,onwhichshespentoverfivedays.3.3关系词用法区分(1)that和which指物引导定语从句在通常情况下，可互换使用。但下列情况不可换用：先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,anything,everything,none,some，只用thatDoyouhaveanything(that)youwanttotellher?Hedideverythingthathecouldtohelpus.先行词被all,every,nosome,any,little,much,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast,few,just等修饰时，只用thatThisisthelastcoursethatIwanttotake.Allthethingsthatwedoistoprovidethemwithwaterandfood.先行词本身就是，或有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，用thatThefirstbookthatIboughtisaboutculinaryarts.ThisisthebestnewsthatI’veeverheard.当先行词既有人又有物时，只用thatDoyouknowthethingsandpeoplethattheyaretalkingabout?引导非限制性定语从句，只用whichShelostthegame,whichmadeherverysad.介词提前时，只用whichIsthatthekiteonwhichyoudrawabeautifuldragon?that和who两者都可引导定语从句，指人时一般情况下可通用，但下列情况只能用who：先行词是one,ones,anyone,those且指人时，只用whoOnewhoisverybravedarestotellthetruth.Thosewhowanttovisitthemuseumwritedownthenameshere.先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定于从句中时，只用whoSheistheteacherwhowillgiveusatalkonprogrammingattheendoftheday.Thechildwascryinghardwholosthisway.when和where引导的定语从句修饰表示时间或地点的先行词，其引导的状语从句则无先行词I’llnotforgethersurprisewhenwetoldherthenews.(时间状语从句)I’llneverforgettheyearswhenIlivedinthecountryside.(定语从句)Hefoundthebookwherehelostit.(地点状语从句)Hefoundthebookattheplacewherehelostit.(定语从句)what不能引导定语从句what本身等同于“先行词+关系代词(which/that)”，因而不能用what引导定语从句：Sheisn’twhatsheusedtobe.=Sheisn’ttheone(that)sheusedtobe.Timeiswhatweneedmost.=Timeisall(that)weneedmost.Describeyourfavouritethings(p64)FavouriteDayIt’sadaywhen...FavouriteplaceIt’s...,becauseitisaplacewhere...FavouriteteacherIliketeacherswho...AdmiringthingIadmire...That’sthereasonwhy...ListeningandTalkingExploredifferentkindsofEnglish(p65)might[v]（may的过去时，用于间接引语）可能，可以confusion[n]困惑；混淆befamiliarwith熟悉：了解某事或某人ListeningPartIAsmanycountriesspeakEnglishasafirstlanguage,therearemanydifferentkindsofEnglisharoundtheworld:BritishEnglish,AmericanEnglish,AustralianEnglish,andmanyothers.SomeEnglishlearnersmightask,"CanEnglishspeakersfromdifferentcountriesallunderstandeachother?"Theanswerisyes.Peopleinthesecountriescanusuallyunderstandeachotherwithveryfewproblems.Therearedifferencesinvocabulary,pronunciation,andgrammar,butthoseareusuallynotbigproblems.Howeverthosedifferencescancauseconfusionfornon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Forexample,astudentwhohaslearntBritishEnglishmightnotbefamiliarwiththedifferentvocabularythatanAmericanmightuse.ListentothisconversationbetweenaforeignlanguagestudentandherAmericanclassmate.semester[n]<美>学期，半学年term[n]<英>学期；词语；术语convenient[adj]方便的，便利的subway[n]<美>地铁；<英>地下通道underground[n]<英>地铁ListeningPartIIAmy:ThankyouverymuchforhelpingmewithmyEnglish.Betty:You'rewelcome!Whenareyoufreetomeet?Thissemester,I’mfreeonTuesdayandThursdayafterlunch.Amy:I’msorry?Whatdoes“semester”mean?Betty:Youknow,semester----halfofaschoolyear.Amy:Oh,youmeanlikeaterm?Betty:Yes,likeaterm.TheBritishsay"term".Weusuallysay"semester"hereinAmerica.Amy:Gotit!MyfirstEnglishlessonwithyou,haha?OK,let'smeetonTuesday.Whereshallwemeet?Betty:Let'smeetatacoffeeshopnearmyhome.It'sveryconvenienttogettherebysubway.Amy:Subway?DoyoumeantheUnderground?Betty:Yes,thetrainthatgoesundertheground!Amy:Ah,gotit!Haha,mysecondEnglishlesson----thankyou!British&AmericanEnglishBritishpetrolsweettoilethonourmumflatAmericangascandyrestroomhonormomapartmentMeaning汽油糖果厕所荣誉妈妈公寓Misunderstandingpantspants<美>裤子；<英>内裤，短裤trousers<英>裤子Askingforclarification(p65)Doyoumean...?/Doesthatmean...?I’msorry.Wouldyoumindrepeating...?SoamIrightinsaying...?I’msorry.Whatdoes...mean?Ibeg(恳请)yourpardon.Sowhatyou’rereallysayingis...ReadingforWritingWriteablogaboutEnglishstudy(p66)Words&Phrasesdepend[v]取决于request[n]要求；请求relationship[n]（人、团体、国家等相互间的）关系equal[n]（地位、实力等）相同或相等的人demand[n]需求vocabulary[n]词汇bridgethegap消除隔阂SummaryNameProblemAdviceLiuWenWhenIlistentonativeEnglishspeakerstalkinginavideo,Ican1catchonlyafewwordsand2neverquitegetthemainidea.Anyadv