英语课件 外研版（2019）选择性必修四 Unit5 Starting out

Unit5IntotheunknownStartingout&UnderstandingideasBYMICHELLEStartingout01Somenaturalphenomenaarereallyamazing.Whatnaturalphenomenaareyoufamiliarwith?theearthquakethemiragethesolareclipsethunderandlightningWhatdoyouknowmoreaboutthem?📹Watchthevideoandanswerthequestions.Whatnaturalphenomenaarementioned?Howweretheseexplainedinthepast?Whatarethescientificexplanationsbehindthem?Whatnaturalphenomenaarementioned?Theearth-quake,thesolareclipse,thunderandlightning,themirage.Theearth-quakeTheancientpeople’sexplanationsThemodernscientificexplanationsNativeAmericansused

tobelievethatearthquakeswerecausedby

astrugglebetweenalargebird,calledthe

Thunderbird,anda

whale.AnancientJapanese

beliefwasthatearthquakeswerecausedby

themovementsofagiantcatfishthatcarried

theworldonitsback.Scientistsnowknowthatearthquakesareactuallycausedbythemovementoftectonicplates.ThesolareclipseTheancientpeople’sexplanationsThemodernscientificexplanationsInmanycultures,therewereancientbeliefsthatsolareclipseswerecausedbyacreatureeatingthesun.InVietnam,thatcreaturewasagiantfrog.InNorway,awolf,andinChina,itwasahugedog.Infact,solareclipseshappenwhentheMoonpassesbetweenEarthandtheSuntemporarilyblockingtheSun’slight.ThunderandlightningTheancientpeople’sexplanationsThemodernscientificexplanationsInMedievalEurope,peoplethoughtthatsupernaturalforcescausedit,whichwasasignofbadtimesahead.Modernsciencetellsusthatlightningisanelectricchargemovingbetweencloudsandtheearth.Thunderisashockwaveofsoundcausedbylightning.ThemirageTheancientpeople’sexplanationsThemodernscientificexplanationsInAncientChina,peoplebelievedthatthiswasactuallycausedbythebreathofadragon.Thesedays,peopleknowthatamiragehappenswhenlayersofairwithvaryingtemperaturescausedlighttobend.Lookatthepicturesandanswerthequestions.Whatdoyouknowaboutthesemysteries?Whatotherunsolvedmysteriesdoyouknowof?Whichofthesedoyoumostwanttoinvestigate?AtlantisAtlantisisalegendarycity,whichisdescribedintheworkoftheGreekphilosopherPlato.ThestoryofAtlantiswithitsfabulouslywealthyandadvancedcivilisationwhichwassweptintotheseatobelostforeverhascapturedtheimaginationofreadersforovertwomillennia.NazcalinesTheNazcaLinesareacollectionofgiantgeometricpatternsandanimalshapes.DrawnIntothelandscapesofsouthernPeru,themajorityofthelinesarebelievedtobetheworkoftheNazcapeoplearound1ADto700.DesignatedaUNESCOWorldHeritageSitein1994,numerousstudiesandtheorieshavesofarnotexplainedthereasonwhythelineswerecreated.TunguskaeventTunguskaevent,enormousexplosionthatisestimatedtohaveoccurredat7:14amplusorminusoneminuteon30June1908,atanaltitudeof5-10kilometres,flatteningsome2,000squarekilometresandcharringmorethan100squarekilometresofpineforestnearthlePodkamennayaTunguskaRiverinCentralSiberia,Russia.BlackholeAblackholeisaregionofspace-timeexhibitinggravitationalaccelerationsostrongthatnothing,notevenlight,canescapefromit.Understandingideas02Lookatthepicturesandanswerthequestions.Dofurtherresearchifnecessary.AncientGreeceAncientBabylonAncientEgyptWhatdoyouknowabouttheancientcivilisations?Whatmightbethereasonsbehindtheircollapse?LeadinWhatdoyouknowabouttheancientcivilisations?AncientGreeks

livedover3,000yearsago.TheircivilisationsfollowedaDarkAgeinGreece,whichisthoughttohaveendedin800BCE.Forthemostpart,AncientGreecewasdividedintoseveralsmallcity-states,eachwiththeirownlaws,customs,andrulers.However,inthe300sBCE,thesesmallcity-stateswereforcedtouniteunderoneruler:AlexandertheGreat.HewasthefounderoftheAncientGreekEmpire,whichstretchedintoEurope,Egypt,andSouth-WestAsia.Whatdoyouknowabouttheancientcivilisations?AncientBabylon

isoneofthemostpowerfulandimportantcitiesofancientMesopotamia.TheancientcivilisationofBabylonisregardedastheearliestcradleofcivilisationbyhistorians.Itwasthecapitalcityof10Mesopotamiandynastiesandwasconqueredbyahostofinvaderswhowereprobablydrawntothissplendidcityforitsfertileland,richculture,inventivepeopleandarchitecturalmarvelsliketheHangingGardens.TheancientBabylonianCivilisationisalsoconsideredasthecradlewhereliterature,scienceandwritingflourished.Whatdoyouknowabouttheancientcivilisations?AncientEgypt

foralmost30centuries—fromitsunificationaround3100BCE

toitsconquestbyAlexandertheGreatin332BCE—wasthepreeminentcivilisationintheMediterraneanworld.FromthegreatpyramidsoftheOldKingdomthroughthemilitaryconquestsoftheNewKingdom,Egypt’smajestyhaslongentrancedarchaeologistsandhistoriansandcreatedavibrantfieldofstudyallitsown:Egyptology.Whatmightbethereasonsbehindtheircollapse?AncientGreeksReasonsfordeclineofAncientGreece:Inthesecondhalfofthe5thcenturyBC,signsofweakeningoftheGreeksocietyappeared,duetotheslaveexploit,thepasteurizationofthesmallproducersetc.OneofthemainreasonsforthefallofancientGreecewasthelackofunity.AncientBabylonThefallofBabylonisahistoricaleventthatoccurredin539BCE.ThiseventsawtheconquestofBabylonbytheAchaemenidEmpireunderCyrustheGreatandmarkedtheendoftheNeo-BabylonianEmpire.AncientEgyptThisperiodofextendedeconomicandpoliticalunrestanddevastatingclimatechanges,endedwithEgyptlosingsovereigntyovermostofitsterritoryandbecomingaprovincewithinthevastPersianEmpire.Withhundredsofthousandsofitspeopledead,theEgyptianpublicwasincreasinglyhostiletowardswithboththeirpoliticalandtheirreligiousleaders.Whatotherancientcivilisationsdoyouknowof?Sharewhatyouknowwiththeclass.AegeanCivilisationAncientRomeMayaCivilisation📹WatchthevideoabouttheMayaandsharewhatyouknowaboutthemysteriousculture.Pre-readingTheMayaisaMesoamerican(中美洲)civilisation,famousfortheonlyknownfullydevelopedwrittenlanguageofthepre-ColumbianAmericas,aswellasforitsart,architecture,andmathsandastronomicalsystems.OriginallyestablishedduringthePre-Classicperiod(2000BCEto250AD),manyMayacitiesreachedtheirhigheststateofdevelopmentuntilthearrivaloftheSpanish.TheMayacivilisationexpandedthroughoutthepresent-daysouthernMexicanstatesandthenorthernCentralAmericanregion,includingthepresent-daynationsofGuatemala,Belize,andWesternHonduras.ReadthepassageandfindoutthepossiblereasonsforthedisappearanceofMayacivilisation.

TheMysteriesofTHEMAYAWhatisthegenreofthepassage?While-readingExpositorywriting.(toexplain/clarify/expose)Readforstructure.InwhataspectsdoesthewriterexplainthemysteriesoftheMaya?

Usekeywordstosummariseeachparagraph.AnincrediblediscoveryHumancausesAchievementsDeclineNaturalcausesEndingChoosethetopicsentencesandwritethemonthelinestocompletethepassage.a.

Mayacivilisationhasbeensurroundedbymysterysinceitsrediscoveryinthe19thcentury.b.ButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.c.Althoughhistheoryhasbeendismissedbyscholars,itshowshowpowerfulthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationareamongpeople.d.ResearchalsosuggeststhatthosenaturaldisastersmayhaveledtothedeclineoftheMaya.e.Meanwhile,theriseandfallofthiscivilisationmustalsoleaveusthinkingaboutourownpast,presentandfuture.f.SomeresearchseemstoindicatethattheMayapeoplethemselvesmayhaveplayedapartintheirdownfall.Waystoachievecohesion:Reference指代Lexicalcohesion词汇衔接Conjunction连接Readfordetails.Introducethetopic.TheachievementsofMayacivilisation.ThedeclineofMayacivilisation.ThereasonsforthedisappearanceofMayaCivilisation.ThereasonsforthedisappearanceofMayaCivilisation.ThemysteriesofMayaCivilisationremaintobesolved.ThemysteriesoftheMayaPara.1:Introducethetopic.Para.2:The____________ofMayacivilisation.Para.3:The__________ofMayacivilisation.Para.4-5:The_______forthedisappearanceofMayaCivilisation.Para.4:_________causesPara.5:_________causesPara.6:ThemysteriesofMayaCivilisationremaintobe_______.achievementsdeclinereasonshumannaturalsolvedMAYACIVILISATIONTimearound1800BCto1100ADLocationFrom1_________to2___________________OrganiseinformationfromthepassageandcompletethefileofMayacivilisation.MexicoCentralAmericaMAYACIVILISATIONPossiblereasonsforcollapse1humancauses—reducedtheabilitytodealwith3_________________4_________________________5_________________________hugeexpansionofthe6____________2naturalcauses—aseriesof7___________between700ADand1000AD,each8_________________________naturaldisastersturningwetlandsintofieldsdigginghugecanalsystemspopulationdroughtslastingforacoupleofyearsThewaythattheMayapeoplechangedthelandscapearoundthemmayhavebeenoneofthereasonsbehindthedisappearanceoftheircivilisation.Turningwetlandsintofieldsforgrowinggrains,digginghugecanalsystemsandcuttingdownmoretreesforconstructionreducedtheirabilitytocopewithnaturaldisasters.Whenthosenaturaldisasters,suchasdroughts,stuck,theMayawouldhavefacedfoodshortages,conflictsand,eventually,thedownfalloftheircities.Completetheculturalcomparisonwithinformationfromthepassage.mathematicscalendarwritingsystemdisappearedwheels,metaltoolsorevenanimalpowerPost-readingWhatistheauthor’spurposeinstartingthepassagewiththestoryaboutWilliamGadoury?Whatotherthingsdoyouthinkcoulddestroyacivilisation?Shareanexamplewiththeclass.WhatlessonscanyoulearnfromthecollapseofMayacivilisation?Howcanthisinformationhelpthedevelopmentoftoday’ssociety?Whichoftheargumentsinthepassagedidyoufindthemostconvincing?Giveyourreasons.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinstartingthepassagewiththestoryaboutWilliamGadoury?ThestoryaboutWilliamGadouryshowshowthesecretsofAncientMayacivilisationhavecapturedpeople’simaginations.Whatotherthingsdoyouthinkcoulddestroyacivilisation?Shareanexamplewiththeclass.StephenHawkingthought3thingscoulddestroyhumanity:AI,humanaggressionandalienlife.Firstly,Hawkingisfiercelywaryofstrongartificialintelligence(AI);HawkingstronglybelievesAIthatexudesintelligenceequaltoorexceedingthatofahumancoulddestroythehumanraceandwasoneofmanyscientistswhowroteanopenletterwarningoftherisks(aswellasthebenefits)ofAI.Hawkinghasalsoissuedastarkwarningaboutthepotentialcataclysmiceffectsofhumanaggression.Hawkingbelievesouraggressivenaturecouldresultincatastrophiceventsthatcouldendhumancivilisation,suchasamajornuclearwarthatcouldendallcivilisationandextinctthehumanrace.Lastbutnotleast,Hawkinghasexpressedconcernsaboutalienlife.Hawkingbelievesthatifintelligentalienlifedoesindeedexist,itlikelywon’tbefriendlytowardshumans,andcouldaimatconqueringandcolonizingwhateverplanetstheyvisit.WhatlessonscanyoulearnfromthecollapseofMayacivilisation?Howcanthisinformationhelpthedevelopmentoftoday’ssociety?lessdestructionontheenvironmentcontrollingofpopulationexpansionplantingmoretreesawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionfewerconflictsbetweencitieslivingharmoniouslywithnatureabilitytodealwithnaturaldisasters...Whichoftheargumentsinthepassagedidyoufindthemostconvincing?Giveyourreasons.ThedeclineoftheMayanpopulationwascloselytiedtorapiddeforestationcoupledwiththesoilerosion.TheMayansburnedandchoppeddowntheirforestsinordertoclearlandforagricultureandalsotoacquirewoodfortheelaborateconstructionoftheircities(Stromberg).DeforestationinCentralAmericanstillremainsextremelyproblematictoday.InHonduras,itisestimatedthatupto85%oftimberwhichiscutdownis

threattobiodiversity,leadingbirds,animalsandplantstolosetheirnaturalhabitats.Theworld’sforestsareonebigcarbonsink,storingandlockingawaycarbondioxideavoidingitsimmediatereleaseintotheatmosphere.Whenatreediesallofthecarbonthathasbeenstoredawayisreleasedbackintotheatmosphere.Ifthetreeiscutdownprematurely,theprocessisaccelerated.Currentlygloballossofforestsiscontributing12-15%oftotalgreenhousegasemissions.Languagepoints03Throughcomparison,hefoundthatthelocationsofthe117knownMayacitiescorrespond

tothepositionsofthestars.通过比较,他发现已知的117座玛雅城市的位置与恒星的位置一致。◆correspondto相当于;与……对应【词汇拓展】correspondvt.

相一致;相符合;相当于;通信correspondwith/to...

与……一致/相符/相类似correspondwithsb

与某人通信correspondencen.

信件;通信;一致;相似incorrespondencewith... 与……通信Iusedtocorrespond

withhimforthreeyears,butlaterIlosttouchwithhim.单句语法填空(1)We’vecorresponded

eachotherforyearsbutI’veneveractuallymethim.

(2)Youraccountoftheaccidenthadlittle

(correspond)withthestorytheotherdrivertold.

withcorrespondenceBasedonthis,hebelievedhehadspottedanunknownMayacityburieddeepinthejungle.基于这个,他认为他发现了一个不为人知深埋在丛林中的玛雅城市。◆buryv.将……埋在下面;使沉浸;隐藏;使专心【词汇拓展】beburiedin=buryoneselfin

埋头于;专心于buryone’sfaceinone’shands 双手掩面Myfatherwas

buried

inhisnewspaper.我父亲专心致志地看他的报纸。Heburied

himself

inhisdetectivestoryagain.他又沉浸在他的侦探故事里了。用bury的适当形式填空(1)

inhisstudy,hewasn’tawarethatalltheothershadleft.

(2)

hisfaceinhishands,hetriedtocontrolhisweeping.

句式升级Hesatatawoodentableandwasburiedinreading.→(3)Hesatatawoodentable,

inreading.(过去分词短语作状语)

→(4)Hesatatawoodentable,

himselfinreading.(现在分词短语作状语)

Buried

BuryingburiedburyingTheyappliedthisunderstandingtotheMayacalendar,whichwasaccuratetowithin30secondsperyear.他们把这一理解应用到玛雅历法中,精确到每年(误差)不超过30秒。◆apply...to...把……应用到……【词汇拓展】applyvt.涂;应用/vi.申请;请求;使用applyoneselfto致力于;集中精力于applyto...适应/适用……apply(to...)for...(向……)申请……applicantn.申请人applicationn.申请;请求;应用Ishouldapply

forthepostifIwereyou.Ithinkyoustandagoodchance.Jackhasapplied

himself

tothistaskwithconsiderableenergy.单句语法填空(1)Ifyouwanttoapply

ajobattheofficewhereIwork,I’llputinagoodwordforyou.

(2)Heslowedthebleedingbyapplyingpressure

thewoundsuntilthepoliceandambulancearrived.

(3)I’dappreciateitifyoucouldtakemy

(apply)intoaccountatyourconvenience.

Ifyouapplyyourselftoyourstudy,youwillpassyourexam.→(4)

yourstudy,andyouwillpassyourexam.(升级为祈使句)

→(5)

yourstudy,youwillpassyourexam.(升级为动词-ing形式作状语)

for

toapplicationApplyyourselftoApplyingyourselftoButthegreatestmysteryofalliswhatcausedtheMayatoabandonmostoftheirgreatcities.最神秘的是是什么导致玛雅人遗弃了他们大部分的大城市。◆abandonv.离弃;逃离【词汇拓展】abandononeselfto...沉湎于……;纵情于……abandonedadj.

被遗弃的;放纵的beabandonedto 沉湎于……Heownedafarm,whichlookedalmostabandoned.他有一个农场,看上去几乎废弃了。用abandon的适当形式填空(1)Soontheyreachedan

(abandon)temple,wherethereoncelivedanoldmonk.

句式升级(2)Withoutworryingaboutanything,sheabandonedherselftoalifeofpleasure.→Withoutworryingaboutanything,she

alifeofpleasure.

abandonedwasabandonedtoAs

their

population

expanded,yet

more

land

was

needed

for

agriculture

and

more

trees

for

construction.随着人口的增加,农业需要更多的土地,建筑需要更多的树木。【句式剖析】本句是一个复合句。morelandwasneeded...是主句,as意为“随着”,引导的是时间状语从句。Ashegrewup,heknewmoreandmoreaboutnature.

随着他的成长,他越来越了解大自然。Astimewenton,Tombegantorealisetheimportanceofstudy.

随着时间的推移,汤姆开始意识到学习的重要性。【句式拓展】(1)as表示“当……的时候”,引导时间状语从句,多强调主句和从句中的动作或状态同时发生,从句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后。AsIwaitedatthestop,Iheardabignoise.

我在车站等待时听到一个很大的声响。(2)as表示“虽然……但是……”,引导让步状语从句,从句通常用倒装语序,把从句的表语、状语或动词原形放在as前面,可以用though替代。Childasheis,heknowsalot.

虽然他是个孩子,但他知道的东西很多。Hardasitwasraining,theywentonworkinginthefield.

虽然天下着大雨,但他们继续在田地里干活。(3)as表示“按照”“依照”“像”,引导方式状语从句,从句置于主句之后。Youshoulddoastheteachertellsyou.Thehousewasbuiltexactlyasitwasdesigned.(4)as表示“像……一样”,引导比较状语从句,对主句和从句的动作或状态加以比较,说明它们之间有相似之处,在从句中常省略与主句相同的部分。Hedoesn’tworkashardasI(do).(5)as意为“因为;由于”,引导的是原因状语从句,通常为附加说明的理由,且是已知晓的原因。Asshewasnotwell,Iwenttherealone.Asheisatailor,heknowswhattodowiththismaterial.

因为他是个裁缝,他知道怎样利用这块布料。写出下列句中as引导的是哪种从句(1)Idon’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsasmostpeopledo.

(2)Astheysmiledateachother,harmonywasrestoredagain.

(3)Manycountriesareaspoorastheyhaveeverbeen.

(4)Astheyoftenplayfootballtogether,theyhavegottoknoweachotherquitewell.

(5)Difficultastheroadforthesestudentsaftergraduationwillbe,theirfuturesarebright.

方式状语从句时间状语从句比较状语从句原因状语从句让步状语从句Itsonce-greatcitiesfellintoruin,leavingvariousmysteriesforlaterpeopletosolve.它曾经伟大的城市成为废墟,留下了各种谜团待后人解开。◆ruinn.残垣断壁;废墟【词汇拓展】lie/beinruins

成为废墟fallintoruin

毁灭;灭亡;崩溃bereducedtoruins 沦为废墟ruinvt.

破坏;毁坏ruinsth/sb/oneself 毁坏某物/毁掉某人/自己beruinedby...

被……毁坏/破坏ruinone’shealth/fame/future毁了某人的健康/名誉