一笑而过考研翻译写作基础

考考研翻译写作基础2英语相对于汉语的特点：1.逻辑性2.简洁性3.多样性e.g.(英语一1995-72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.j3j3词性成份(主谓宾定状补)名词n.代词pron.动词v.形容词adj.副词adv.介词prep.连词4谓语动词非谓语ing非谓语ed非谓语to动词：及物不及物、实义系动词、动作结果、瞬间延续介词介词词组 (介词+名词/v-ing)定语状语补语5并列连词 (词、词组、句子)and,or,nor,but,yet,so从属连词 (主要连句子).That:that.Wh-:which,who,whom,whose,when,where,what,why,how,whether.Other:because,if,before,after,while,since,as,until,till,once,assoonas,unless,provided,immediately,instantly,directly,everytime,themoment/minute/second/instant671.SV主谓2.SVO主谓宾3.SVC主系表4.SVOO主谓宾宾5.SVOC主谓宾宾补五大基本句型的重要性：1.英语中的主干结构2.英汉语基本一致8e.g.2.Shelooksaround.3.Thejobisfinished.1.主动：主语为谓语动作的发出者2.被动：主语为谓语动作的接受者9主语属性：名词性结构2.代词(主格)3.动名词(doing)4.不定式(todo)谓语属性：动词判断及物不及物动词的误区：根据中文意思判断动词及物不及物e.g.1.IwatchTV.2.Thestudentsarelookingattheteacher.主谓宾间的关系(只有主动)：1.主语为谓语动作的发出者2.宾语为谓语动作的接受者1.及物动词2.不及物动词+介词宾语属性：名词性结构1.名词2.代词(宾格)3.动名词(doing)4.不定式(todo)5.宾语从句可带动名词(doing)的动词：admit,acknowledge,anticipate,advocate,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp/resist/stand,consider,defer,delay,deny,mind,enjoy,fancy,favour,giveup,include,keep,practice,risk,stop,suggest...e.g.1.Iamexcited/acollegestudent/intheclassroom/home.2.Ifeelhappy.3.Everyonestayedcalm.4.Foodgoesbadeasilyinsummer.：4.“变化”类动词become,go,turn,grow,get,fall(ill),表语的属性：1.形容词Iamexcited.2.名词Iamacollegestudent.3.代词Itishim.4.介词短语Iamintheclassroom.5.副词(表位置)Iamhere/home.6.不定式(to)Myplanistopassthetest.7.动名词(doing)Myhobbyisgrowingflowers.8.表语从句e.g.eadvice2.Hegavesomeadvicetome.“给予”类动词pass,sell,send,sing,write,sparee.g.1.Iregardyouasthebestfriend.2.Youmakemehappy.3.Parentsexpecttheirchildrentobeexcellent.4.Iseemystudentsdoingtheirhomework.5.Ifindallthehouseworkdone.6.Thepresidentappointedhimthesalesmanager.宾补的形式：1.Iregardyouasthebestfriend.2.Youmakemehappy.3.Parentsexpecttheirchildrentobeexcellent.4.Iseemystudentsdoingtheirhomework.5.Ifindallthehouseworkdone.6.Thepresidentappointedhimthesalesmanager.宾补的作用：•宾补是对宾语的补充说明•宾语+宾补可在意思上构成“主谓”、“主谓宾”或“主系表”关系20make,call,name,think,elect,appoint,consider,want,wish,expect,keep,have,leave,drive,catch,stop,allow,lorderlike,hate,help,paint,cut,mind...动词的固定搭配中。21hecollegestudentsintheclassroom结论：1.定语修饰名词2.英语中定语分前置后后置3.英语中简单定语前置，复杂定语后置英语中定语位置及基本形式(前二后六)：1.前置定语：形容词、名词分词词组、不定式、形容词词组、定语从句2.后置定语：介词词组、doing现在分词词组、分词词组、不定式、形容词词组、定语从句22hecollegestudentsintheclassroom教室里的大学生结论：汉语中只有前置定语232.状语经常由副词充当24ttothestationquickly：1.Quickly,hegottothestation.(主语前)2.Hequicklygottothestation.(动词前)3.Hegotquicklytothestation.(动词后)4.Hegottothestationquickly.(宾语后)25：1.Atahighspeed,hegottothestation.(主语前)2.He,atahighspeed,gottothestation.(动词前)3.Hegot,atahighspeed,tothestation.(动词后)4.Hegottothestationatahighspeed.(宾语后)对状语的形式没有限制。26形式：介词词组4.done过去分词词组27：ttothestationquickly28从句类型：3.状语从句2023-10-2129含义：句：主谓结构从句基本结构：引导词(只能使用一个)+主谓结构引导词的作用：共同作用：连接主从句独特作用：每种从句中各不相同30引导词的类型：thatwhich,who,whom,whose,when,where,what,why,how,whetherbecause,if,although,though,before,after,while,since,as,until,till,once,assoonas,unless,provided,immediately,instantly,directly,everytime,themoment/minute/second/instant31e.g.•...althoughhecamehome.•...thathecamehome.•...whenhecamehome.的引导词：that/wh-32t•Wh-:whichwhowhom/whose/when/where/why (注意：how/what/whether一般不能引导定语从句)作后置定语33基本结构：名词结构/句子+引导词这是我昨天买的那本书。Thisisthebookthat/whichIboughtyesterday.定语从句的特点：3、句子语意一定不完整341.Thinkaboutdrivingaroutethat’sveryfamiliar.2.AccordingtoBen-Shalar,realisticoptimistsarethosewhomakethebestofthingsthathappen,butnotthosewhobelieveeverythinghappensforthebest.3.“Itwasareallybadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.4.Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.5.Theeffectiscausedbythewayweallocateourattention.6.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.35那本书。ebookthatwhichIboughtyesterday定从使用前提(一)：36这本书给我提供了很大的帮助。Iboughtabook,whichgavemegreathelp.定语从句使用前提(二)：37校。这让我大吃一惊。lefttheschoolwhichsurprisedmegreatly38方法：3.非谓语动词的三种基本形式：39Iboughtabook,whichprovidedgreathelp.Iboughtabookprovidinggreathelp.•现在分词短语作后置定语Iboughtabook,whichwaswrittenbythebestnovelistintheworld.Iboughtabookwrittenbythebestnovelistintheworld.•过去分词短语作后置定语40Iboughtabook,whichwouldsolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.IboughtabooktosolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.Iboughtabook,whichwouldberevisedsoon.Iboughtabooktoberevisedsoon.•不定式作后置定语41Iboughtabook,whichwasabletosolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.IboughtabookabletosolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.•形容词短语作后置定语421.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.2.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.3.OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving4.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.43•我找到了导致这场意外的原因。Ihavefoundthereasonthatledtotheaccident.Ihavefoundthereasonleadingtotheaccident.•这座房子就是他出生的地方。Thehouseistheplaceinwhich/wherehewasborn.试，几乎没有不及格过。Ihavetakencountlessexams,inwhichIhavehardlyfailed.•他获得了比赛的一等奖。我感到十分高兴。Hewonthefirstprizeinthecompetition,whichpleasedmegreatly.44名词从句的基本结构：•That:that•Wh-:which(ever),who(ever),whom(ever),what(ever),whose(ever),how,when,where,why,whether•其他：because/asif/asthough(表从),if(宾从)451.Thathecheatedintheexamwillbeeventuallydiscovered.2.Youdon’tknowwhichIboughtyesterday.3.MyquestionishowIcanfurthermystudyinthisuniversity.4.NoonecandenythefactthatIamChinese.名词从句的特点：1、句子结构和语意均完整3、that无意义、不充当成分；wh-有意义、充当成分46基本结构：引导词+主谓结构+谓语1.Thathecheatedintheexamwillbeeventuallydiscovered.2.Itisobviousthathecheatedintheexam.1.带有正常主语从句的句子一般呈现出“一主两谓”的结构。2.形式主语只能代替主从、不定式和动名词(动词ing)，不能代替名词和代词471.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.2.WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.3.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.4.Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience,butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.48成功取决于我们自身的努力。Whenwecansucceeddependsonourownefforts.主语从句使用的前提(一)：法：49成功依靠的是我们自身的努力。ependedonourownefforts成功取决于我们自身的努力。成功依靠的是我们自身的努力。当主语从句为陈述句句意时，必须在句首加上引导词that。50校。这让我大吃一惊。heschoolsurprisedmegreatly主语从句使用的前提(二)：法：51成功还是一个未知数。Whenwecansucceedisstillunknownamystery.Itisstillunknown/amysterywhenwecansucceed.常见形式：djthatwh2.Itisn.that/wh...3.Itis-edthat...Itissaidthatwesucceeded.52ThatChinawon2010WorldExpodependedontheinternationalsociety’ssupport.•中国坚持和平发展是基于中国国情的必然选择。ThatChinainsistsonpeacefuldevelopmentisanecessarychoicebasedonChina’scondition.ItisanecessarychoicebasedonChina’sconditionthatChinainsistsonpeacefuldevelopment.53基本结构：1.及物动词+引导词+主谓2.介词+引导词+主谓•Youdon’tknowwhichIboughtyesterday.•Iknowthatyouareright.•Iamlisteningtowhatyouaresaying.•Moststudentsregarditasagreatsuccessthattheycanstudyina注意：词引导。2.形式宾语只能代替宾从、不定式和动名词(动词ing)，不能代替名词1词引导。2.形式宾语只能代替宾从、不定式和动名词(动词ing)，不能代替名词541.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.2.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.3.Heasserts,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.55有多吃惊。ginehowsurprisedIwasatthattime宾语从句使用的前提(一)：法：56基本结构：系动词+引导词+主谓1.MydreamisthatIcanfurthermystudyinthisuniversity.2.MyquestionishowIcanfurthermystudyinthisuniversity.3.Hissuccessisbecausehehasworkedreallyhard.4.Helooksasifthewholeworldbelongedtohim.注意：1.表语从句与宾语从句及其相似，只是在动词的种类上不同。2.表语从句中没有形式表语。571.Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.2.Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.58Thequestionishowfastwecangettothestation.表语从句使用的前提(一)：法：59基本结构：N+that/wh-1.NoonecandenythefactthatIamChinese.2.Ihavethequestionwhetheryoucanpassthetest.3.Ihavenoideawhowillwin.注意：1.抽象名词且有具体内容才能带同位语从句，如：conclusion,thought,idea,view,opinion,suggestion,demand,fact,report,story,news,message…，但任何名词都可以带定语从句2.同位语从句结构和语意都完整，但定语从句结构有可能不完整，语意一定不完整。601.Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewmedia.2.Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies.3.Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.4.Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare---thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts---andrevealitserroneousnature.5.Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.61我有一个想法。我们应该为考试早作准备。Ihaveanideathatweshouldmakeearlypreparationforthetest.同位语从句使用的前提(一)：后句对前句中的某一名词作解释，且中间可以划等号时 翻译方法：名词从句可以基本按照语序翻译，但引导词要置于句首。62没有人可以否认我通过了这次考试的事实。NoonecandenythefactthatIpassedthetest.同位语从句使用的前提(二)：带有完整句子的“的”结构，且句子与“的”后名词可以划等号。翻译方法：将“的”前的完整句子置于名词之后，变成同位语从句。试对比：没有人可以否认我通过了这次考试的事实。我不知道他离开学校的时间。63•我得出了这人是个骗子的结论。Idrawaconclusionthatthemanisacheater.•这幅图揭示了一个真理。那就是人类的贪婪是造成环境污染的主要原Thepicturerevealsatruththatthehumangreedisthemainreasonthatleadstotheenvironmentalpollution.64状语从句的结构：•inthat,nowthat,inorderthat,onconditionthat,giventhat,so...that,sothat•when,where,whether,nomatterwhich(ever),nomatterwho(ever),nomatterwhom(ever),nomatterwhat(ever),nomatterwhose,nomatterhow(ever),nomatterwhen(ever),nomatterwhere(ever),nomatterwhy•because,if,as,before,after,until,since,although,though,while,whereas,aslongas,immediately,provided,themoment/instant2.在句首或句末充当状语65•句子+引导词+主谓sawastranger2.IsawastrangerwhenIcamehome.3.Heissoexcitedthathelaughsandshouts.nowthatgiventhatonconditionthat,innowthatgiventhatonconditionthat,inorderthat661.Whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”2.Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.3.ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccuse