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Executivesummary
SocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaand
2024
theCaribbean
Thechallengesofnon-contributorysocialprotectioninadvancingtowardsinclusivesocialdevelopment
Accessibleversion
Executivesummary
Accessibleversion
SocialPanorama
ofLatinAmericaand
2024
theCaribbean
Thechallengesofnon-contributory
socialprotectioninadvancingtowards
inclusivesocialdevelopment
JoséManuelSalazar-Xirinachs
ExecutiveSecretary
JavierMedinaVásquez
DeputyExecutiveSecretarya.i.
AlbertoArenasdeMesa
Chief,SocialDevelopmentDivision
RolandoOcampo
Chief,StatisticsDivision
SimoneCecchini
Chief,LatinAmericanandCaribbeanDemographicCentre(CELADE)-PopulationDivisionofECLAC
AnaGüezmesGarcía
Chief,DivisionforGenderAffairs
SallyShaw
Chief,DocumentsandPublicationsDivision
TheSocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanisapublicationpreparedannuallybytheSocialDevelopmentDivisionoftheEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC),ledbyAlbertoArenasdeMesa,andbytheECLACStatisticsDivision,ledbyRolandoOcampo,withthecollaborationoftheLatinAmericanandCaribbeanDemographicCentre(CELADE)-PopulationDivisionofECLAC,headedbySimoneCecchini,andtheDivisionforGenderAffairsofECLAC,headedbyAnaGüezmesGarcía.
Thepreparationofthe2024editionwascoordinatedbyAlbertoArenasdeMesawiththesupportofDanielaTrucco,whoworkedonthedraftingtogetherwithMurielAbad,CarmenÁlvarez,AmparoBravo,VerónicaCano,HelenaCruzCastanheira,ErnestoEspíndola,ConsueloFarías,NincenFigueroa,ÁlvaroFuentes,KarenGarcía,DanielaGonzález,RaúlHolz,IsabelJacas,CarlosMaldonado,XavierMancero,MaríaLuisaMarinho,RodrigoMartínez,AmaliaPalma,ClaudiaRobles,JorgeRodríguez,RaquelSantosGarcia,LucíaScuro,ZulmaSosa,JuanVila,PabloVillatoroandBelénVillegas.MarioAcuña,LeninAguinaga,CatalinaAlviz,JorgeCadenasso,EdmundoCaillaux,
MiguelCastillo,EunseoCho,MaríaPazCollinao,ErnestoEspíndola,FabiolaFernández,NincenFigueroa,ÁlvaroFuentes,NicolásHernández,RocíoMiranda,JavieraRavestandPabloVillatoroworkedonthedatacollectionandstatisticalprocessing.ValuablecontributionsandcommentsrelatingtodifferentsectionsofthedocumentwerereceivedfromSimoneCecchini,DiegoCollado,JennieDador,FabianaDelPopolo,AndrésEspejo,CamilaGramkow,AnaGüezmesGarcía,SandraHuenchuán,MarianaHuepe,DanielaHuneeus,ÁngelaPenagos,HumbertoSoto,SoledadVillafañeandIsabelWalker.
TheUnitedNationsandthecountriesitrepresentsassumenoresponsibilityforthecontentoflinkstoexternalsitesinthispublication.
UnitedNationspublicationsLC/A.2024/5
LC/PUB.2024/24Distribution:G
Copyright©UnitedNations,2025Allrightsreserved
PrintedatUnitedNations,SantiagoS.2401162[E]
Explanatorynotes:
•Threedotsindicatethatdataarenotavailableorarenotseparatelyreported.
•Adashindicatesthattheamountisnilornegligible.
•Afullstopisusedtoindicatedecimals.
•Theword“dollars”referstoUnitedStatesdollars,unlessotherwisespecified.
•Aslashbetweenyears(e.g.2023/2024)indicatesa12-monthperiodfallingbetweenthetwoyears.
•Individualfiguresandpercentagesintablesmaynotalwaysadduptothecorrespondingtotalbecauseofrounding.
Thispublicationshouldbecitedas:EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC),
SocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,2024.Accessibleversion(LC/A.2024/5-LC/PUB.2024/24),Santiago,2025.
EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)
Executivesummary
4
ApplicationsforauthorizationtoreproducethisworkinwholeorinpartshouldbesenttotheEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC),DocumentsandPublicationsDivision,publicaciones.cepal@.MemberStatesoftheUnitedNationsandtheirgovernmentalinstitutionsmayreproducethisworkwithoutpriorauthorization,butarerequestedtomentionthesourceandtoinformECLACofsuchreproduction.
Contents
A.Socialprotection,especiallyitsnon-contributorycomponent,isessential
foradvancingtowardsinclusivesocialdevelopment 7
B.TowardstheSecondWorldSummitforSocialDevelopment:socialprotection
attheheartofinclusivesocialdevelopmentstrategies 11
C.Thehigh-inequalitytrapandhighlevelsofpoverty:challenges
fornon-contributorysocialprotection 13
D.In2023,povertyfelltoitslowestlevelsince1990,butincomeinequality
remainshigh 18
E.Investinginchildren:acriticalaspectofnon-contributorysocialprotection 23
F.Non-contributorypensionsystems:akeyelementintheeffort
toeradicateold-agepoverty 25
G.Thecarecrisisperpetuatesgenderinequalityandcallsforstronger
socialprotection 27
H.Thetechnical,operational,politicalandprospective(TOPP)capabilitiesof
institutionsarealsokeystrengtheningnon-contributorysocialprotection 33
I.Socialspendingstoppeddecliningandstabilized,butnon-contributory
socialprotectionspendingremainsinsufficient 35
EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)
Executivesummary
6
J.Settingastandardforinvestmentinnon-contributorysocialprotection
iskeyforprogressonpovertyeradication 38
K.Thepressingneedtostrengthenintersectoralactionforprogresstowards
universal,comprehensive,sustainableandresilientsocialprotection 39
L.Presentationandsummaryofthekeymessagesofthechapters 43
Bibliography 45
SocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean•2024
Executivesummary
7
A.Socialprotection,especiallyitsnon-contributorycomponent,isessentialforadvancingtowardsinclusivesocialdevelopment
Althoughitvariesfromcountrytocountry,thedevelopmentpatterninLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanhasanumberofcommoneconomic,socialandenvironmentalimbalances,whicharereflectedinthreedevelopmenttraps:lowcapacityforgrowth;highinequalityandlowsocialmobilityandcohesion;andlowinstitutionalcapacityandineffectivegovernancetoaddressdevelopmentchallenges(
Salazar-Xirinachs,2023
).Againstthebackdropofthesethreetrapsandtheviciouscirclesthatfeedthem,itisnoexaggerationtosaythatthecountriesoftheregionareinadevelopmentcrisis.
Dataregardingthefirsttrapspeakvolumes:between2015and2024,theannualgrowthrateinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanaveragedjust0.9%,lessthanhalfthe2.0%recordedinthe“lostdecade”ofthe1980s(ECLAC
,2024a
).ThisworryingsituationhasledtheEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)tounderscoretheneedtomovetowardsagreatproductivetransformationbyscalingupandimprovingproductivedevelopmentpolicies.Thisisthekeytobreakingfromthetrapoflowcapacity
EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)
Executivesummary
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forgrowth(
ECLAC,2024b
;
Salazar-XirinachsandLlinás,2023
).Asregardsthesecondtrap,thehighinequalitycharacteristicoftheregioniscausedbyseveralfactors:aheterogeneousandslow-changingproductionmatrix,weakeducationandvocationaltrainingsystemswithhighdropoutratesandpoorlearningoutcomes,regressivetaxsystems,andsocialprotectionsystemsmarkedbyweaknessesandgaps(
ECLAC,2024c
).Thetrapoflowinstitutionalcapacityandineffectivegovernancetranslatesintopublicpoliciesandinstitutionsthatlackthecapacitiestomanagethenecessarytransformations.Breakingfromthistrapwillrequirestrengtheningthetechnical,operative,politicalandprospective(TOPP)capabilitiesofinstitutionsineachareaoftransformation,includingforumsforsocialdialogueandthemobilizationofrequisitefinancialresources.Alsoneededarestrategiestobuildpro-reformcoalitions,asopposedtothosethatresistchange;forthis,ananalysisofthepoliticaleconomyofreformisessential(
ECLAC,2024c
).
Thisdevelopmentcrisisisinterwovenwithahostofcriticalobstaclestoinclusivesocialdevelopmentintheregion.Theseincludedeeplyrootedpovertyandvulnerabilitytoit,structural,unjustandinefficientinequalities;gapsinhumancapacity-development(ineducation,health,nutrition)andinaccesstobasicservices;deficitsindecentworkanduncertaintieslinkedtotechnologicalchangesintheworldofwork;stillpartialandunequalaccesstosocialprotection;asocialinstitutionalframeworkunderconstruction;andinsufficientsocialinvestment.Theseissueshavebeencompoundedbyemergingobstaclesrelatedtothedifferentformsofviolence,thedemographictransitionandmigratorytrends;changesintheworldofwork,thetechnologicaltransformation,epidemiologicalandnutritionalchanges,andclimatechangeanddisasters(
ECLAC,2019
).Thisinvolvesastructureofsocialrisksthatisbeingreconfiguredandissuperimposedonasetofstructuralrisksthatoccuroverthelifecycleandrenderpeoplemorevulnerabletofallingintoandremaininginpoverty,andtotheviolationoftheirsocial,economic,culturalandenvironmentalrights(
Robles,2024
).
SocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean•2024
Executivesummary
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Addressingthevariouschallengesposedbythisscenariocallsforurgenteffortstostrengthensocialprotectionsystemsintheregion,astheyplayadirectroleineradicatingpovertyandreducinginequalitiesbyaimingtoensureuniversalaccesstoadequateincomelevels,basicsocialservicesandhousing,andtolabourandsocialinclusionpoliciesanddecentwork(ECLAC,
2020a
,
2022a
,
2022b
and
2023a
).Movingtowardsuniversal,comprehensive,sustainableandresilientsocialprotectionsystemsisvital.Thiswillrequireadoptingauniversalistapproachthatissensitivetodifferences,makingthesesocialprotectionsystemsaccessibletoallandmakingitpossibletoaddressexistinginequalities.Itwillalsorequirestrengthenedandcomprehensivesystemstoaddressrisksinanintersectoralmannerandwithcoordinationamongadministrativelevelsandthroughoutthelifecycle.Atthesametime,theymustbesustainable,meaningthattheymustfulfilthecommitmentsmadetothisgenerationandfuturegenerations,withabalancedapproachtothreedimensions:coverage,adequacyofentitlementsandfinancialsustainability.Lastly,thereisaneedforsocialprotectionsystemsthatareresilienttochangeandcrisesandareresponsive,flexibleandadaptable(
ArenasdeMesa,2023
;ECLAC,
2021
and
2022a
;
CecchiniandMartínez,2012
).
Socialprotectionsystemsofthisnature,whichplacepeopleatthecentre,areofstrategicimportanceforprogresstowardsinclusivesocialdevelopmentandarethefundamentalbasisforprogresstowardstruewelfareStates(
ArenasdeMesa,2023
).Thefocusontheeradicationofextremepovertyandpoverty,andthereductionofinequalities,isconsistentwithinclusivesocialdevelopment,whichcanbedefinedasaconditioninwhichallpeoplelivefreefrompovertyandhavealevelofwell-beingthatalignswitheconomicgrowth.Thisenablesthedevelopmentofskillsinacontextoffreedomanddignity,withfullenjoymentofeconomic,social,culturalandenvironmentalrightsandopportunitiesforrecognitionandparticipation.Toachievethis,thegapsinaccesstobasicareasofwell-beingmustbeaddressed,alongwithsocialinequalitiesandthestructuresthatperpetuatethem,
EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)
Executivesummary
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fromauniversalistperspectivethatissensitivetodifferences(
ECLAC,2024d
).Likewise,thefocusontheenjoymentofrightshelpstoensurepeople’saccesstoqualitypublicservices,reducetheirvulnerabilitytosocialrisksandensuresustainableincomelevels,makingsocialprotectionarequirementofwelfarestates(
Briggs,1961
;
Barr,2020
;
ECLAC,
2023a
;
ILO,2018
;
Segura-Ubiergo,2007
).Thesesystemsalsoenhancesocialcohesionandinclusion,redistributingriskexposureandacommonsocialprotectionfloor(
Robles,2024
).
Socialprotectionsystemsconsistofcontributoryandnon-contributoryentitlements
(CecchiniandMartínez,2012
).Contributorypolicieslinkthecontributionsmadebyindividualsthroughouttheirworkingliveswithaccesstoentitlements(bothforrecipientsandanybeneficiaries).Theymaybefundedbycontributionsfromemployeesandemployers,aswellasbypublicorothersources.Conversely,non-contributorypoliciesdecoupleaccesstoentitlementsfromcontributionsandarefundedmainlyfrompublicresources(taxesorothergovernmentrevenues),orfromexternalgrantsorloans.Theymaybeuniversalortargetspecificpopulationcategories,withprioritygiventocertainincomelevels(
ILO,2024a
).Intheregion,theyincludecashtransfers(bothconditionalandnon-conditional)andin-kindtransfers,financialsupportthroughsubsidiesandtaxdeductions,transfersofgoodsandtheprovisionofservices,aswellasnon-contributorypensionsystems(
Cecchiniand
Martínez,2012
;
ECLAC,2024d
;
Roblesandothers,2024
).
Non-contributorysocialprotectionbecomesparticularlyrelevantinviewofthepersistentlevelsofextremepovertyandpovertyintheregion,togetherwiththehistoricalandstructuralnatureofinequalityandthehighlevelsoflabourinformalityandlow-qualityjobsthattranslateintolimitedorscarceaccesstocontributorysocialprotectionpolicies(
ECLAC,2023a
).Non-contributorysocialprotectionpoliciesarekeytoensuringthataccesstowell-beingdoesnotdependonthesocioeconomiclevelofhouseholdsandparticipationinthelabourmarket(Esping-Andersen,1990and
1999
),astheyloweraccessbarriersforessentialpublic
SocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean•2024
Executivesummary
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goodssuchasqualityeducationandhealth,andreducepeople’sexposuretovariousrisksthroughincomeprotectionmechanisms.Toachievethis,socialprotectionusesanumberofmechanismsandtools,suchasinter-agencyworkandlinkagesbetweenthecomponentsof
socialprotectionsystems;policiestoensureabasiclevelofincomeforall;integratedsocial
informationsystems;crisis,disasterandemergingriskresponsemechanisms;systemsandinstrumentsforintersectorallinkagesandcoordinationsuchasthejoined-uppoliciesdevelopedforcomprehensivecareinearlychildhoodandforothergroupsinneed,suchasolderpersonsandpersonswithdisabilities;andcomprehensivecarepolicies(ECLAC,
2020a
and
2023b
).
ThiseditionoftheSocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanpresentsanin-depthanalysisofnon-contributorysocialprotectionpoliciesandprogrammesandthecorrespondinginstitutionalframework,withparticularemphasisontheirvitalroleineradicatingpovertyandreducinginequality.Theimpactofnon-contributorysocialprotectiononpovertyandinequality,whichhinderinclusivesocialdevelopment,substantiatestheneedtoincreasesocialinvestmentinthisarea,thusensuringitsfinancialsustainability,aswellastheurgencyofstrengtheninginstitutionalcapacitiesfortheefficientimplementationofthesepublicpolicies.
B.TowardstheSecondWorldSummitforSocial
Development:socialprotectionattheheartofinclusivesocialdevelopmentstrategies
TheWorldSummitforSocialDevelopmentheldinCopenhagenin1995wasthefirstinternationalefforttodefinesocialprotection,linkingitprimarilytopovertyeradication.Onthatoccasion,itwasarguedthatsocialprotectionshouldprotectfrompovertythosewhoseemploymentsituation,healthorcareneedsandthosewholosttheirlivelihoodsduetonaturaldisastersorcivilviolence,warsorforceddisplacementputthematriskoffalling
EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)
Executivesummary
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intopoverty(
UnitedNations,1995
).TheindissolublelinkbetweenthepromotionofsocialdevelopmentandtheprotectionofhumanrightswashighlightedattheSummit,andsocialprotectionwasacentralelement.
Almost30yearslater,debateonthedefinitionandscopeoftheconceptofsocialprotectionisongoing(ArenasdeMesa,
2019
and
2023
;
ILO,2018
,
2021
and
2024a
;ECLAC,
2006
,
2018
and
2020a
;
Levy,2018
;
CecchiniandMartinez,2012
).In2000,theCommissionforSocialDevelopmentestablishedthatsocialprotectionisa“asetofpublicandprivatepoliciesandprogrammesundertakenbysocietiesinresponsetovariouscontingenciesinordertooffsettheabsenceorsubstantialreductionofincomefromwork;provideassistanceforfamilieswithchildren;andprovidepeoplewithhealthcareandhousing”,notingthatthedefinitionwasnon-exhaustiveastartingpoint(
UnitedNations,2000
,p.3).Itisnoteworthythatthisdefinition,togetherwiththereferencetotheneedforsocialconsensusonthelevelsofeitherriskordeprivationthataredeemedunacceptable,alludestotheideathatsocialprotectionisnotexclusivelyaimedatpeoplelivinginpoverty,butalsoatthosefacingothertypesoflife-cyclerisks,whetherduringtheirworkingyearsorinretirementoroldage.
TheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)hasalsoprovideddescriptionsofsocialprotection,regardingitasahumanrightthatis“definedasthesetofpoliciesandprogrammesdesignedtoreduceandpreventpoverty,vulnerabilityandsocialexclusionthroughoutthelifecycle”
(ILO,2021
,p.226).Italsoestablishesninebranchesofsocialprotection,1whichmaybeaddressedbyamixofcontributoryandnon-contributoryschemesandarecloselylinkedwiththeILOSocialProtectionFloorsRecommendation,2012(No.202).
1Thesebranchesare:childandfamilybenefits,maternityprotection,unemploymentsupport,employmentinjurybenefits,sicknessbenefits,healthprotection(medicalcare),old-agebenefits,invalidity/disabilitybenefits,andsurvivors’benefits(
ILO,2021
).
SocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean•2024
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ECLAChasalsoparticipatedactivelyinthedebateonsocialprotection.In2019,theRegionalAgendaforInclusiveSocialDevelopmentwasadoptedatthethirdsessionoftheRegionalConferenceonSocialDevelopmentinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean;theinstrumentstatesthatsocialprotectionaimsto“guaranteeuniversalaccesstoincomethatpermitsanadequatelevelofwell-being,aswellasuniversalaccesstosocialservices(suchashealth,education,waterandsanitation),housing,labourinclusionpoliciesanddecentwork”(
ECLAC,
2020a
,p.19).Thisfirstaxisofthistechnicalandpoliticalinstrumentfocusesonthedesign,consolidationanddeepeningofuniversalandcomprehensivesocialprotectionsystems,andreflectsabroadunderstandingoftheconceptofsocialprotectionthatincorporatesnotonlyincomeprotectionandmedicalcarewhenfacingvariousrisks,butalsotheimportanceofthedevelopmentofhumancapacities,labourinclusionandcare(
Robles,2024
).
Thepivotalroleofsocialprotectioninadvancinginclusivesocialdevelopmentoverthepast30yearsandtheextensivedebateonthedefinitionthereofsetthestageforthediscussionsthatwilltakeplaceattheSecondWorldSummitforSocialDevelopmentin2025.Thiswillbeacriticalopportunitytoensurethatsocialprotectionisregardedasakeycomponentofdevelopmentstrategiesand,onthatbasis,toidentifyandagreeonstrategicguidelinesandpoliciestomovetowardsuniversal,comprehensive,sustainableandresilientsocialprotectionsystems.
C.Thehigh-inequalitytrapandhighlevelsofpoverty:challengesfornon-contributorysocialprotection
ThehighinequalityandlowsocialmobilityandcohesioncharacteristicofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanconstituteatrapthathindersdevelopmentandstemsfromvariousfactors,includingweaksocialpoliciesandsocialprotectionsystemsthatfailtomitigatetheeffectsofinequalityrootedintheproductionsystemandintheregion’shistoryandculture
EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)
Executivesummary
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(ECLAC,2024c
).Progresstowardsuniversal,comprehensive,sustainableandresilientsocialprotectionsystemsisthereforeessentialinordertofacemultidimensional,concurrentandacutechallengesoldandnew.
Giventhevariousinteractionsbetweenthecriticalobstaclesmentionedaboveandthe
simultaneitywithwhichtheyoccur,itispossibletoidentifyariskstructurethatisbeingreconfiguredandcouldshapethedevelopmentandfutureofsocialprotectionsystems(
Robles,2024
).Therefore,regionalchallengesfacedbygovernmentsmustbeurgentlyidentifiedwithaviewtodesigningtransformativesocialprotectionpoliciesthatensurethewell-beingofall.Thisrequires,amongotherthings,adequatelevelsofcoverage,sufficiencyandfinancialsustainability(
ArenasdeMesa,2023
).
Althoughthecountriesoftheregionhavemadesignificantprogressinexpandingandstrengtheningtheirsocialprotectionsystems,especiallynon-contributorysocialprotectionpolicies,significantgapsandinequalitiesremainthatrequireurgentattention.AccordingtotheInternationalLabourOrganization(
ILO,2024a
),around2023,theproportionofthepopulationcoveredbyatleastonesocialprotectionentitlementinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(effectivecoverage)was61.2%.2AsshowninchapterII,addressingthiscoveragegaprequiresstrengtheningsocialregistriesandestablishinginformationsystemsthatenablecountriestoidentifyvulnerablepopulationsandbolsterthemechanismsofsocialprotectionsystemstoensureaccessforthosewhoneedit.Furthermore,thereismarkedsegmentationinaccesstosocialprotectiondependingonhouseholdcharacteristics.Forexample,in2022,while1in2householdsinthelowestincomequintileaccessedsocial
2Thisindicatortomonitortarget1.3oftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)indicatestheproportionofthetotalpopulationthatreceivesacontributoryornon-contributorycashbenefit,excludinghealthandsicknessbenefits,underatleastoneofthecontingenciesorfunctionsofsocialprotection(referstoacontributoryortax-financedbenefit)orthatiscontributingtoatleastonesocialsecurityscheme(
ILO,2024a
).
SocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean•2024
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protectionthroughnon-contributoryprogrammes(50.2%),thisproportiondroppedto1in10higher-incomehouseholds(10.4%).Amongthelatter,thepercentageofhouseholdslackingaccesstosocialprotectionwaslessthanonefifth(17.3%)thatsameyear,whileinthelowestincomequintileitexceededonethirdofhouseholds(36.5%).
Therehasbeenanotableexpansionofnon-contributorysocialprotectionpoliciesintheregion.Twoofthemostimportantentitlements,intermsofcoverageandinvestmentinrecentdecades,areconditionalcashtransferprogrammes,asshowninfigure1,andnon-contributorypensionsystems,asshowninfigure2.
Figure1
LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(20countries):apopulationinrecipienthouseholdsofconditionalcashtransferprogrammesandother
continuoustransfers,b2000–2022(Percentagesoftotalpopulation)
Source:EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC),
Non-contributory
SocialProtectionProgrammesDatabase-LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean
;LatinAmericanandCaribbeanDemographicCentre(CELADE)-PopulationDivisionofECLAC,“Populationestimatesandprojections.Revision2022”;UnitedNations,
WorldPopulationProspects2022
,NewYork,2022.
EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)
Executivesummary
16
aWeightedaveragebasedoninformationonconditionaltransferprogrammesandotherpermanentcashtransfers,excludingin-kindtransfersandsubsidies,fromthefollowingcountries:Argentina,Belize,Brazil,Chile,Colombia,CostaRica,theDominicanRepublic,Ecuador,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Haiti,Honduras,Jamaica,Mexico,Panama,Paraguay,Peru,thePlurinationalStateofBolivia,TrinidadandTobagoandUruguay.ForBrazil,datafor2020refertocoverageandexpenditureoftheBolsaFamíliaprogramme,andfor2021and2022,datarefertotheAuxílioBrasilprogramme.
bThisindicatorisbuiltbymultiplyingthenumberofhouseholdscovered,asinformedbyofficialcountrysources,bytheaveragehouseholdsizeofthepoorestincomequintileatthenationallevel,accordingtoCEPALSTATdata.ThemethodofFigueroaandVila(2024)wasusedfortheestimationofthecompleteseries.Theimputationofmissingdatabyprogrammeisdoneusingtheavailabledata,assumingequivalencewiththelastavailabledataoralinearrelationshipbetweenthetwoclosestavailabledata.ThetotalpopulationofLatinAmericanandCaribbeancountriesisusedasabasefortheaverage,regardlessofwhethertheyhaveprogrammesthatareactiveintheyearofestimation.
Figure2
LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(23countries):acoverageofpensionersaged65andoverinnon-contributorypensionsystems,b2000–2022
(Percentagesofpopulationaged65yearsandover)
Source:J.I.Vila,C.RoblesandA.ArenasdeMesa,“Overviewofnon-contributorypensionsystemsinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean:analysisoftheirevolutionandtheirroleinold-ageeconomicsecurity”,
Non-contributorypensionsystemsinLatinAmerica
andtheCaribbean:towardssolidaritywithsustainability
,ECLACBooks,No.164(LC/PUB.2024/6-P/-*),A.ArenasdeMesaandC.Robles(eds.),Santiago,EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC),2024.
SocialPanoramaofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean•2024
Executivesummary
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aWeightedaverageforthefollowingcountries:AntiguaandBarbuda,Argentina,Bahamas,Barbados,Belize,Brazil,Chile,Colombia,CostaRica,Cuba,theDominicanRepublic,Ecuador,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Guyana,Mexico,Panama,Paraguay,Peru,thePlurinationalStateofBolivia,SaintKittsandNevis,TrinidadandTobagoandUruguay.
bForyearsinwhichthereisnocoveragedata,butthenon-contributorypensionsystemisoperating,thevaluesareimputedaccording
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