2019高考英语一轮复习课时作业34Astronomythescienceofthestars

课时作业(十四)必修3Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsⅠ.阅读理解A(2018·成都市高中毕业班第二次诊断性检测)Isabelhasturneddowntwojoboffersinthepastyear.ThefirstjobsheconsideredwasthedirectorofHRforapanyinUtah.Aftertheinitialinterviews,shefeltthejobfitherexceptforthelocation.Still,sheflewwesttomeetthehiringmanager.ThehiringmanagerexplainedthatIsabelwasthetopcandidateforthejobbutthat,beforeshecontinuedwiththeprocess,sheshouldbetterunderstandthefirm'sculture.ShedirectedIsabeltoseveralvideosofthepany'sCEO,whoregularlyappearedinfrontofthepanyincostumeaspartofmorale­buildingexercisesandexpectedhisseniorleaderstodothesame.“EventhoughIwasdesperateforajob,IknewIcouldn'tdothat，”Isabelsays.Shecalledthepanytoturndownthejobandexplainedthatshedidn'tfeeltherewasaculturalfit.Afewmonthslater,shehadaninterviewforanotherjob:adirectorofemployeerelationsatalocaluniversity.Afterseveralinterviews,thehiringmanagertoldherthejobwashersifshewantedit.Thejobhadmanypositives:itprovidedalow­stressenvironment,itofferedgreatbenefits,andtheuniversitywasanemployee­friendlyplace.ButthejobwasrelativelyjuniordespitethetitleandIsabelworrieditwouldn'tbechallengingenough.Finally,sheturneditdown.“ItwouldbegreattohaveapaycheckandgreatbenefitsbutIwoulddefinitelyhavetroublesleepingatnight，”shesays.Inbothcases,shewasfrankwiththehiringmanagersaboutwhyshewasn'ttakingthejobs.“Inthepast，itfeltlikedating,andIwasworriedabouthurtingpeople'sfeelings，”shesays.However，theyappreciatedherfranknessandthankedherforherhonesty.Shesaysitwashardtoturndownthejobsanditwasariskforherfinanciallybutshefeltshehadto.【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了Isabel拒绝两份工作的经历和感想。【难句分析】ShedirectedIsabeltoseveralvideosofthepany'sCEO,whoregularlyappearedinfrontofthepanyincostumeaspartofmorale­buildingexercisesandexpectedhisseniorleaderstodothesame.分析：该句为主从复合句。句中who引导非限制性定语从句。译文：她领着Isabel看了几段公司首席执行官的视频，作为激励员工士气的活动的一部分，首席执行官经常穿着公司制服出现在员工们面前，并希望他的高层领导也能这样做。1.WhichfactormadeIsabelturndownthefirstjobfinally?A．Thepany'slocation.B．Theinitialinterviews.C．Thefirm'sculture.D．Thehiringmanager.答案与解析：C'考查细节理解。根据第一段最后一句“Shecalledthepanytoturndownthejobandexplainedthatshedidn'tfeeltherewasaculturalfit”可知，Isabel认为这种企业文化不适合自己，所以拒绝了这份工作，故C项正确。根据第一段第三、四句“Aftertheinitialinterviews，shefeltthejobfitherexceptforthelocation.Still，sheflewwesttomeetthehiringmanager”可知，在最初的几轮面试之后，Isabel觉得这份工作适合她，除了公司的位置之外。尽管如此，她还是飞往西部去见了人事部经理；据此可知，她拒绝这份工作的原因不是最初的几轮面试、公司地点和人事部经理，故排除A、B、D项。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“junior”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Challenging.B．Easy.C．Beneficial.D．Stressful.答案与解析：B考查词义猜测。根据画线词所在句“ButthejobwasrelativelyjuniordespitethetitleandIsabelworrieditwouldn'tbechallengingenough”可知，尽管这份工作的头衔不错，但是Isabel担心这份工作没有足够的挑战性，即这份工作相对容易；据此可以判断，画线词意为“容易的”，故B项正确。A项意为“具有挑战性的”，C项意为“有益的”，D项意为“充满压力的”，都与语境不符。3．WhatisthemostimportantthingforIsabelinjobhunting?A．Beingtruthfultoothers.B．Ajobwithastableine.C．Arelaxingworkingatmosphere.D．Avoidinghurtingpeople'sfeelings.答案与解析：A考查细节理解。根据第三段倒数第二句“However,theyappreciatedherfranknessandthankedherforherhonesty.”可知，虽然Isabel拒绝了这两份工作，但是人事部经理仍然欣赏她的坦率，并感谢她的诚实；据此可知Isabel在寻找工作时诚实待人是她最重要的品质，故A项正确。根据第二段第三句中的“itprovidedalow­stressenvironment,itofferedgreatbenefits,andtheuniversitywasanemployee­friendlyplace”可知，在大学做员工关系主管的工作薪酬高而且无压力，但是Isabel仍然拒绝了，故B、C项错误；根据第三段第二句可知，D项与题干无关。4．Theabovetextismostlikelyintendedforthe________.A．directorofHRB．librarianC．doctorD．artist答案与解析：A考查推理判断。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了Isabel拒绝人力资源总监和大学员工关系主管两份工作的经历和感想；据此可以判断，人力资源总监会从她的经历中得到启示，故A项正确。B(2018·沈阳市高三下学期第三次模拟考试试题)Wildelephantscantellwhetheravoiceesfromaman,awomanoraboy,anewstudysays.That'swhatresearchersfoundwhentheyplayedrecordingsofpeopleforelephantsinKenya.Scientistssaythisisanadvancedthinkingskillthatotheranimalshaven'tshown.Itletselephantsfigureoutwhoisathreatandwhoisn't.Theresultshowsthatthecleveranimalsarealsostudyingpeople,saidstudyauthorKarenMcb.“Basically,theyhavedevelopedthisveryrichknowledgeofthehumansthattheysharetheirhabitatwith，”saidMcb,aprofessorattheUniversityofSussexinEngland.“MemoryisKey.Theymustbuildupthatknowledgesomehow.”ThestudywasreleasedonMondayintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.It'sclosetobutnotquiteliketheDr.Seussbook,wheretheelephantHortonhearssomethingthatotherscan'thear.McbandcolleagueswenttoAmboseliNationalParkinKenya,wherehundredsofwildelephantsliveamonghumans,sometimesinginconflictoverscarcewater.ThescientistsusedvoicerecordingsofMaasaimen,whoonoccasionkillelephants,andKambamen,whoarelessofathreattotheelephants.Asaresult,theelephantsreactedmoredefensively—retreatingandgatheringinabunch—totheMaasailanguagerecordingbecauseitwasassociatedwiththemorethreateninghumantribe,saidstudyco­authorGraemeShannon.TheyrepeatedtheexperimentwithrecordingsofMaasaimenandwomen.Sincewomenalmostneverspearelephants,theanimalsreactedlessdefensivelytothewomen'svoices.Thesamethinghappenedwhentheysubstitutedyoungboys'voices.“Makingthiskindoffinedistinctionsinhumanvoicepatternsisquiteremarkable，”saidEmoryUniversityanimalcognitionexpertFransdeWaal,whowasnotpartofthestudy.【文章大意】研究表明野生大象能够识别男、女和男孩的声音，它们通过思维区分声音并判断谁能对他们产生威胁。【难句分析】McbandcolleagueswenttoAmboseliNationalParkinKenya,wherehundredsofwildelephantsliveamonghumans,sometimesinginconflictoverscarcewater.(倒数第三段第一句)分析：这是一个复合句。where引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作地点状语；sometimesinginconflictoverscarcewater作伴随状语。译文：Mcb和同事去了位于肯尼亚的安博塞利国家公园，在那里有成百上千头野象与人类一起生活，他们有时因为水资源匮乏而发生冲突。5．Whowerethepeopletakingpartinthestudy?A．FransdeWaalandKarenMcb.B．Dr.SeussandGraemeShannon.C．GraemeShannonandFransdeWaal.D．KarenMcbandGraemeShannon.答案与解析：D'考查细节理解。根据文章第一段中的“studyauthorKarenMcb”和第六段中的“studyco­authorGraemeShannon”可知，KarenMcb和GroemeShannon都参加了研究，故选D项。6．Whatcanwildelephantsbenefitfromtheirspecialability?A．Identifyingandavoidingpossibledanger.B．Growingmuchfasterthananyotheranimals.C．Havingabetterunderstandingofhumans.D．Developingtheirlanguageskills.答案与解析：A'考查推理判断。根据文章第一段中的“Scientistssaythisisanadvancedthinkingskillthatotheranimalshaven'tshown.Itletselephantsfigureoutwhoisathreatandwhoisn't.”可知，这种高等的思维方式使野象能够分辨出谁能对他们造成威胁，这样它们可以避免可能的危险，故A项是正确的。7．Whichcanreplacetheunderlinedword“substituted”inthelastparagraph?A．Distinguished.B．Repeated.C．Used.D．pared.答案与解析：C'考查词义猜测。画线词所在句中的“Thesamethinghappened”指的是前一句中的“theanimalsreactedlessdefensivelytothewomen'svoices”，画线词所在句讲的是野象对年轻男孩的声音做出的反应，说明当时研究者在对野象播放年轻男孩的声音，选C项。8．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．Wildelephantscandistinguishhumanlanguages.B．Theconflictbetweenhumansandwildelephantsisgrowing.C．Wildelephantsuselanguageskillstomakediscrimination.D．Wildelephantscanbuildupgoodmemoryandlearntricks.答案与解析：A'考查主旨大意。根据文章第一句“Wildelephantscantellwhetheravoiceesfromaman,awomanoraboy”和全文内容可知，野象能够通过人的声音区分不同人类群体的性别和年龄，故选A项(野象能够区分人类的语言)。Ⅱ.七选五(2018·甘肃省兰州市高考实战模拟)TipstoManageStressYoucan'tridstressfromyourlifepletely,butyoucanreduceit.Knowthatittakessomeeffortsbecauseyoumayhavetomakechangesinyourattitudeandlifestyle.Reducingstressrequiresthatyouknowhowyoureacttostress.Ifyouknow,youcanchangeyourbehavior.__1__Seetheglassashalffullinsteadofhalfempty.Also,developastrategyforhandlingstressfulsituations.Thisway,youwon'tbecaughtoffguard(措手不及).Herearethehelpfultips：•__2__Whenyourbodyishealthy,itcanstanduptostress.Keepyourbodyhealthyandstrongwithnutritiousfoods.Alow­fatdiethelpsslowtheprogressofsomestress­relateddiseases.Avoidcaffeine(咖啡因),nicotine(尼古丁)andalcohol.•Laugh__3__Whenyoulaughorjustsmile,thebloodwhichflowstothebrainisincreased.Itisduetothereleaseofendorphins(内啡肽)whichresultsinadropinthelevelofstresshormones(荷尔蒙)．•BesocialWhenyoufeelstress,yourinstincts(本能)tellyoutoisolateyourself.Whenyouwithdraw,youallowyourselftoconcentratemoreontheproblem,whichmakesyourstresslevelgreater.__4__Bearoundwithyoungchildren,whocanhelpmakeyouforgetyourselfandyourworries.•KnowyourstresspersonalityDoyouknowhowtoreacttostress?Doyouyellandkickthefurniture?Ordoyouretreatintostonysilence?__5__Makenoteofanystressor,thetime,theplace,howyoufeel,andwhatyoudoasaresult.Byknowingyourownpersonality,youcanlearntorespondtostressbeforeyoureachthecrisismode.A．Callfriends.B．Supportyourco­workers.C．Addgoodnutritionandexercise.D．Keepastressdiaryfortwoweeks.E．Participateasactivelyaspossible.F．Trytobemoreoptimisticandconfident.G．Itmaybeoneofthehealthiestwaystoreducestress.【文章大意】本文主要介绍了几种应对压力的方法和策略。【难句分析】Whenyouwithdraw,youallowyourselftoconcentratemoreontheproblem,whichmakesyourstresslevelgreater.(“Besocial”部分第二句)分析：本句是一个复合句。When引导时间状语从句；which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。译文：当你不去社交时，你就是在让自己更多地关注一个问题，这样会让你的压力水平更高。1．答案与解析：F'由下文的“Seetheglassashalffullinsteadofhalfempty.”可推知，改变态度很重要，要努力变得更加乐观和自信，所以选F项。2．答案与解析：C'空处为本段的标题，根据本段中的“Keepyourbodyhealthyandstrongwithnutritiousfoods.”可知，本段主要讲的是增加营养和多锻炼身体可以应对压力，故选C项。3．答案与解析：G'根据常识并结合本段的整体内容可推知，笑是减少压力的最健康的方法之一，所以选G项。选项G中的It代指“Laugh”。4．答案与解析：A'结合本段的标题“Besocial”可推知，本段主要讲的是多参加社交活动，不要自我封闭，所以选A项。5．答案与解析：D'由下文的“Makenoteofanystressor,thetime,theplace,howyoufeel,andwhatyoudoasaresult.”可知，把与压力有关的东西都记下来，分析并采取相应的策略，这与D项契合，所以选D项。Ⅲ.短文改错WithTeachers'Daydrawnear,IwouldliketoexpressmythankstoMs.Li,whotaughtmeEnglishlastyear.Atthattime,IwashavingatroublestudyingEnglishandmyscoresfell.Ms.Liencouragedmeandtellmeherstorythatshenevergaveupbeforeherstudiesdidn'tgowell.Shealsosaidthatitwasnecessarytomakeef