押南京卷第32-40题 阅读理解之说明文（原卷版）

押南京卷第32-40题阅读理解之说明文说明文是中考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于分层次选拔。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。中考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。（2021·江苏南京·中考真题）Afterreadingsomuch,youmaywonderhowtomakeabook.It’stimeforyoutohaveatry!Haveyoueverwonderedhowabookismade?Ittakesalotofpeopletomakeabook.Itcantakemonths,orevenyears,forabooktogofromanideatoafinishedproduct.Abookbeginswhenanauthorcomesupwithanideaforabook.Authorsgetideasindifferentways.Theymaygetideasfromtheirownlives,fromwatchingtheworldaroundthem,orfromreading.Next,anauthormayplanthebookbymakinganoutline（提纲）.Sometimesauthorsdoresearchtogatherinformation.Theymayreadbooksorarticles.Theymayinterviewpeopleorvisitplaces.Then,theauthorbeginstowrite.Authorsmaywriteformonthsoryearstofinishamanuscript.Amanuscriptisthetextanauthorproducesforpublication.Finally,theauthorsendsthecompletedmanuscripttoapublisher.Ifthepublisherdecidestopublishthebook,theauthorworkswithaneditor.Aneditorreadsthemanuscript.Thenheorsherecommendschangestoimprovethebook.Acopyeditorreadsthemanuscripttocorrectanygrammaticalmistake.Afteranauthormakesthesuggestedchanges,adesignermaydecidehowthebookwilllook.Thedesignermaychoosethesize,shape,andtypestylesforthebook.Somepicturebookauthorscreatetheirownillustrations（插图）.Ifnot,anillustratorischosentocreatepicturesforthebook.Theillustratormakessketchesofpicturesthatwillgooneachpage.Thesketchesaresenttothepublishingcompany.Theeditormakessurethepicturesclearlytellthestory.Thedesignercheckshowthewordsandpictureswillfittogetheronthepages.Afterthedesignchangesaremade,theillustratorbeginscreatingthefinalpictures.Heorshemaychangethecolours,theperspective,orthecompositionofpictures.Itmaytakemonthstocreateallthepictures.Thefinishedartisthensenttothepublisher.Thedesigneradjusts（调整）howthepicturesandwordsfittogetheronthepages.Thecompletedpagesaresenttotheprinter.Manybooksarestillmadeintobookswithpaperpages.Theprinteruseshugeprintingpressestomakethepages.Thepagesarefixedtogether.Thebookcoverisadded.Thefinishedbooksarethensenttothepublisher’swarehouse.Theyarestoredthereuntiltheyareboughtbylibrariesandbookstores.E-readershavechangedhowsomebooksaremade.Someauthorsdonotuseapublisheratall.Insteadofsendingamanuscripttoapublisher,someauthorsturntheirmanuscriptsintoeBooksthemselves.Finally,anauthor’seBookisuploaded（上传）tovirtualbookstoresontheInternet.CustomerscanbuyanddownloadeBooksfromthesewebsites.1．Accordingtothepassage,thedesigner’sjobisto________.A．createpicturesforthebook B．makeanoutlineofthebookC．decidehowthebookwilllook D．correctgrammaticalmistakesinthebook2．Yourfirstbookwillbepublishedsoon.Whatwillfirsthappentoitaftertheillustratorhascreatedthefinalpictures?A． B．C． D．3．ThewriterusestheLASTparagraphto________.A．introducethehistoryofeBooks B．describethedisadvantagesofeBooksC．showthedevelopmentofmakingabook D．askcustomerstosupportauthorsinmakingabook4．Thewriterexplainshowtomakeabookby________.A．givingcauses B．showingsteps C．providingexamples D．expressingopinions5．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．FromIdeatoBook B．DifferentKindsofBooksC．WorkersinthePublishingHouse D．BetweenPublishersandCustomers（2021·江苏南京·中考真题）ImagineyouchoosetojoinWorldBookDayBookClub.Nowyouarereadingabookonartforchildren.AboutartArtisavastsubject,includingallkindsofpicturesandsculptures.Thisbookintroduces32worksbysomeoftheworld’smostfamousartists.Thisisonlyasmallselection,butitreveals（揭示）hugedifferencesinwhatartistsdo.Whymakeart?Artistsmakeartformanyreasons.Sometimes,theyjustwanttocreatesomethingbeautiful.Buthundredsofyearsago-whenmanypeoplecouldn’tread-paintingswereoftendesignedtoillustratestories.Verygrandpaintingswereusuallymadetoorder,forwealthyclientswhowantedtoimpresspeople.Morerecently,artistshavebeguntopainttoexpresstheirownfeelingsorexploreideas.AboutthisbookThepicturesreproducedinthisbookwerepaintedoverthelast500years.Theyarearranged（排列）inorderofdate,soyoucanseehowideasaboutarthavechangedovertime.Ifyouwouldliketoseemoreart,thereislotsontheInternet-justfollowthelinksrecommendedthroughoutthebook.Ifyoucan,visitanartgallerytoo,soyoucanexperienceseeingthe“realthing”.6．Whyaretheworksintroducedinthebook?A．Totellreadershugedifferencesinwhatartistsdo.B．Toofferreadersallkindsofpicturesandsculptures.C．Toshareeveryfamousartist’slifestorywithreaders.D．Tointroduceanumberofworksfromanartisttoreaders.7．Theworksinthebookarearrangedinorderof________A．size B．space C．time D．importance8．Thepassageabovemainly_________.A．givesanintroductiontothebook B．showsthesizeofeachpartinthebookC．showsthenumberoftheartistsinthebook D．givesthereasonstoorderpaintingsinthebook说明文一般考查学生的细节理解能力、主旨理解能力和推理判断能力。做阅读理解题，首先要准确理解题意，然后根据题意和短文内容选出正确的答案。（1）考查细节理解能力，此类型题较简单，学生准确理解题意后，直接到文中找出答案。（2）考查猜词能力。做这种题型时，学生要根据上下文意思准确猜出词义。3）考查推理判断能力，此类题型较难，学生要准确理解题意后，在文中找出相关的内容做出合理的推断。本文主要考查学生的细节理解能力。准确理解题意后，到文中找出相关的叙述，做出正确的判断。（2024·江苏南京·一模）DuringChineseNewYear,a40-metre-longballoonloong(theChinesepronunciationofdragon)wasshowninHongKong.OnJanuary24,theartworkwasconfirmedtohavebrokentheGuinnessWorldRecordforbeingtheworld’slargestballoonloong.Theloongisthesymbolofpower,energyandlivelinessinChineseculture.Therecord-breakingloongismadeupof38,000beautifulballoons.Itshowsagoldenlightandhasasenseofpower.“AccordingtoChineselegends(神话),theloongcontrolsrain.Onlygoodweathercanproducegoodcrops,sotheChinesehaveadmiredandrespectedtheloongsinceancienttimes,”theballoonartistWilsonPangsaid.Headdedthatmanysayingsabouttheloonghadgoodmeanings,whichweredifferentfromthoseaboutWesternDragons.Pangsaidthattheartworktookhimmuchtimeandthemostdifficultpartwastheeyes.Hemademorethan10draftsforoneeyealonebeforehewassatisfied.TheGuinnesscertificationofficerwasgreatlyimpressed,sayingitwasoneofthemostattractiveballoonartworksever.Themodeloftheloongcaughtmanypeople’sattention.“Beautiful”,“amazing”,“fantastic”and“thanksforbringinguspeace”wereamongmanypeople’smessagesPangreceivedonsocialmedia.Tothankpeoplefortheirsupport,Pangprinted5,000postcardsbasedontheloongandhadameetingwiththematamall.“Tosendawarm,lovingmessagetothepeopleofHongKongiswhatIalwayswanttodo,”Pangsaid.“IhopetosharewhatIhavelearnedwithyoungpeople.IhavewonmanymedalsmyselfandIhopetosupportthenextwinnersinthefuture.”GrowingupinHongKong,aplacebotholdandmodern,PangoftenthinksabouthowtopresentthebeautyofEasternculturewithWesternballoonart.TheballoonartisthopesthatonedayhecanintroduceballoonworksthatshowChineseculturetotheworld.“ThisiswhatIamdoingnow,”hesaid.9．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1toParagraph3?A．TheloongispowerfulandlazyinChineseculture.B．Peoplerespecttheloongbecauseitproducescrops.C．SayingsaboutWesternDragonsalwayshavegoodmeanings.D．Ancientpeoplebelievedgoodweatherdependedontheloong.10．InWilsonPang’seyes,theballoonartwork________.A．hasperfecteyesinthebeginningB．hasnothingtodowithyoungpeopleC．isawaytosendpeopleawarmmessageD．iseasiertodesignthananyotherartwork11．Whatwillthewriterprobablytalkaboutafterthelastparagraph?A．ThebeautyoftheWesternballoonartandworks.B．Chineseculturethatcanbefoundintheballoonloong.C．Pang’sgrowing-upstoriesbeforebecomingaballoonartist.D．HongKong,agreatplacewithancientandmoderncultures.12．Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．ArtistBreaksRecordforLargestLoongB．ChineseLoongStandsforSpecialMeaningsC．HongKongSpreadsTraditionalChineseCultureD．WilsonPangBecomesFamousasBalloonArtist（2024·江苏南京·一模）AwakeningofInsects(惊蛰)fellonMarch5andendedonMarch20thisyear.Itsdateslightlychangeseachyearbecauseofthelunarcalendarsystem.Itshowsthatanimalssleepinginwinterareawakenedbyspringthunderandtheearthbeginstocomebacktolife.SpringthundercrackstheskyAnoldChinesesayinggoes,“IfthefirstspringthundercrashesbeforetheAwakeningofInsects,therewillbeunusualweatherthatyear.”AroundtheAwakeningofInsects,theearthbecomeshumid(潮湿的)andthehotairnearthesurfacerises.Atthesametime,thecolddryairfromthenorthisstrongandcreateswinds.Whenthetwoairflows(气流)cometogether,thunderformsduringthistime.Springploughing(耕作)TheAwakeningofInsectsisimportanttofarmersbecausetheytakeitasthebeginningofthebusiesttimeforfarmwork.Duringthistime,mostareasofChinaseethequickestriseintemperatures,usuallyreachingabove10degrees.Thereisalsoabigincreaseinsunshine,whichprovidesgoodconditionsforfarming.__________AroundtheAwakeningofInsects,someanimalswakeup,andsodofish.Theyswimfromdeepwatertoshallowwaterinsearchoffood,readytohavebabies.Itisaperfecttimeforfishing.Fishingcanhelppeoplerelaxinbodyandmind,especiallyforpeoplelivinginthecity.Drivingtothecountryside,fishinginalake,bathinginthesunlight,enjoyingthesingingbirdsandbeautifulflowersmakeaperfectweekendinspring.EatingpearsEatingpearsaroundtheAwakeningofInsectsisacommonpracticeinChina.Astheweathergetswarmerandtheairbecomesdrier,peoplewillfeeltheirmouthsaredry,whichcancausecoldsorcoughs.Pearswhicharesweet,juicyandcoldmaystopacough.SopearsarehighlyrecommendedduringtheAwakeningofInsects.13．ThunderformsaroundtheAwakeningofInsectsbecause_________.A．thehotairnearthesurfacegoesupB．animalssleepinginwinterallwakeupC．thecolddryairfromthesouthspreadsD．thehothumidairmeetsthecolddryair14．ThewritertellstheimportanceoftheAwakeningofInsectstofarmersby________.A．showingtime B．givingexamplesC．explainingreasons D．presentingnumbers15．Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitablefor________?A．GoingfishingB．SwimmingindeepwaterC．DrivingtothecountrysideD．Enjoyingbeautifulflowers16．WhichsentenceisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Eatingpearscancausecoldsorcoughs.B．Peoplewholiveincitiesmaylikefishingalot.C．AwakeningofInsectsbeginsonMarch5everyyear.D．TemperaturerisesslowlyduringtheAwakeningofInsects.（2024·江苏南京·一模）17．Therightorderofmakinghoneyis________.A．wax-water-honey B．wax-nectar-honeyC．nectar-water-honey D．nectar-wax-honey18．Fromthematerialabove,weknow________.A．thehoneywillgobadinafewyears B．thereisabout18%ofwaterinhoneyC．itisveryeasyforbeestomakehoney D．beesdancetotellothersthewayhome19．Wherecanweprobablyreadthematerial?A．Inanovel. B．Inatravelguide.C．Inasciencebook. D．Inahistoryrecord.（2024·江苏南京·一模）Whilefake(虚假)newscantakemanyforms,itcanbedividedintotwobroadtypes:misinformationanddisinformation.MisinformationMisinformationiswhenfalseinformationissharedbysomeonewhobelievesthatinformationtobetrue.Normallyitisn’tdoneonpurpose.DisinformationDisinformationiswhenmisleadingorevenfalseinformationissharedwiththeintentiontodeceive(欺骗)others.Therearelotsofreasonswhypeoplesharefakenews.Oftenthepersonsharingitdoesn’trealizethatit’sfake.Sometimesit’sdonetoadvertiseaserviceorproduct,sothatsomeonecanmakemoney.Itcouldevenbedonetomakepeoplelaugh.Fakenewscanalsobesharedbysomeonewhowantsotherstoheartheirownpersonalopinionsandbeaffectedbythem.Still,fakenewsissharedtoinfluencetheopinionsandbeliefsofothersaboutorganizationsandbusiness.Fakenews?Questionit!Toworkoutwhetherthe“news”wearereadingisfake,wecanuseourcritical(批判性)thinkingskillstoaskourselvesthefollowingquestions.Isitamistakeorjustajoke?Peoplesometimesshareinformation,believingthatit’strue,becausetheydon’trealizethatit’sajoke.ItmightevenbeAprilFools’Day!Aretherelotsofspellingandgrammarmistakes?Ifyes,it’sasignthatnooneischeckingthecontent.Thiscouldmeanthatthosewritingthecontentarenotprofessionalwritersorjournalistsandthenewscontentisuntrustworthy(不可靠的).Isthearticleadvertisingsomething?Sometimesanewsarticlecaninfluenceustobuysomething.Companieswilloftenpayanewsorganizationtotalkabouttheirproductasifit’s“news”toencouragepeopletobuyit.Istheheadlinebelievable?Sensational(耸人听闻的)headlinesencourageustoclickonastorybecausetheycatchourattention.Somepeoplegetpaidforeveryclick,sobeforeclicking,askyourself,doesthestorysoundmade-up,orevenimpossible?Istherebias(偏见)?Sometimescertainfactshavebeenleftoutofastorybecausethewriterwantsthereaderstobelieveit.Biasisanunderlying(隐含的)opinionthatguidesouractions.Seeifyoucanfact-checkthestorywithanothernewssourceifyou’reunsure.Whenfakenewscausesstressorhurttothepersonorpeopleittargets(将……作为目标),itisoftenthecasethatthosewhohavehelpedspreaditwillclaimtheywerenottoblame.However,sharingfakenewsisjustlikeaddingfuel(燃料)toafire.Ifthefalseinformationdoesn’tgetshared,itdoesn’tgetseenandcannotfulfilitspurpose.Whenitcomestofakenews,it’snotenoughtonotwritesomething,wemustrefusetoshareit,too.20．What’sthemaindifferencebetweendisinformationandmisinformation?A．Disinformationisharmfultothepublic,whilemisinformationisnot.B．Disinformationissharedtodeceiveothers,whilemisinformationisoftennot.C．Disinformationisaimedatyoungpeople,whilemisinformationisaimedatolderones.D．Disinformationisproducedbyprofessionals,whilemisinformationbyordinarypeople.21．Peoplespreadfakenewsforthefollowingreasonsexceptto________.A．trickorentertainpeople B．challengethenewsindustryC．makemoneythroughadvertising D．influencepublicopinionsandbeliefs22．Accordingtothewriter,whatdolotsofspellingorgrammarmistakesshow?A．Thenewsreportispublishedinahurry.B．Thenewsreportisn’tprofessionallywritten.C．Thepersonwhochecksthecontentiscareless.D．Thenewsreportislikelytobewrittenbyamachine.23．Whichofthefollowingcanhelpustellifapieceofnewsisfake?①abiasedfactisgiven

②itsheadlineissensational③thenewscontentseemslikeajoke④anyproductorserviceismentionedA．①②③ B．①②④ C．①③④ D．②③④24．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribethewriter’sopiniononsharingfakenews?A．Support. B．Praise. C．Doubt. D．Disagree.（2024·江苏南京·一模）Doyouknowhowmanykindsofplantsandanimalsthereareintheworld?Expertsbelievetherearebetween8and14million,butrightnowweonlyknowabout1.5million.However,scientistsarefindingnewplantandanimalspecies(物种)allthetime—andthat’sgoodnewsforus.In2009,auniversityprofessornamedChristopherAustinandhisstudentEricRittmeyerdiscoveredanewanimalspecies.TheywereinPapuaNewGuinea,studyingthewildlifeontheisland.Oneevening,theywereinthejunglelisteningtoanimalsounds.Themostcommonsoundwasthenoiseoffrogscroakingloudly.Buttherewasanothersound—amuchsofter,high-pitchedonethatsoundedlikeitcamefromsomethingmuchsmaller.Atfirst,theycouldn’tlocatethesound,butaftersometime,theyrealizeditcamefromtheground.Theysearchedthroughthegrassanddeadleavescarefully,butwhattheyfoundsurprisedthem.Itwasatinyfrog—justsevenmillimeters(微米)long.“Thisfroghasacallthatdoesn’tsoundlikeafrogatall,”saidAustin.Thefrogtheydiscoveredwasthesmallestintheworld!Researchersbelievethatfrogsareimportantbecausetheyhelpkeeptheenvironmentclean.Wecanalsousethemtocreatenewmedicines.Wheneverwefindanewspecies,welearnnewthings.Forthatreason,scientistsworkveryhardtofindnewplantsandanimalseveryday.Buttheirjobsaregettingmoredifficult.Theforeststhattheseanimalsliveinaredisappearingquickly.And,sadly,soaretheanimals.25．WhywereAustinandRittmeyersurprisedwhentheyfoundthefrog?A．Thereweren’tanyknownfrogsinthearea. B．Thefrog’scolormatchedtheleavesperfectly.C．Itdidn’tseemlikethesoundcamefromafrog.D．Thefrogcouldbeusedtomakenewmedicines.26．WhatdidAustinandRittmeyerprobablyexpecttofindinthegrass?A．Aninsect. B．Aneagle. C．Arabbit. D．Asnake.27．Thepurposeofthelastparagraphistoshowthat________.A．frogsareusefulanimals B．scientistsareworkingveryhardC．findingnewspeciesisimportant D．scientistscanuseanimalstomakemedicines28．Thewritersaysthatresearchers’jobsaregettingmoredifficultbecausetherearefewer________.A．researchers B．labs C．medicines D．animals（23-24九年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Timeandtimeagain,Ihearsomeoneaskwhyanyonewouldwanttokeepan“ugly”buildingorabuildingthatisdirtyandclearlyinneedofwork.Ithinkyoucouldsaywepreservationists(文物保护者)lookatbuildingsthroughadifferentangle—ananglethatcanseetheswanintheuglyduck,thestoryinthesimplelines,thebookbehindthecover.TaketheQueenEmmaBuildingforexample.Whilepeoplemayrememberthatbuildingbeingnamedasoneoftheugliestbuildingsintown,theanglefromwhichapreservationistwillviewthebuildingisthatitisuniquelyconstructedwithanartisticalbrise-soleil(遮阳板)toblockthesun.Thedesignerusedstandardconcretebrickstoformadecorativewall.Unfortunately,thebrise-soleilwasremovedin2011,makingthebuildinglooklikemanyofthecontemporarybuildingsintown.Sometimespeoplerememberabeautifulsitethatwasreplacedbya“horrid”pieceofarchitectureandcan’tgetovertheiranger,evenwhenthatbuildingbecomesanimportantpartofourstory.ThisisparticularlytrueinSanFranciscowheremanypreservationiststhemselvesdislikeanythingnewerthantheVictorianera.Yes,itwasatragedythatmanyfailedtoappreciatetheVictorianbuildingsandletmanygettorndownseveraldecadesago,butthoselossesalsotellanotherimportantstory.Ittellsthestoryofthe1950sand1960swhentherewashopeforamoreequalsocietywithinexpensivehousingfortheworkingclass.Shouldthathistorybewipedfromourmemories?Preservationisnotjustaboutkeepingpretty,well-keptbuildings,butaboutconveyingpartsofourhistory—notjustthehistoryofhugeevents,butthestoryofhoweveryoneusedtogotoacertaincornermarket.Ourhistorycannotbetoldonlyinbuildingsthatmeetsomeone’scriteriaofbeauty;sometimesourhistoryispainful,butnolessimportant.29．Howdopreservationistsseebuildings?A．Theyfocusontheirvalueratherthanappearance.B．Theypaygreatattentiontoancientbuildings.C．Theyaredevotedtorepairingfamousbuildings.D．Theypreferuglybuildingstobeautifulones.30．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofremovingthebrise-soleiloftheQueenEmmaBuilding?A．It’sconfusing. B．It’spleasing.C．It’sregrettable. D．It’sunbelievable.31．WhyweremanyVictorianbuildingsinSanFranciscotorndown?A．TowipethehistoryoftheVictorianera.B．Tomakelandavailableforcheaphousing.C．Toworkoffthedeepangeroftheworkingclass.D．TorestorethearchitecturebeforetheVictorianera.32．Whatistheauthor’sintentionofwritingthispassage?A．Tointroducesomebuildingswithhistoricalvalue.B．Toexplainthereasonwhyarchitectsmakeuglybuildings.C．Topraisetheworkofpreservationists.D．Tostresstheimportanceofpreservinguglybuildings.33．Wheredoesthetextprobablycomefrom?A．Aculturepaper. B．Asciencebook.C．Anenvironmentreport. D．Atravelmagazine.（23-24九年级下·江苏南京·阶段练习）Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachie