阅读理解之说明文（解析版）-2025年天津高考英语二轮复习热点题型专练

热点题型•阅读理解攻

专题19阅读理解之说明文

01题型综述_______________________________________

高考阅读理解选材来源广泛，多源于国外英文图书、报刊、网络媒体，语言地道纯正，具有鲜明的语

言文化特点。体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，涉及科普、社会、文化、地理、历史、政治、

经济、人文、日常生活等领域。命题主要考查细节理解、主旨大意、词义猜测及推理判断。

c篇说明文，难度加大，关犍在于把握文章核心信息，利用定位对比和细致分析句子。

02解题攻略

说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事

理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分（总）、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现

象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读

说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、

特点等。

题型01增加外刊积累、避免思维定式

【题型诠释】

高考英语阅读很大一部分选自国外的网站、报纸、杂志等，时效性和话题性比较突出。因此，考生要

熟悉外刊的文章特点、常用写作技巧、话题相关的文化背景知识等相关信息，消除文化隔阂、文化差异造

成的理解困难和理解偏差。比如，外刊的标题一般简短概括，非常精练。为了使语句短小而生动、醒目，

所使用的词语和句子必须压缩到最精练的程度，这就要求必须有独特的撰写方式。除了大家熟知的省略、

缩写等方式，还常常引用或套用名言、典故、谚语和文学著作，运用押韵等修辞手法。这一点是很多考生，

甚至是教师的认识盲点。尤其是科普类说明文，很多人对它的认识仅仅停留在标题是文章中心的简单概括，

而忽视了它可能采用的修辞手法或者引用或套用所涉及的文化背景知识。

O国困

Listencarefullytothefootstepsinthefamilyhome,especiallyifithaswoodenfloors,andyoucan

probablyworkoutwhoitisthatiswalkingabout.Thefeaturesmostcommonlyusedtoidentifypeopleare

faces,voices,fingerprintsandretinalscans.Buttheir'"behaviouralbiometrics”,suchasthewaythey

walk,arealsogiveaways.

64.Whatsthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.Listentoyourfootsteps

B.Applaudpatternrecognition

C.Lovethewayyouwalk

D.Betterthematsyoustepon

在选择过程中，很多考生都不敢选择c项。因为在他们的心目中，说明文的标题就是刻板、直接、

枯燥的，这与选项中的love风格极为不符。仔细阅读这一段，其实很容易感受到作者选用该标题的含

义。“Listencarefullytothefootstepsinthefamilyhome,especiallyifithaswoodenfloors,andyoucan

probablyworkoutwhoitisthatiswalkingabout.”此句表示通过分辨脚步声，你就可以辨别出走路的

人是谁。这个人一定是自己的家人，或者是非常熟悉的朋友。因此，在听到脚步声的时候应当是充满

着亲切和期待，甚至是开心和激动的。当一个人在家的时候，当一个人孤独的时候，当一个人不开心、

需要安慰的时候，最喜欢的就是这种熟悉的脚步声。文章介绍的通过识别人的走路方式来识别身份的

垫子，也跟脚步声有一样的功效，垫子“喜爱”通过识别人的走路方式发挥作用，垫子主人也“喜爱”熟

悉的、亲近的人的到来。

题型02关注句间衔接，紧扣段落中心

【题型诠释】

英语文章中有大量的词汇是作者用来联系句子的，从而使整篇文章前后贯通、语义明确。标志词(signal

words)就是表明句子间和段落间的逻辑关系，具有词义、语法结构标志作用的词或词组。句子间的逻辑关

系和衔接手段不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等。如表示列举的词：'example,

forinstance;表罗列的词：first,second,third,tobeginwith,toconclude;表转折的词：however,but,

whereas;表示原因的词：because,since,as;表示结果的词：so,therefore,thus,consequently,asaresult;

表示对照的词：onthecontrary,bycontrast,incomparison;表示目的的词：sothat,inorderthat等。标志

词就像指路牌一样，指明作者思路发展的方向和思路之间的逻辑联系。标志词前后的信息往往都是命题和

答题的主要线索或依据，因此，识别标志词对考生更快、更好地理解文章具有举足轻重的作用。

O国困

Butthereiscauseforconcern.TheInternethasmadedataabundant,all-presentandfarmorevaluable,

changingthenatureofdataandcompetition.Googleinitiallyusedthedatacollectedfromuserstotarget

advertisingbetter.Butrecentlyithasdiscoveredthatdatacanbeturnedintonewservices：translationand

visualrecognition,tobesoldtoothercompanies.Internetcompaniescontrolofdatagivesthemenormous

power.Sotheyhavea“Godseyeview“ofactivitiesintheirownmarketsandbeyond.

62.Whatdoesthetechnologicalinnovationinparagraph3indicate?

A.Datagiantstechnologyisveryexpensive.

B.Googlesideaispopularamongdatafirms.

C.Datacanstrengthengiantscontrollingposition.

D.Datacanbeturnedintonewservicesorproducts.

该题解决的关键仍然是要理清句子之间的逻辑关系。"TheInternethasmadedataabundant9

w

all-presentandfarmorevaluable9changingthenatureofdataandcompetition.为中心句，即互联

网改变了数据和竞争的性质。其后，Googleinitiallyused...虽然没有forexample作为标志词，但是，

我们可以判断出此处作者正在用具体的事例对中心句做具体的举例论证说明。该句和后面的"Internet

companiescontrolofdatagivesthemenormouspower.w分为两个方面就互联网改变了数据和竞争的性

质(变成可以出售的服务和让企业拥有“上帝视角”)进行了具体说明。把握住它们之间的关系，该

题很容易看出，只有C项才是符合中心句的观点的(加强了企业的控制地位，即拥有“上帝视角”)O

题型03把握文章结构，理清作者思路

【题型诠释】

说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。

作者在谋篇布局上常使用以下说明方法：描述法(description)(包括举例子、下定义、列数据等)、因果

法(causeandeffect)、问题与对策法(problemandsolution)»实验、研究型文章一般会以实验的过程、

进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产

生的影响。介绍说明型文章通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场

前景等方面进行介绍。

在阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，分析原文的文本结构，然后根据作者谋篇布局的逻

辑线索归纳主旨大意。如果文章中含有小标题、副标题等，在概括全文主旨大意和写作目的时需要重点考

虑。

O国困

OldProblem,NewApproaches

Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecades

afterCO2emissions(排放)peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillface

thechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesof

climateadaptation.

Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcoun-tries.Floods

have...

ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesina

mountainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan...

IncreasingEarthsreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses

(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.

WhileSpain...

InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechange

havebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethe

life-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslistof

“100ideastosavetheplanetv.

Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.Afriendofmine...

68.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?

A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.

B.Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.

C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.

D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.

这是一篇人文社科类说明文。文章举例说明了在全球变暖的情况下，人类应该如何发挥聪明才智，

以创新的方式(newapproaches)适应气候变化。文章内容新颖，结构清晰，主题鲜明。文章结构如下：

通过对文章结构的把握，我们很容易发现thePeruexample是对上一段的方法KIncreasingEarths

reflectivenesscancooltheplanet.”具体实施的一个案例。因此，答案就可以非常容易选出。而很多同

学只阅读试题相关的段落，不顾及该段落在全文框架结构中的位置，就很容易出现理解偏差、选错答

案的情况。

03高考练场

【高考真题】

（2023•天津•统考高考真题）Mostpeoplewithgoodsensewouldacceptthatwecanandshouldlearnfrom

accidentalfailures.Itwouldbeimpossibletoprogressinanything,afterall,withouttakingtheoccasionalmisstep.

Andbyunderstandinghowweslipped,wecanavoidfallinginthefuture.

Fewwouldadvocatemakingintentionalmistakes,however.Yetconsciouslyerring（才［J错）canpromotedeeper

understandingandbetterrecall.Thephenomenonisknownasthederringeffect-comingfrom"'deliberate（故意

的）erring^^——andwhenappliedproperly,itmaybringbenefitsinmanyunexpectedareasoflife.

InoneexperimentcarriedoutattheNationalUniversityofSingapore,participantsweregiventhetaskof

learningconceptsonadifficultsubject.Forsometerms,theysimplycopiedoutthecorrectdefinition;forothers,

theywereaskedtofirstaddanerrorintheirdescriptionofthetermbeforecorrectingthemistake.

Naturally,youwouldexpecttheadditionoftheerrorstohaveincreasedunwantedconfusion.Yettheexact

oppositewastrue:theparticipantswhomadedeliberateerrorslearnedabouttwiceasmuchasthepeoplewho

simplycopiedoutthecorrectdefinitions.

Thederringeffectcouldbeappliedinothersituations.Soamusicteachermayfindtheadditionofdeliberate

errorscouldhelpastudentremembertherightmusicalnotes.Suchaplayfulapproachcouldfueltheircreativityfor

composition,ifthestudentlooksforwaystodevelopthosewrongnotesintosomethingmoreattractive.Itis

encouragingtodiscoverthatbyreadilyacceptingourerrorsandwiselyplacingourselvesinthewayofbeing

wrong,wecaninfactovercomeweaknessesandrisestronger.

Thederringeffectcouldbeusefulformanyotherchallengestoo.Ifyouenjoycooking,forexample,youmay

faithfullyfollowarecipewithoutquestioningtheinstructions.Butwhynottrytobreakawayfromthosehabitsand

deliberatelydothe"wrong“thingforachange,andseewhereyourderringtakesyou?Ifyouare

painting,meanwhile,youcouldrelaxoneoftheconstraints（限制）thatyouusuallyputonyourworkandseewhat

youproduce.

Atworst,youwillhaverefreshedanddeepenedyourknowledgeoftherulesyounormallyapply,sothatyou

canbeevenmoreeffectivenexttime.Atbest,youmayjustfindthatyouhavediscoveredsomethingcompletely

newandunexpected,throughaflashofinspirationthatyouwouldhavemissedwithperfectionism.Eitherway,

yourapparentmisstepswillhavemovedyoualittleclosertotruemastery.

1.InParagraph1,theauthorpresents.

A.aroutinewarning

B.apopularmisbelief

C.acommonly-heldview

D.atheoreticalassumption

2.Whatcanbelearntabouttheexperiment?

A.Addingintentionalerrorsfacilitateslearning.

B.Correctingmistakesisthekeytolearning.

C.Errorscontributetoconfusioninlearning.

D.Learnersmakefewererrorsindifficultsubjects.

3.AccordingtotheauthorusingtheapproachmentionedinParagraph5mayresultin.

A.disappointingperformances

B.greatercreativepower

C.thediscoveryofproblems

D.theadmissionofweaknesses

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorencourageyoutodo?

A.Strictlyfollowtraditionalrecipeswhencooking.

B.Avoidmakingmistakesandbeaperfectionist.

C.Occasionallyignoretrafficregulations.

D.Tryunconventionalcoloringinpainting.

5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.TheChallengeofDerring

B.ErringPreventsFailure

C.ToErrisFruitful

D.Errors:AccidentalorIntentional

【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.D5.C

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在学习中，我们总是害怕犯错，甚至为犯错而感到羞耻、焦

虑。但新研究发现，犯错对学习来说并不是洪水猛兽，甚至，故意犯错还能促进学习进步。

1.细节理解题。根据第一段"Mostpeoplewithgoodsensewouldacceptthatwecanandshouldlearnfrom

accidentalfailures.Itwouldbeimpossibletoprogressinanything,afterall,withouttakingtheoccasionalmisstep.

Andbyunderstandinghowweslipped,wecanavoidfallinginthefuture.（大多数有理智的人都会接受我们能够

而且应该从偶然的失败中吸取教训。毕竟，如果不偶尔犯错，任何事情都不可能取得进步。通过了解我们

是如何滑倒的，我们可以避免在未来摔倒）”可知，第一段作者提出了一个人们普遍认为的观点。故选C。

2.细节理解题。根据第四段中"Naturally,youwouldexpecttheadditionoftheerrorstohaveincreasedunwanted

confusion.Yettheexactoppositewastrue:theparticipantswhomadedeliberateerrorslearnedabouttwiceasmuch

asthepeoplewhosimplycopiedoutthecorrectdefinitions4当然，你会认为错误的增加会增加不必要的混乱。

然而事实恰恰相反：故意犯错误的参与者学到的知识是简单抄写正确定义的人的两倍）”可知，添加故意错误

有助于学习。故选A。

3.细节理解题。根据第五段中"Suchaplayfulapproachcouldfueltheircreativityforcomposition,ifthestudent

looksforwaystodevelopthosewrongnotesintosomethingmoreattractive.（如果学生想方设法把那些错误的

笔记发展成更有吸引力的东西，这种有趣的方法可以激发他们作文的创造力）”可知，根据作者的观点，使用

第5段中提到的方法可能会激发学生产生更大的创造力。故选Bo

4.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Butwhynottrytobreakawayfromthosehabitsanddeliberatelydothe

a6wrong^^thingforachange,andseewhereyourderringtakesyou?Ifyouarepainting,meanwhile,youcouldrelax

oneoftheconstraints（限制）thatyouusuallyputonyourworkandseewhatyouproduced但是，为什么不试着打

破这些习惯，为了改变而故意做一些“错误”的事情，看看你的大胆之举会把你带向何方？如果你正在绘画，

同时，你可以放下你通常对你的作品施加的限制之一，看看你的作品）''可推知，作者可能会鼓励你在绘画时

尝试非常规的色彩。故选D。

5.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段"Fewwouldadvocatemakingintentionalmistakes,however.Yet

consciouslyerring（才日错）canpromotedeeperunderstandingandbetterrecall.Thephenomenonisknownasthe

derringeffect-comingfrom'"deliberate（故意的）erring^^一andwhenappliedproperly,itmaybringbenefitsin

manyunexpectedareasoflife.（然而，很少有人会主张犯故意的错误。然而，有意识地犯错可以促进更深刻的

理解和更好的回忆。这种现象被称为大胆效应——来自“故意犯错”——如果运用得当，它可能会在生活的许

多意想不到的领域带来好处）”可知，文章主要介绍了新研究发现，犯错对学习来说并不是洪水猛兽，甚至，

故意犯错还能促进学习进步。由此可知，C项“ToErrisFruitfill（故意犯错，收获颇丰）挑战主动犯错”适合做

文章标题。故选C。

（2023•天津•统考高考真题）Ilovemakingartandlookingatartworks.Tvefoundmyselfwonderinghowwe

gainpleasurefromart.Andnowneuroaesthetics,acombinationofneuroscience（神经科学）andaesthetics（美学），

mayprovideananswer.

Neuroaestheticsisarelativelyyoungfieldofresearchonwhathappensinthebrainwhenwemakeaesthetic

assessments.Researchersusebrainimagingtechniquetoseewhichbrainareaslightupwhenweviewpaintings

thatweconsiderbeautiful.Similarresearchhasbeendonetounderstandthe“neuronalfireworks“thatoccurwhen

welookatinspiringsculptures,attractivefaces,impressivedance,etc.

Butwhydowefindsomeartbeautifulandotherartugly?Accordingtoresearch,itallcomesdowntothe

"aesthetictriad（三元组合）

Thefirstpartofthetriadissensory-motor.Thisinvolvesperceivingthingslikecolours,shapesand

movements.Movementinarthasaninterestingrole.Ifyouseeapaintingofamovement,likeofamanpullinghis

armawayafterbeingbittenbyadog,youfeellikegoingthroughasimilarexperience.Thepartofyourbrainthat

controlsyourownmovementslightsupinresponse.

Secondisemotion-valuation.Thisishowapieceofartmakesyoufeel,andwhetherornotyouappreciateor

enjoythatfeeling.Thepartofthebrainrelatedtopleasureisactivatedinresponsetosomethingwefindbeautiful.

Thissystemcanbeaffectedinfascinatingways,asfoundbyresearchusingtranscranialmagneticstimulation（TMS）

（经颅磁刺激）.IfTMSisappliedtoaspecificpartofyourbrainbehindyourforeheadthatisparticularlyimportant

fordecision-making,yousuddenlylikedifferentkindsofart.Suchstimulationproducessignificantchangesin

aestheticappreciationoffaces,bodiesandartworks.

Thethirdpartismeaning-knowledge.Thisistodowithhowwecanconnectwithapieceofartandwhat

meaningwecancreateinit.Artisdeeplypersonal,becausewhentwopeopleseethesameartwork,ourperception

cancreatevastlydifferentexperiencesofmeaning.Ifwefindmeaning,thenweoftenfindpleasure.Wealsoget

enjoymentfromtheknowledgeofhowsomethingwasmade.Fortheimagesthatanartistcreates,viewerswill

probablygetfarmoreenjoymentoncetheyknowtheprocessusedtocreatethem.

Informedbyneuroaesthetics,thenexttimeIcreatemyartIwillvaluetheprocessevenmore,enjoyingthe

activationoftheaesthetictriadinmybrainasIadmirethevividimagesthatIhavecreated.

6.Whatdoes"'neuronalfireworks^^inParagraph2referto?

A.Abeautifulpaintingorsculpture.

B.Thelighting-upofspecificbrainareas.

C.Anadvancedbrainimagingtechnology.

D.Theaestheticassessmentofmodernart.

7.Whateffectdoesmovementinartproduceontheviewers?

A.Certainpartoftheirbrainisactivated.

B.Theirexperienceofpainisreduced.

C.Theiraestheticsenseissharpened.

D.Theirbodyreactionsaredelayed.

8.TheapplicationofTMStothebraindescribedinParagraph5leadsto.

A.raisedmemorycapacity

B.enhancedpaintingskills

C.changedartistictaste

D.improveddecision-makingability

9.Accordingtotheauthor,whatincreasesourenjoymentofapieceofart?

A.Knowinghowitiscreated.

B.Havingapleasantpersonality.

C.Learninghowsciencedevelops.

D.Understandingthemeaningoflife.

10.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?

A.Toproposeanabstracttheoryofartmaking.

B.Torevealthebeautyofscienceinanartisticway.

C.Tosharesomepersonalunderstandingofartworks.

D.Tointroduceanewresearchfieldforartappreciation.

【答案】6.B7.A8.C9.A10.D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从艺术

中获得愉悦感。

6.词义猜测题。戈U线短语上文“Neuroaestheticsisarelativelyyoungfieldofresearchonwhathappensinthebrain

whenwemakeaestheticassessments.Researchersusebrainimagingtechniquetoseewhichbrainareaslightup

whenweviewpaintingsthatweconsiderbeautiful.（神经美学是一个相对年轻的研究领域，研究的是当我们进行

审美评估时大脑会发生什么。研究人员使用脑成像技术来观察当我们看到我们认为美丽的画作时，大脑的

哪些区域会发光。）”提出当进行审美评估，看到时美丽的画作时，我们大脑的一些区域会“发光”。划线词所

在句“Similarresearchhasbeendonetounderstandthe"neuronalfireworks“thatoccurwhenwelookat

inspiringsculptures,attractivefaces,impressivedance,etc.（类似的研究已经完成，以了解当我们看到鼓舞人心

的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时发生的“神经元烟花“。）”提出类似研究发现，人们在看到鼓

舞人心的雕塑，迷人的面孔，令人印象深刻的舞蹈等时会产生“neuronalfireworks（神经元烟花厂。文中将两

种情况进行了类比，由此推知，"neuronalfireworks（神经元烟花）”与上文中的“大脑的一些区域会，发光，”是同

一个意思，即指上文中的"Thelighting-upofspecificbrainareas."。故选Bo

7.细节理解题。根据文章第四段"Movementinarthasaninterestingrole.Ifyouseeapaintingofamovement,

likeofamanpullinghisarmawayafterbeingbittenbyadog,youfeellikegoingthroughasimilarexperience.

Thepartofyourbrainthatcontrolsyourownmovementslightsupinresponse.（运动在艺术中起着有趣的作用。

如果你看到一幅描绘一个动作的画，比如一个人被狗咬了后把胳膊抽走，你会觉得自己也有类似的经历。

你大脑中控制你自己动作的部分会相应地亮起来。广可知，当人们看到艺术中的运动时，人们会觉得自己也

有类似的经历，大脑中控制自己动作的部分会相应地亮起来，也就是该部分被激活了。故选A。

8.推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Thissystemcanbeaffectedinfascinatingways,asfoundbyresearchusing

transcranialmagneticstimulation（TMS）（经颅磁刺激）.IfTMSisappliedtoaspecificpartofyourbrainbehind

yourforeheadthatisparticularlyimportantfordecision-making,yousuddenlylikedifferentkindsofart.Such

stimulationproducessignificantchangesinaestheticappreciationoffaces,bodiesandartworks.（通过使用经颅磁

刺激（TMS）的研究发现，该系统可以以令人着迷的方式受到影响。如果颅磁刺激应用于前额后大脑中对决策

特别重要的特定部位，你就会突然喜欢上不同种类的艺术。这种刺激使人们对面孔、身体和艺术品的审美

发生了重大变化。户可推知，颅磁刺激会使人们的审美发生变化。故选C。

9.细节理解题。根据文章第六段“Wealsogetenjoymentfromtheknowledgeofhowsomethingwasmade.For

theimagesthatanartistcreates,viewerswillprobablygetfarmoreenjoymentoncetheyknowtheprocessusedto

createthem.（我们也从了解事物的制作过程中获得乐趣。对于艺术家创作的图像，一旦观众了解了创作过程，

他们可能会获得更多的乐趣。）”可知，如果我们知道了创作过程，我们就会更加欣赏这件艺术品。故选A。

10.推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，文章介绍了神经美学这一学科领域，以及它如何解释我们为何会从

艺术中获得愉悦感，因此作者的目的是介绍一个新的研究领域，即神经美学，以帮助人们更好地欣赏艺术。

故选Do

（2023•天津•统考高考真题）Gettingthectside-eye^^lookfromyourdogcanmakeitseemliketheyare

makingajudgementaboutyou,andsomenewstudiessuggesttheyreallycouldbe.

Theabilitytojudgeothers9intentionsisanindicatorofpossessing"theoryofmind^^whichwasoncethought

tobeuniquetohumans.However,newstudieshaveshownthatdogscanreadhumanbehaviourandhavea

preferencetopeoplewhoaremorefriendlyorgenerouswithfood.

Onesuchstudypublishedin2023aimedtoseeifdogscantellthedifferencebetweenhumanswhoare

“unwilling"or"unable“togivethematreat.96dogswereinvolvedinboth“unwilling"and"unable“scenarios（情

境）designedforthestudy.Bothscenariosinvolvedadogbeingplacedononesideofaglassscreenwithsmall

holesinitatnose-height,andanexperimenterstandingontheother.Inthe'unwilling?scenario,theexperimenter

wouldhangapieceofsausageinfrontofthescreenina'teasing'（戏耍的）manner,andapproachoneoftheholes.

Butinsteadofpassingitthroughtheholetothedog,theywouldthenpullitoutofitsreach.Forthe“unable”

scenario,theexperimenterwouldagainmovethetreattowardstheholewhilethedogwatched,but“accidentally”

dropitbeforetheycouldpassitthrough.

Theresearchersobservedthatthedogsweremuchmorepatient,makingmoreeyecontactandstayingcloser

tothescreenafterthe“unable“scenarioplayedout.Inthe"unwilling“scenario,however,thedogslookedatthe

experimenterlessoften,sat,laydownandwanderedaroundmorefrequently.

Anotherstudyfrom2021testedfor"theoryofmind“indogsinasimilarway,butthedogswereabletowalk

roundthescreentoobtainthetreatafterwitnessingtheexperimenter^“unwiHing''or"unable“behaviour.The

mainfindingwasthatthedogsapproachedtheexperimentersignificantlysoonerintheunablescenariothaninthe

unwillingscenario.

However,theresearchersofthe2023studychallengedthatthefooddroppedonthefloorintheclumsy（笨拙

的）mannermighthavemotivatedthedogstoapproachtheexperimenterconsideringthattheyprobablyoften

obtainfooddroppedonthefloorintheirdailylives.

Now,moreevidencehasbeenprovidedthatdogsdistinguishbetweensimilaractionsassociatedwithdifferent

intentions.Buthowexactlytheyacquiresuchintention-readingabilitieswillbeanexcitingtopicforfuture

research.

11.WhatisoneofthenewresearchfindingsaccordingtoParagraph2?

A.Dogsalsohave“theoryofmind^^.

B.Dogspreferfoodfromgenerouspeople.

C.Humanbehavioursaremostlyintentional.

D.Friendlyanimalscangetfoodmoreeasily.

12.Whatdidtheexperimenterdointhe“unwilling“scenariointhe2023study?

A.Theyactedawkwardlywhilefeedingthedog.

B.Theypretendedtowalkslowlyawayfromthedog.

C.Theyteasedthedogbyfixingthetreattothescreen.

D.Theypulledthesausagebeyondthedog'sreach.

13.Howdidthedogsofthe2023studyrespondtothe“unable“behaviour?

A.Bymovingclosertotheexperimenter.

B.Bykeepingwanderingaround.

C.Byignoringtheexperimenter.

D.Bylyingstillonthefloor

14.Howdoestheexperimentdesignofthe2021studydifferfromthatof2023?

A.Thedogscanwatchtheexperimenter.

B.Thedogscangototheothersideofthescreen.

C.Thedogs9responsesareundercloseobservation.

D.Thedogs'habitualbehavioursareunderanalysis.

15.Whatdothedogs9differentresponsesin“unwilling"and"unable“scenariossuggest?

A.Dogscantell“beingfriendly^^from“beingmean^^

B.Dogs5intelligenceisgraduallyevolving.

C.Dogs9intentionscanbeeasilyidentified.

D.Dogsarealotmoreemotionalthanotheranimals.

【答案】11.A12.D13.A14.D15.A

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一些新的研究发现，狗可能会判断他人的意图，可以读懂人类

的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。

11.细节理解题。根据第二段中的"Theabilitytojudgeothers5intentionsisanindicatorofpossessing"theoryof

mind“whichwasoncethoughttobeuniquetohumans.However,newstudieshaveshownthatdogscanread

humanbehaviourandhaveapreferencetopeoplewhoaremorefriendlyorgenerouswithfood.（判断他人意图的

能力是拥有“心智理论”的一个指标，这一度被认为是人类所独有的。然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类

的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。）”可知，判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心智理论”的一

个指标，而新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类的行为，由此可知，新研究发现狗应该也有“心智理论故选A

项。

12.细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Inthe'unwilling'scenario,theexperimenterwouldhangapieceofsausagein

frontofthescreenina'teasing'（戏耍的）manner,andapproachoneoftheholes.Butinsteadofpassingitthrough

theholetothedog,theywouldthenpullitoutofitsreach.（在“不情愿”的场景中，实验人员会以“戏弄”的方式在

屏幕前挂一块香肠，并接近其中一个洞。但他们不是把食物从洞里递给狗，而是把食物拉到狗够不着的地

方。广可知，在不情愿场景中，实验人员不是把实物给狗吃，而是把食物拉到一个狗够不着的地方。故选D

项。

13.细节理解题。根据第四段中的"Theresearchersobservedthatthedogsweremuchmorepatient,makingmore

eyecontactandstayingclosertothescreenafterthe"unable"scenarioplayedout.（研究人员观察到，在"无能为力"

的场景结束后，狗狗们更有耐心了，他们会进行更多的眼神交流，并离屏幕更近。）”可知，在“无能为力”

的场景结束后，狗会预实验人员进行眼神交流，并且离屏幕更近，由此可知，狗对“无能为力”的行为回应是

更愿意接近实验者。故选A项。

14.细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的"Anotherstudyfrom2021testedfor“theoryofmind^^indogsinasimilar

way,butthedogswereabletowalkroundthescreentoobtainthetreatafterwitnessingtheexperimenter^

"unwilling"or“unable”behaviour.（2021年的另一项研究以类似的方式测试了狗的“心智理论”，但狗在目睹了

实验者的“不愿意”或“无能为力”行为后，能够绕着屏幕走，以获得奖励。户可知，2021年的研究中，在狗目

睹了实验者的“不愿意”或者“无能为力”后，能绕着屏幕走以获取奖励，由此可知，2021年的研究中狗的习

惯行为在分析中。故选D项。

15.推理判断题。根据第二段中的"However,newstudieshaveshownthatdogscanreadhumanbehaviourand

haveapreferencetopeoplewhoaremorefriendlyorgenerouswithfood.（然而，新的研究表明，狗可以读懂人类

的行为，并且更喜欢那些更友好或对食物更慷慨的人。厂可知，新研究表明，都能够读懂人类的行为，且喜

欢那些更友好或者对食物更慷慨的人，进而在下文中的对该项研究过程进行阐述，由此可知，狗在“不愿意”

和“无能为力”情况下的不同反应说明了狗能分辨“友善”和“刻薄”。故选A项。

（2022•天津•高考真题）Isittruethatourbrainaloneisresponsibleforhumancognition（认知）？Whatabout

ourbody?Isitpossibleforthoughtandbehaviortooriginatefromsomewhereotherthanourbrain?Psychologists

whostudyEmbodiedCognition（EC）asksimilarquestions.TheECtheorysuggestsourbodyisalsoresponsiblefor

thinkingorproblem-solving.Moreprecisely,themindshapesthebodyandthebodyshapesthemindinequal

measure.

Ifyouthinkaboutitforamoment,itmakestotalsense.Whenyousmellsomethinggoodorhearamusing

sounds,certainemotionsareawakened.Thinkabouthownewbornsusetheirsensestounderstandtheworldaround

them.Theydon'thaveemotionssomuchasneedstheydon'tfeelsad,they'rejusthungryandneedfood.Even

unbornbabiescanfeeltheirmothers5heartbeatsandthishasacalmingeffect.Intherealworld,theycrywhen

they'recoldandthengethugged.Thatway,theystarttoas-sociatebeingwarmwithbeingloved.

Understandably,theoristshavebeenarguingforyearsandstilldisagreeonwhetherthebrainisthenerve

centrethatoperatestherestofthebody.OlderWesternphilosophersandmainstreamlanguageresearchersbelieve

thisisfact,whileECtheorisesthatthebrainandbodyareworkingtogetherasanorganicsupercomputer,

processingeverythingandformingyourreactions.

Furtherstudieshavebackedupthemind-bodyinteraction.Inoneexperiment,testsubjects（实验对象）were

askedtojudgepeopleafterbeinghandedahotoracolddrink.Theyallmadewarmevaluationswhentheir

fingertipsperceivedwarmthratherthancoolness.Anditworkstheotherwaytoo;inanotherstudy,subjects5

fingertiptemperaturesweremeasuredafterbeing“included"inor"rejected“fromagrouptask.Thosewhowere

includedfeltphysicallywarmer.

Fo