专题28-上海高考完形填空命题剖析及解题方略(原题版)(上海专用)VIP

►专题28上海高考完形填空命题剖析及解题方略_________________________________________________________________________________________考点精考点精讲【考情链接】上海高考英语完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。历年完形填空选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Readability)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。备选项以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。命题主要思路：语义优先于语法原则；上下文语境分析原则。【要点梳理】考向一：[句内层次题]1．利用句内语法结构或对应成分分析法解题完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。[示例]Apupilwhocandohishomeworkinaquietand59roomisinamuchbetterpositionthanapupilwhodoeshishomeworkinasmall,noisyroomwiththetelevisionon.A.furnished B.expensive C.comfortable D.suitable利用句内词汇线索暗示分析法解题解题信息分布在本句内，在读懂文章的前提下，利用本句的一些解题信息就可直接做答。对于此类题目，可边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。正确答案必须有逻辑衔接关系或上下文等提示依据，如并列（同义词、近义词）、转折（反义词）、递进等。例：Anotherimportanterrorismixed-abilityteaching,orteachinginabilitygroupso_____58_____thatthemostablepupilsare(heldback)andareboredwhiletheleastablearelostand_____69_____bored.Strangelyenough,fewheadteachersseemtobeinfavorofmixed-abilityschoolfootballteams.A.wide B.similar C.separate D.unique60.A.surprisingly B.individually C.equally D.hardly[示例]Acustomerwhoreceivesapoorqualityproductorserviceontheirfirstvisitand58neverreturns,islosingthecompanythousandsofdollarsin59profits(moreifyouconsiderhowmanypeopletheyarelikelytotellabouttheirbadexperience).A.huge B.potential C.extra D.reasonable3.利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题完形填空中经常会考查一些固定结构、固定句式，这时就需要运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。这个技巧主要指惯用搭配，讲究词与词的搭配，涉及到关联词、动词、副词、形容词、名词和短语等。[示例]KatherineEllison,aPulitzerPrize-winninginvestigativejournalistsaysshedidn’tunderstandwhyhersonbehavedlikethat,andadmits,herbehaviorwasalso(58)__________thesituation.58.AcontributingtoB.composedofC.resultingfromD.givingriseto[示例]Acustomerwhoreceivesapoorqualityproductorserviceontheirfirstvisitand58neverreturns,islosingthecompanythousandsofdollarsin59profits(moreifyouconsiderhowmanypeopletheyarelikelytotellabouttheirbadexperience).A.asaresult B.onthewhole C.inconclusion D.onthecontrary4.利用生活常识和文化背景解题在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。[示例]Hehadspentthoseyearswell,graduatingfromcollege,completingtwointernships(实习)inWashington,D.C,and____________,becomingatechnicalassistantinSacramento.A.hopefully

B.finallyC.particularly

D.certainly用语境暗示分析法解题上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。[示例]Thecyberschoolwas___37___asafreeoptionforstudentsinkindergartenthroughgrade8whohavetroublesucceedinginthedistrict’s___38___publicschool.38.A.virtual B.superior C.traditional D.specialized考向二：[句组层次题]比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需前瞻后顾，综合意群信息解答。即：本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。1．利用语义复现解题复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。[示例].........andeachbranchhasanofficethathandlestheserequests.Otherbranchesofthegovernment(12)________requeststousepublicspacesandbuildings,suchasmonumentsorparks.A.address B.introduce C.receive D.propose利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题在完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案或根据作者对人物或事情的褒贬性排除干扰做出正确的选择。[示例]MorethanfivemillionAmericanchildrenandteenshavebeendiagnosedwithattentionDeficit/hyperactivityDisorder,aconditionthatmakesitdifficult-ifnot(51)__________tofocusandcompletethetasks.51、A．impossibleB,acceptableClikelyD.interesting3．利用逻辑关系解题在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。[示例]Thecity___63__thiswithmodernstructuressuchasman-madereservoirs.Thesereservoirsarenottheonlysolution,___64___.Overathousandyearsago,indigenouspeopledevelopedanotherwaytosolvewaterproblems.64. A.furthermore B.however C.therefore D.moreover[示例]AsaFrenchgraduatewhohastaughtformorethantwenty-fiveyears,IbelieveIhavesomeideaofwhythefailureissototal.55thefaultsalreadyfoundoutintheeducationsystemasawhole—suchaschild-centeredlearning,the“discovery”method,andthelowexpectationsbyteachersofpupils—therehavebeenseveralserious56whichhaveadirecteffectonlanguageteaching.55.A.Dueto B.Inadditionto C.Insteadof D.Inspiteof[示例]AIisalreadyrevolutionizingourlives.Butthoughcomputerscanassistus,theyarenotlikeus.Ourhealthofexperiencegivesuscreativity—butitalsomakesusvulnerabletoaccumulating.Consciousandunconsciousbiases(偏见).___23___,AIsystemstodayreceivetheir“training”usingveryspecificcollectionsofrelevantdata.A.Forexample B.Incontrast C.Asaresult D.Inaddition[示例]Revisionisnotjustanafterthoughtthatgetsonlyasmuchtimeasyouhaveattheendofanassignment.56,itisamajorstageofthewritingprocess,andwritersreviseeverystepoftheway.56.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.InsteadD.Therefore[示例]TheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveagovernmentofficethatregulatesthefilmindustry.Government,(1)_________,doeslinkwiththemoviebusinessinseveralways.A.therefore B.moreover C.however D.otherwise4．利用语境暗示分析法解题在句组层次中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。[示例]Exerciseisonewaytofeelstrongandpowerful.Anotherwaytogainconfidenceistoworkonyour___34___insomethinglikechess,music,computers,orwriting.34.A.researches B.studies C.skills D.exercises考向三：【语篇层次题】语篇层次题要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，从而做出正确的选择。这类题难度较大，一篇完形填空中，大约有2～3道此类题。不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。语篇层次题的解答必须立足于整个语篇，因此在解题时对这类题目不能急于解答，要跨越段落，顺藤摸瓜，仔细比对，最终得出答案。具体来说，可以利用以下3种方法解答此类题目。利用语义复现解题由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，它往往要围绕一个话题论述，因此行文中词语的重复、替代或同现的现象是不可避免的，即某一词常常以原词、同义词或近义词以及其它形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，考生可以这些词之间的有机联系来决定答案。[示例]Thefirstattemptofeventhemosttalentedartists,musicians,andwritersisseldomamasterpiece,Ifyouconsideryourdraftsasdressrehearsals(彩排),ortryouts,revisingwillseemanaturalpartofthewriting50.Whatisthepurposeofthedressrehearsalsandtheout-of-townpreviewsthatmanyBroadwayshowsgothrough?Theanswerisadding,deleting,replacing,reordering,51.inotherwordsrevising.AndrewLloydWebber'smusicalPhantomoftheOperaunderwentsuchaprocess.50.A.techniqueB.styleC.processD.career利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题完形填空往往采用总分对照结构，总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开和详述，两者之间有着明确的相互支撑、相互印证的对照关系。总分对照结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空题常常利用句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子的不同部分之间的对比关系设计题目。对比结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。[示例]Nolimits!Imaginethatnormallimitationsdon’t__58__.Youhaveasmuchtime/space/money,etc.asyouwant.Thinkaboutyourgoalandthenew__59__.Ifyourgoalistolearntoski,__60__,youcannowpracticeskiingeverydayofyourlife(becauseyouhavethetimeandthemoney).Now__61__thistoreality.MaybeyoucanpracticeskiingeverydayinDecember,oreveryMondayinJanuary.Besomeoneelse!Lookatthesituationfroma__62__pointofview.Goodbusinessmenusethistechniqueintrade,andsodowriters.Fictionwritersoftenimaginetheyarethe__63__intheirbooks.Theyaskquestions:Whatdoesthischaracterwant?Whycan’tshegetit?Whatchangesmustshemaketogetwhatshewants?Ifyourgoalinvolvesotherpeople,putyourselfintheir__64__.Thebestfishermenthinklikefish!A.workB.lastC.existD.changeA.privateB.globalC.differentD.practical利用逻辑关系解题在语篇层次题中，利用逻辑关系也是一种重要解题方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语，二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。[示例]Thosewhomost___49___enteredintoflowstateshadan“autotelicpersonality”—aqualitytoseekoutchallengesandgetintoastateofflow.Whilethosewithoutsuchapersonalitysee___50___,autotelicindividualsseeopportunitiestobuildskills.Autotelicindividualsarereceptive,opentonewchallengesandalsopersistent.Suchpeople,withanabilitytofocusontasksratherthan___51___,haveagreatadvantageoverothersindevelopingtheirinbornabilities.___52___,forthoseofuswhoaren’tnecessarilyblessedwithanautotelicpersonality,thereisevidencethatflowstatescanbepromotedbyenvironmentalfactors.Inparticular,thelearningframework___53___byMontessorischoolsseemstoencourageflowstates.A.Unexpectedly B.Occasionally C.Traditionally D.Fortunately_____真题操真题操练2022年1月上海高考英语真题Artificiallysweeteneddietdrinksmakenodifferencetoweightgainandshouldnotbeseenashealthierthantheirsugar-ladencounterparts,accordingtoateamofexperts,Areviewofresearchevidenceconcludesthereisnothingtosupportclaimsthatsugarfreeversionsofpopularsoftdrinkscanhelp(4l)_______obesityandrelateddiseasessuchasType2diabetes.Industrysponsoredstudiesreporting"favourable"associationsbetweendietdrinksandweightlossmaybebiased,itclaims.Therehavebeenconcernsthatdietdrinks,knownasartificiallysweetenedbeverages(ASBs),mightleadpeopletoconsumemorecaloriesby(42)________sweetflavourtastebuds.Thenewstudyfoundthatevidence(43)_________thehealthinessofASBswasinconclusivewithrandomizedcontrolledtrials(RCTs)producingmixedresults.SenorinvestigatorProfessorChristopherMillettsaid:"Acommonperception,whichmaybeinfluencedbyindustrymarketing,isthatbecause‘diet’drinkshavenosugar,theymustbehealthierandaidweightlosswhenusedasa(n)(44)forfullsugarversionsHowever,wefoundnosolidevidencetosupportthisTheresearcherspointedoutthatresearchsupportedbyfoodorbeveragecompanieswasmorelikelytofindnoevidenceoflinksbetweensugarydrink(45)_________andobesitythannon-industrysponsoredresearch.Similarly,ASBindustry-sponsoredresearchwas"morelikelytoreportfavourableresultsand(46)________regardingASBeffectsonweightcontrol”Inmanycases.researchershadfailedtodisclose(47)__________ofinterestrelatingtolinkswiththefoodindustry.itwasclaimed.CoauthorDrMarinCarolinaBorgessaid:“ThelackofsolidevidenceonthehealtheffectsofASBsandthepotentialinfluenceofbiasfromindustryfundedstudiesshouldbetakenseriouslywhendiscussingwhetherASBsare(48)__________alternativestoSSBs(sugar-sweetenedbeverages)."LeadingBritishnutritionistProfessorSusanJebbsaiddespitethemixedevidence,therewasnoreasontobelievethatreplacingsugarydrinkswithartificiallysweetened(49)________didanyharmShesaid,“Forpeopleseekingtomanagetheirweight,tapwateris(50)__________thebestdrinktochoose,forhealthandtheenvironment,butfarmanypeoplewhoareusedtodrinkingsugarydrinks,thiswillbeloohardachangeto(51)_________.Artificiallysweeteneddrinksareastepinthe(52)__________directiontocutcalories."DietitianProfessorTomSanders,wasalsocriticaloftheresearch,callingit“anopinionpieceratherthana(n)(53)___________reviewoftheevidence”.He(54)____________“Theconclusionthatreducedsugarorsugar-freedrinksshouldnotbepromotedorseenaspartofahealthydietseemsunwarrantedandlikelytoaddtopublic(55)_____________.”A.relieve B.oppose C.prevent D.botherA.inserting B.stimulating C.enhancing D.securingA.resultingfrom B.referringto C.dependingon D.relatingtoA.Substitute B.proposal C.suspect D.implicationA.Efficiency B.consumption C.distribution D.modernizationA.appointments B.instructions C.performances D.conclusions47.A.threats B.matters C.conflicts D.appeals48.A.adequate B.essential C.available D.deliberate49.Ainitiatives B.alternatives C.objectives D.representatives50.A.withoutquestion B.beyonddescriptionC.aroundthecorner D.inconsequence51.A.settle B.route C.mend D.makeA.wrong B.right C.proper D.opposite53.A.democratic B.automatic C.systematic D.dramatic54.A.transferred B.rangedC.accessed D.added55.A.fascination B.ambition C.confusion D.Isolation2016年上海高考英语真题Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively51workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe52,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,53,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervisioniftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbeimposedfrom54withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(专制的)managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof55people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto56tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollectiveopinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral57.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional58managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout59managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授权)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:60thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterdelayeringinthisway,acompanymaybe__61___withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(委托)muchfurtherthanhas62beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto63thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-siteor64management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe65oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.51.A.desire B.seek C.lose D.dislike52.A.contrary B.expectation C.degree D.extreme53.A.viceversa B.forexample C.however D.otherwise54.A.outside B.inside C.below D.above55.A.replacing B.assessing C.managing D.encouraging56.A.refer B.contribute C.object D.apply57.A.agreement B.practice C.election D.impression58.A.bossy B.experienced C.western D.male59.A.asking B.training C.warning D.firing60.A.doubling B.maintaining C.reducing D.estimating61.A.honored B.left C.crowded D.compared62.A.economically B.traditionally C.inadequately D.occasionally63.A.deny B.admit C.assume D.ensure64.A.virtual B.ineffective C.day-to-day D.on-the-scene65.A.opinion B.risk C.performance D.attractiveness_____好题必好题必测（2022·上海中学校考模拟预测）Mostformsofconventionaladvertising—print,radioandbroadcasttelevision—havebeenlosinggroundtoonlineadsforyears;onlybillboards,datingbacktothe1800s,andTVadsareholdingtheirown.Suchout-of-homeadvertising,asitisknown,isexpectedto____41____by3.4%in2022,anddigitalout-of-home(DOOH)advertising,whichincludestheLCDscreensfoundinairportsandshoppingmalls,by16%.Suchadsdrawviewers5attentionfromphonesandcannotbeskippedor____42____,unlikeadsonline.Billboardownersarealso____43____thelocationdatathatarepouringoffpeople’ssmartphones.Informationabouttheirowners’locationsandonlinebrowsinggetscollectedandsoldtomediaowners.Theythenusethesedatatoworkoutwhendifferentgroups—“businesstravellers”,say—walkbytheirads.That____44____isaddedtoinsightsintotraffic,weatherandotherexternaldatatoproducehighlyrelevantads.DOOH____45____candeliveradsforcoffeewhenitiscoldandiceddrinkswhenitiswarm.Such____46____worksparticularlywellwhenitisaccompaniedby“programmatic”advertisingmethods,atermthatdescribestheuseofdatatoautomateandimproveads.InthepastyearbillboardownerssuchasClearChannelandjcDecauxhave____47____programmaticplatformswhichallowbrandsandmediabuyerstoselect,purchaseandplaceadsinminutes,ratherthandaysorweeks.Itissaidthatoutdooradswillincreasinglybeboughtlikeonlineones,basedonaudienceandviewsaswellas____48____.Thatispossiblebecausebillboardownersclaimtobeableto____49____howwelltheiradsareworking,eventhoughno“click-through”ratesareinvolved.Datafirmscantelladvertisershowmanypeoplewalkpastindividualadvertisementsatparticulartimesoftheday.Advertiserscanestimatehowmanyindividuals____50____toanadforahandbagthengoontovisitanearbyshop(orwebsite)andbuytheproduct.Suchmetricsmakeoutdooradsmore____51____-driven,automatedandmeasurable,arguesMichaelProvenzano,co-founderofVistarMedia,anad-techfirminNewYork.However,theoutdoor-adrevolutionisnot____52____-free.Thecollectionofmobile-phonedataraisesprivacyconcerns.And____53____oftheonline-adbusinessforbeingvague,andoccasionallydishonest,mayalsobetargetedattheOOHbusinessasitbecomesbiggerandmorecomplex.Theindustryisreadyto____54____suchconcerns,saysJean-ChristopheConti,chiefexecutiveofVIOOH,amedia-buyingplatform.Oneofthe____55____offollowingtheonline-adpioneers,henotes,islearningfromtheirmistakes.A．shrink B．grow C．disappear D．emergeA．obtained B．blocked C．separated D．arrangedA．makingprogressin B．gettingengagedin C．becomingpartof D．takingadvantageofA．value B．record C．knowledge D．feelingA．opponents B．providers C．learners D．instructorsA．adding B．collecting C．targeting D．producingA．changed B．forbidden C．cleared D．launchedA．marketing B．evolution C．location D．brandingA．measure B．wonder C．notice D．forgetA．devoted B．opposed C．related D．exposedA．concept B．data C．customer D．researchA．stress B．conflict C．injury D．problemA．aspects B．demands C．criticisms D．detailsA．address B．share C．reflect D．emphasizeA．benefits B．difficulties C．challenges D．conditions（2022·上海复旦附中统考一模）Thehumanmemoryisphenomenallystrong.Italsohasahabitofgettingthingsbadlywrong.AccordingtoJonathanHancock,ourmemoryexpert,faultymemoriescanbe___41___revealing.Justlastweek,___42___,mywifeandIwerediscussinghowwe’dchosenouryoungestson’sname.Ihada___43___memoryofuswritingoutalistofpossiblenames,butstoppingafterjustafewbecausewe’dspottedonewebothloved.Mywife___44___.Inhermemory,we’dhadamuchlongerlist,andgonebackandchosenonefromthemiddleofthelist.Sowedugoutthepieceofpaperwe’dused-andfoundthatwe’dactuallydonesomethingcompletely___45___tochooseNate’sname.Memorymistakeshappenonalargerscale,too.The“MandelaEffect”is