Unit-1单元易错综合练习(人教版2019)

Unit1单元易错综合练习（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1．本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。2．回答第Ⅰ卷时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。写在本试卷上无效。3．回答第Ⅱ卷时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。4．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分听力（共30分，略）第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AAmazingScientistsWhoHappentoBeTeenagersWe’vegotalistofteenscientistsfromavarietyoffields.JackAndrakaJackAndrakacreatedabiologicalsensorfortestingcanceratanearlystage.Hesaysthatthepapersensoris168timesfaster,26,667timeslessexpensiveand400timesmoresensitivethantechnologynowadays.He’stheyoungestpersontohavespokeninfrontoftheRoyalSocietyofMedicine.TaylorWilsonTaylorWilsonwastheyoungestpersontoachievenuclearfusion(核聚变).HewasinspiredbyTheRadioactiveBoyScout,anovelinwhichakidtriesandfailstobuildanuclearreactor.Taylorthoughthecoulddobetter.Longstoryshort,hewantedtobuildasmallnuclearreactor.Andhediditattheageoffourteen.HereceivedaThielFellowship,whichgavehim$100,000toworkonhisownresearch.SaraVolzSaraVolzperformedexperimentsinwhichshegrewalgae(藻类)basedontheiroiloutputforthepurposeofgrowingthemasbiofuel.Thisresearchisespeciallyimportantastheworldcontinuestosearchforawaytoreduceourdependenceonnon-renewableenergy.Shewonthetopprizeof$100,000intheIntelScienceTalentSearch.DanielBurdPlasticusuallytakesthousandsofyearstodecompose(分解),butthishighschoolstudentDanielBurdmanagedtodoitinthreemonths.Inanexperiment,hemixedplasticbagsandaspecialkindofdirttogether,andfoundthattheydiddecomposefaster.Hethenperformedteststofindthebacteria(细菌)responsiblefordecomposingtheplastics.Hissolutiononlyproduceswaterandsmallamountsofcarbondioxide.Hesaysitcouldeasilybeusedelsewhere.1．Whoinventedamedicalinstrument?A．JackAndraka. B．TaylorWilson. C．SaraVolz. D．DanielBurd.2．WhatexcitedTaylorWilson’sinterestinhisinvention?A．Atravelprogram. B．Plasticpollution. C．Energyshortage. D．Astorybook.3．WhatdoweknowaboutDanielBurd’sinvention?A．Itismadefromplastics. B．Itdoeslittleharmtotheenvironment.C．Itwascompletedinthreemonths. D．Itiswidelyusedineverydaywaste.BThenexttimeyouhavecheeseloudly,remembertheFrenchscientistLouisPasteurwhodiscoveredthatbadmilk,andmanydiseasesarecausedbybacteria(细菌).LouisPasteurisknownasthefatherofmicrobiology.Inhislifetime,henotonlyprovedthatbacteriaarethecauseofdiseases,butalsodiscoveredtheprocessofvaccination(接种疫苗),whichhassavedbillionsoflives.WhenPasteurworkedwithchickensthatweresufferingfromcholeraduringhisexperiments,heaccidentallyspreadcholeratohischickens.Pasteur’schickensbecamemildlysickbutdidnotdie.Thiswasstrangeaseverychickenthatcamenearcholeraearlierhaddied.Herealizedsoonthatthecholerahadbecomeweak.Bythetimehetriedagain,thechickenshehadcuredearlierdidnotgetcholeraanymore.Herealizedthataweakcholerahelped,hischickensdevelopanantibodyagainstit.Later,Pasteurwentontotrythisoncows,pigsanddogs.Allhisresearchhelpedhimdevelopdifferentvaccines.Wenowknowthattheprocessofvaccinationintroducesaweakenedkindofbacteriaintoourbody.Ourbodyreactsbycreatingantibodiestofightthebacteria.Now,whenourbodycomeacrossthesamebacteriawhicharemuchstronger,itcanfightthemoff.LouisPasteurreceivednumerousawardsfortheadvancementofbiology,chemistry,andmedicine.HefoundedthePasteurInstitutetostudydiseases.Itwasthefirstuniversity,toteachmicrobiologyandtodaythereare32institutesacross29countries.Foreverychildvaccinatedagainstadeadlydisease,wehaveLouisPasteurtothank.4．WhatdoweknowaboutLouisPasteur?A．Hisdiscoveriesweren’tusedathistime.B．HewasaprofessoratthePasteurInstitute.C．Hisdiscoveriesbroughtmanyprofitsandawardstohim.D．Hediscoveredtheconnectionbetweenbacteriaanddiseases.5．Whatcanwelearnfromhisexperimentwithchickens?A．Cholerawasnotadeadlydiseasethen.B．Pasteurspreadcholeratochickensonpurpose.C．Allchickenssufferedfromcholeradiedatlast.D．Theweakenedcholeracouldn’tkillthelivingcreatures.6．Whatisthefunctionoftheprocessofvaccination?A．Itbuildsuppeople’sbody. B．Withoutit,peoplewilldie.C．Itimprovespeople’sabilitytoavoiddiseases. D．Itcankillallthediseasesandmakethesickhealthy.7．Whatisthepurposeofthearticle?A．Toshowthediscoveriesofthevaccination.B．TocallonchildrentolearnfromLouisPasteur.C．Tointroduceanimportantinventioninmicrobiology.D．TohonourLouisPasteurandhiscontributiontotheworld.CCharlesDarwinwasbornintoafamilyofthinkers.HisfatherwasaFellowoftheRoyalSociety（theelitecircleoftopBritishscientists），hismotherwasthedaughterofJosiahWedgwood，themanwhofoundedthefamousWedgwoodPotteries，andhisgrandfather，ErasmusDarwin，wasafamousphysician，thinkerandphilosopherwho，likehisgrandson，spentmuchtimestudyingtheevolutionoflife.AfterachildhoodinthetownofShrewsbury，wherehewaseducatedattheGrammarSchool，DarwinwentuptoEdinburghUniversitytostudymedicineandnaturalhistory.Whenhewaseighteen，heleftEdinburghandwenttoCambridgeUniversity，planningtoenterthechurch，buthewasmoreinterestedinsciencethaninreligionandlaterheabandonedtheology.ShortlyaftergraduatingfromCambridge，hegotajobasanaturalistontheshipH.M.S.Beagle，whichwasabouttostartonascientificandcartographic（地图的）surveyoftheSouthAmericancoast.ThejourneystartedinDecember1831andwastolastalmostfiveyears，duringwhichtimehecollectedconsiderabledocumentation.Darwinwasstruckbytheanimalsofthesouthseas，particularlybythetortoiseshefoundontheGalapagosIslands，agroupofPacificIslands.TheGalapagostortoises，Darwinobserved，differedfromislandtoisland，andthis，heinferred，showeddifferentformsofevolution，sincetheanimalsobviouslycamefromthesameorigins.Darwinwasalsostruckbytheiguanas（蜥蜴）hefound，andobservedthatthosewhichlivedinwaterhadheadssuitableforfindingfoodamongstones，whilethosethatlivedonlandhadasharperhead，morefitforaherbivorous（食草的）animal.Darwindevelopedhistheoryofevolution，butitwasnotuntil1859thatheactuallypublishedit.Itwasinstantlyseenasagreatmilestoneinscientificthought，andattractedviolentargumentalloverEurope.Manyfoundfaultinit，andDarwinspenttherestofhislifeimprovinghistheoryinthelightofotherpeople'sobservations.8．Whatisthepurposeofpara.1？A．Tohonourhisfamily.B．Toincreasehispopularity.C．Toshowhisfamily'sinfluenceonhim.D．Tohighlighthisfamily'scontributions.9．WhatdidDarwinendupstudyingatCambridgeUniversity？A．Science. B．Theology. C．Medicine. D．Naturalhistory.10．Whyweretheiguanasdifferentfromislandtoisland？A．Becauseoftheirtypes. B．Becauseoftheirhabitats.C．Becauseoftheirfoods. D．Becauseoftheirorigins.11．WhatcanbelearnedaboutDarwin'stheoryofevolution？A．Hefeltquitecontentwithit. B．Hepublisheditoncefinished.C．Itcausedaworldwidedisagreement. D．Itwasagreatbreakthroughinscience.DStandinginmyoffice25yearsagowasanunknownyoungastronomerwithahalf-smileonherface.Shehadcomewithanimpossiblerequestthatmyteammodify(修改)ourthoroughlytestedsoftwaretomakeoneofourmostimportantscientificinstrumentsdosomethingithadneverbeendesignedforandriskbreakingit.Alltocarryoutanexperimentthatwasbasicallyawasteoftimeandcouldn’tbedone—provethatamassiveblackholelayatthecenterofourMilkyWay.Myinitial“noway”graduallygavewayinthefaceofhercheerfulbutfirmdetermination.AndreaGhez,oneofthreewinnersofthisyear’sNobelPrizeinPhysics,impressedmewithherworkonprovidingsolidevidenceofasupermassiveblackholewiththemassoffourmillionsunslivingatthecenteroftheMilkyWaygalaxy.ThatdeterminationandthewillingnesstotakecalculatedriskshasalwayscharacterizedAndrea.For25yearsshehasfocusedalmostcompletelyonSagittariusA-thenameofourownlocalsupermassiveblackhole.Itisremarkablethatanentirefieldofstudyhasgrownupinthequartercentury,ofsearchingforandfindingevidenceofthesemonstersthoughttolieattheheartofeverylargegalaxy.AndreadidherworkattheW.M.KeckObservatory’s(天文台)twintelescopesonMaunakea,Hawaii,inthecalmandclearairalmost14000feetabovethePacificOcean.ShestartedusingtheveryfirstinstrumentfixedonKeckObservatory’sNearInfraredCamera(NIRC),nowgracingthelobby(大厅)atourheadquarters.Andreaisfondofpointingoutthatoneofthereasonsforhersuccesshasbeenthistightandrapidloop(循环)betweentheneedsoftheastronomersandtheengineerswhorespondedtothechallenge.Thisismyfriendandlongtimecolleague,theonewhorefusedtotake“no”forananswer:AndreaGhez,winnerofthe2020NobelPrizeinPhysics.12．WhichwordsbestdescribeAndreaGhez?A．Confidentandadaptable. B．Determinedandcreative.C．Braveandkind. D．Cooperativeandgenerous.13．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．TheNoblePrizeforphysics. B．HowAndreawontheNobel.C．Friendshipbetweencolleagues. D．WhatmakesAndreadifferent.14．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“gracing”inParagraph4mean?A．Bringinghonourto. B．Beingkindenoughtoattend.C．Movinginasmoothway. D．Advancingthelevel.15．Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Aresearchpaper. B．Asciencefiction.C．Awebsiteaboutscientists. D．Afashionmagazine.第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Asisknown,AlbertEinsteinwasoneofthegreatestscientistsofalltime.Hewasalsoareallygreatperson.Einsteinlearnedfrommakingmistakes____16____,someoneaskedhimwhatheneeded.Hesaidheneededadesk,somepaperandpencil.Healsoneededabaskettoholdhismistakes.Thisshowsthathekneweventhecleverestmanintheworldcanonlylearnbymakingmistakes.____17____Manychildrenwroteletterstoaskhimforhelpwiththeirhomework.Oneday,hewrotealettertoayounggirltotellhernottoworryaboutherMathshomeworkbecausehethoughtMathswasdifficulttoo.EinsteinconsideredtimetobeimportantHeneverworesocksbecausehethoughtputtingonsockswasawasteoftimeaspeoplealreadyworeshoes.Healsothoughtrememberingthingsfoundinbookswasnotworthit.____18____.Heknewwhatwasworthremembering.Itistruethatifwearegoingtodogreatthingsinourlives,wecannotwastetime.EinsteinlikedtojoketooInoneexam,astudentaskedhimwhyallthequestionswerethesameaslastyear’s.Einsteinrepliedthequestionswerethesame,buttheanswersweredifferent.____19____!WhenEinsteinwasachild,histeachersusedtosayhewasnotclever.However,Einsteinkeptworkinghardandsurprisedtheworldwithhisachievements.____20____,weshouldthinkofhim.So,neverbediscouraged!A．EinsteinwasalsoverymodestB．WhatahumorouspersonheisC．EinsteinwasalsostrictwithhisstudentsD．WhenEinsteinstartedtoworkinAmericaE．GivestudentsachancetocorrecttheirmistakesF．IfweeverfeellikegivingupwhenwehaveproblemsG．That’swhyheneverrememberedhisownphonenumber第三部分语言运用（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。TheNobelPrizeisconsideredoneofthemostrecognizableandadmirableawardspossible___21___peopleoftheworldfortheiroutstandingachievementsindifferentfields.AlfredNobelwasbornin1833toafamilyofengineersin.Sweden.In1850,hemetAscanioSobrero,theinventorofnitroglycerin(硝酸甘油)inParis.Interestedinitsirregular___22___ofexplodingunderpressureorheat,Nobelstartedtofindawaytocontrolitandmakea___23___explosive(爆炸物).Afteryearsof___24___,in1867,theageof34,Nobelinventeddynamite(炸药),whichismucheasierandsafertocontrolthannitroglycerin.Duringhislifetime,Nobelinventedandpatentedvariousexplosives.He___25___hiswealthfromhis355inventions,amongwhichdynamitewasthemostimportant.WhenAlfred’sbrotherLudwigdiedin1888,aFrenchnewspaper___26___publishedAlfred’sobituary(讣告).Readinghisownobituary,

Nobelwas___27___tofindouthispublicimage.Thennewspaperstrongly___28___Nobelforinventingdynamite,givinghimthenicknameof“themerchantofdeath”andsaying“Dr.AlfredNobel,whobecame___29___byfindingwaystokillmorepeoplefasterthaneverbefore,diedyesterday.”ToAlfred,thisobituarywasa(n)____30____.Hespenthislifetimealone____31____thingsandwasdeeplyconcernedwithhowhewouldberemembered.Thisunfortunateeventinspiredhimtomakechangesinhiswill.soasto____32____hispublicimage,andtoberememberedforagoodcause.In1895,oneyearbeforehisdeath,Nobelmadethelast____33____,sayingclearlythathiswealthwouldbeusedtocreateaseriesofprizesforthosewhohavemadegreat____34____tomankindinphysics,chemistry,physiologyormedicine,literature,andpeace.Towidespreadastonishment,Dr.AlfredNobel____35____94%ofhistotalwealthtofoundthefiveNobelPrizes.21．A．.remembering B．honouring C．crediting D．negating22．A．nature B．.conduct C．flavour D．benefit23．A．deadly B．bitter C．usable. D．mild24．A．innovations B．efforts C．hesitation D．association25．A．broughtup B．putup C．brokeup D．builtup26．A．mistakenly B．purposefully C．unintentionally D．scientifically27．A．satisfied B．relieved C．impressed D．disappointed28．A．praised B．blamed C．appreciated D．favoured29．A．greedy B．essential C．rich D．sufficient30．A．error B．warning C．threat D．consequence31．A．destroying B．inventing C．combining D．stimulating32．A．improve B．establish C．illustrate D．secure33．A．request B．illustration C．will D．fortune34．A．choices B．decisions C．profits D．contributions35．A．gaveaway B．gaveback C．gaveoff D．gaveout第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分,满分15分）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Malariahasbeena____36____(dead)problemforhumanssinceancienttimes.Countlesspeoplehavediedofit.____37____(thank),ChinesescientistTuYouyoufoundqinghaosu.Thisyearmarkedthe50thanniversaryofTu’s____38____(discover).In1967,Chinesestartedanationalproject.Twoyearslater,Tubecamedirectorofittodevelop____39____drugagainstmalaria.Tuandherteamcollectedover600plantsandlistedalmost380possibleChineserecipesformalaria.Onerecipeusesthesweetwormwoodplant____40____(treat)malariaTufounditeffectiveandtriedtoextracttheqinghaosu____41____itinordertomakedrugsandsucceededin1972.Afterherteamshowedthatqinghaosucouldtreatmalariainmiceandmonkeys,Tuandtwoofhercolleaguesvolunteeredtotestthedrugon____42____(they)beforetestingitonhumanpatients.Itturnedout____43____qinghaosuwassafe.Gradually,qinghaosubecamethefirst-linetreatmentformalaria,____44____(save)millionsoflivesaroundtheworld.In2015,whenTu____45____(award)withtheNobelPrize,sherefusedtotakeallofthecredit.Shesaid,“Everyscientistdreamsofdoingsomethingthatcanhelptheworld.”第四部分写作（共两节,满分40分）第一节（满分15分）46．假设你是红星中学的高三学生李华。你在英国学医的朋友Jim想请你介绍中国科学家钟南山，请你根据以下要点给Jim回信介绍钟南山。1.钟南山于1941年出生在广州，毕业于北京医学院，并于1979年出国进修，是中国最著名的科学家和医生之一。2.2003年他奋战在抗击非典第一线；2020年初，84岁高龄的他再上新冠肺炎防疫最前线。注意：1.词数80左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：theSARSepidemic非典；thenovelcoronavirus新型冠状病毒第二节（满分25分）47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。YoghurtItwasaroughweek.ThepriceofoilskyrocketedasthetemperaturedroppedsharplyinMaine.Ihadmissedthreedaysofwoksomypaycheckwasgoingtobelowerthannormal.Iwasstresses,tosaytheleast.Ishoppedstrategically,lookingforeverypossiblewaytocutpenniessoIcouldbuygroceriesandkeepthehousewarm.Myeight-year-oldsondidn’tunderstandwhenItoldhimwewerestrugglingthatweek.Hewantedaspecialkindofyoghurt,butIdidn'thavetheextrathreedollarstobuyitforhim.Itwasthekindofyoghurtwithacartoonkidridingaskateboardonthefrontofthebox,andameretwospoonfulsineachcup.Itwasthekindofproductthatwastesaparent’smoneyandmakesmehateadvertising.Ifeltguiltyasaparentwhenthosebigeyeslookedatmewithconfusion,asiftosay,“It’sjustyoghurt.What’sthebigdeal?”SoIfoundaway.Iputsomethingbackassinglemothersoftendo.Hegothisyoghurt.Onthewaydrivingbackfromthegrocerystore,Inoticedahomelessmanholdingasignbythesideoftheroad.Myhearthurt,andItriednottolookathim.Iwatchedpeoplestayawayfromhimonthestreetandwalkbywithoutevenmeetinghiseyes.Mysondidn’tseemtocaremuch,either.Ilookedatthemancloselythen—barehandsgraspingapieceofcardboard,snot(鼻涕)frozentohisface,aworn-outjacket.AndthereIwasstrugglingbecauseIhadtobuyoilandgroceries,ButIdecidedtohelp.Ipulledovertothemanandhandedhimafive-dollarbill.注意:续写词数应为150左右。Paragraph1:Seeingthis,mysonbecameconfusedandsurprised.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Then,mysonperformedanactthatmostadultswouldn’thavedone.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________参考答案：1．A2．D3．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了几位青少年科学家以及他们的发明。1．细节理解题。根据JackAndraka部分“JackAndrakacreatedabiologicalsensorfortestingcanceratanearlystage.(杰克·安德拉卡发明了一种用于早期癌症检测的生物传感器)”可知，杰克·安德拉卡发明了医疗器械。故选A项。2．细节理解题。根据TaylorWilson部分“HewasinspiredbyTheRadioactiveBoyScout,anovelinwhichakidtriesandfailstobuildanuclearreactor.(他受到《放射性童子军》的启发，这本小说讲述了一个孩子试图建造核反应堆却失败的故事)”可知，是一本故事书激发了TaylorWilson对他的发明的兴趣。故选D项。3．推理判断题。根据DanielBurd部分“Hissolutiononlyproduceswaterandsmallamountsofcarbondioxide.(他的解决方案只产生水和少量二氧化碳)”以及常识可知，DanielBurd的发明对环境几乎没有危害。故选B项。4．D5．D6．C7．D【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文叙述了法国微生物学家LouisPasteur，他发现了疫苗接种，拯救了亿万人类的生命。4．细节理解题。根据第一段“Thenexttimeyouhavecheeseloudly,remembertheFrenchscientistLouisPasteurwhodiscoveredthatbadmilk,andmanydiseasesarecausedbybacteria(细菌).(下次你大声吃奶酪的时候，记得法国科学家LouisPasteur，他发现了变质的牛奶，以及许多疾病是由细菌引起的)”可知，LouisPasteur发现很多疾病是由细菌引起的。故选D。5．推理判断题。根据第三段“WhenPasteurworkedwithchickensthatweresufferingfromcholeraduringhisexperiments,heaccidentallyspreadcholeratohischickens.Pasteur’schickensbecamemildlysickbutdidnotdie.Thiswasstrangeaseverychickenthatcamenearcholeraearlierhaddied.Herealizedsoonthatthecholerahadbecomeweak.Bythetimehetriedagain,thechickenshehadcuredearlierdidnotgetcholeraanymore.Herealizedthataweakcholerahelped,hischickensdevelopanantibodyagainstit.(当巴斯德在实验中研究患有霍乱的鸡时，他不小心把霍乱传染给了他的鸡。巴斯德的鸡出现轻微疾病，但没有死亡。这很奇怪，因为之前每只靠近霍乱的鸡都死了。他很快意识到霍乱已经不那么严重了。当他再次尝试时，他之前治愈的鸡已经不再感染霍乱了。他意识到一种微弱的霍乱有帮助，他的鸡产生了一种对抗霍乱的抗体)”可推知，有些鸡感染了霍乱却没有死，因为它们感染的霍乱已经被削弱了，故被削弱的霍乱无法杀死生物。故选D。6．细节理解题。根据第四段“Later,Pasteurwentontotrythisoncows,pigsanddogs.Allhisresearchhelpedhimdevelopdifferentvaccines.Wenowknowthattheprocessofvaccinationintroducesaweakenedkindofbacteriaintoourbody.Ourbodyreactsbycreatingantibodiestofightthebacteria.Now,whenourbodycomeacrossthesamebacteriawhicharemuchstronger,itcanfightthemoff.(后来，巴斯德继续在牛、猪和狗身上进行试验。他所有的研究都帮助他开发了不同的疫苗。我们现在知道，接种疫苗的过程会将一种衰弱的细菌引入我们的身体。我们的身体通过产生抗体来对抗细菌。现在，当我们的身体遇到同样的更强大的细菌时，它可以将它们击退)”可知，疫苗接种通过把弱化了的细菌注射进人体，使人体产生了对抗细菌的抗体，增强了应对感染的免疫力。疫苗接种过程的作用是它能提高人们避免疾病的能力。故选C。7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“LouisPasteurreceivednumerousawardsfortheadvancementofbiology,chemistry,andmedicine.HefoundedthePasteurInstitutetostudydiseases.Itwasthefirstuniversity,toteachmicrobiologyandtodaythereare32institutesacross29countries.Foreverychildvaccinatedagainstadeadlydisease,wehaveLouisPasteurtothank.(路易斯·巴斯德因为在生物学、化学和医学上的进步而获得了许多奖项。他创立了巴斯德研究所来研究疾病。它是第一所教授微生物学的大学，如今在29个国家有32个研究所。对于每一个接种疫苗预防致命疾病的孩子，我们都要感谢路易斯·巴斯德)”结合本文介绍了微生物学家LouisPasteur，他发现了疫苗接种，拯救了亿万人类的生命。可以推测，本文写作目的在于缅怀这位伟大的科学家，提醒我们不要忘记他的卓越贡献。故选D。8．C9．A10．B11．D【导语】本文是记叙文。本文章主要介绍了达尔文一生的生活经历和成就。8．推理判断题。根据第一段“CharlesDarwinwasbornintoafamilyofthinkers.(查尔斯·达尔文出生于一个思想家家庭。)”及后文对他父亲，母亲，祖父的介绍可知，达尔文的家人社会地位都很高，家人对达尔文的影响很大。所以第一段的写作目的是为了表明家庭对达尔文的影响。故选C。9．推理判断题。由第二段中的“Whenhewaseighteen,heleftEdinburghandwenttoCambridgeUniversity,planningtoenterthechurch,buthewasmoreinterestedinsciencethaninreligionandlaterheabandonedtheology.(十八岁时，他离开爱丁堡，进入剑桥大学，打算进入教堂，但他对科学比对宗教更感兴趣，后来他放弃了神学。)”可知，达尔文进入剑桥大学后，对科学更感兴趣，故推知他在剑桥大学最终主修科学。故选A。10．推理判断题。根据第四段“Darwinwasalsostruckbytheiguanas(蜥蜴)hefound,andobservedthatthosewhichlivedinwaterhadheadssuitableforfindingfoodamongstones,whilethosethatlivedonlandhadasharperhead,morefitforaherbivorous(食草的)animal.(达尔文也被他发现的蜥蜴所震撼了，并观察到那些生活在水中的蜥蜴的头部适合在石头中寻找食物，而那些生活在陆地上的蜥蜴有更锋利的头部，更适合食草动物。)可知，生活在水中的蜥蜴和生活在陆地上的蜥蜴是因为生活环境的不同导致生物进化差异。故选B。11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Darwindevelopedhistheoryofevolution,butitwasnotuntil1859thatheactuallypublishedit.Itwasinstantlyseenasagreatmilestoneinscientificthought,andattractedviolentargumentalloverEurope.(达尔文发展了他的进化论，但直到1859年他才真正发表了它。它立即被视为科学思想的一个伟大里程碑，并引起了整个欧洲的激烈争论。)”可知，达尔文的进化论是科学思想的一个伟大的里程碑，是科学界的一个伟大的突破。故选D。12．B13．B14．A15．C【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了2020年诺贝尔物理学奖得主安德烈娅·盖兹是如何获得诺贝尔奖的。12．推理判断题。根据第一段“Shehadcomewithanimpossiblerequestthatmyteammodifyourthoroughlytestedsoftwaretomakeoneofourmostimportantscientificinstrumentsdosomethingithadneverbeendesignedforandriskbreakingit.Alltocarryoutanexperimentthatwasbasicallyawasteoftimeandcouldn’tbedone—provethatamassiveblackholelayatthecenterofourMilkyWay.(她提出了一个似乎不可能的请求，要求我的团队修改我们经过彻底测试的软件，使我们最重要的科学仪器之一能够完成它从未被设计过的任务，并冒着破坏它的风险。所有这些都是为了进行一个基本上是浪费时间而且无法完成的实验——证明一个巨大的黑洞位于我们银河系的中心)”以及第三段“ThatdeterminationandthewillingnesstotakecalculatedriskshasalwayscharacterizedAndrea.(这种决心和愿意承担计算风险一直是安德烈娅的特点)”可知，安德烈娅提出非常有创造力的请求并坚定地去证明它，她是有决心并且有创造力的。故选B项。13．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Thisismyfriendandlongtimecolleague,theonewhorefusedtotake“no”forananswer:AndreaGhez,winnerofthe2020NobelPrizeinPhysics.(这是我的朋友，也是我的老同事，一个拒绝接受“不”答案的人：安德烈娅·盖兹，2020年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者)”以及上文内容可知，本文主要介绍了安德烈娅是如何成功获得诺贝尔奖的。故选B项。14．词句猜测题。根据第三段“For25yearsshehasfocusedalmostcompletelyonSagittariusA-thenameofourownlocalsupermassiveblackhole.Itisremarkablethatanentirefieldofstudyhasgrownupinthequartercentury,ofsearchingforandfindingevidenceofthesemonstersthoughttolieattheheartofeverylargegalaxy.(25年来，她几乎完全专注于人马座A——我们当地超大质量黑洞的名字。值得注意的是，在25年的时间里，整个研究领域都在发展，寻找并找到这些被认为位于每个大星系中心的庞然大物的证据)”以及第四段“ShestartedusingtheveryfirstinstrumentfixedonKeckObservatory’sNearInfraredCamera(NIRC),nowgracingthelobbyatourheadquarters.(她开始使用第一台在凯克天文台近红外照相机（NIRC）改造的仪器，现在gracing我们总部的大厅)”可知，安德烈娅专注于人马座A的研究，引领整个研究领域发展，她所做的研究为整个总部带来荣誉，这台红外照相机是第一台机器，用纪念意义，因此放在大厅里是带领荣耀的，故推测划线单词表示“为……带来荣誉”，即bringinghonourto。故选A项。15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Thisismyfriendandlongtimecolleague,theonewhorefusedtotake“no”forananswer:AndreaGhez,winnerofthe2020NobelPrizeinPhysics.(这是我的朋友，也是我的老同事，一个拒绝接受“不”答案的人：安德烈娅·盖兹，2020年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了2020年诺贝尔物理学奖得主安德烈娅·盖兹是如何获得诺贝尔奖的，推测文章来自一个有关科学家的网站。故选C项。16．D17．A18．G19．B20．F【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了爱因斯坦个人的一些伟大之处。16．分析句子结构可知，该空缺乏一个从句。D选项“当爱因斯坦开始在美国工作时”用When引导时间状语从句，表明下文“someoneaskedhimwhatheneeded(有人问他需要什么)”事情发生的时间点，引出下文“Hesaidheneededadesk,somepaperandpencil.(他说他需要一张桌子，一些纸和铅笔)”讲工作需要的工具。故选D项。17．该空为小标题，起总结段落作用。由下文“Manychildrenwroteletterstoaskhimforhelpwiththeirhomework.Oneday,hewrotealettertoayounggirltotellhernottoworryaboutherMathshomeworkbecausehethoughtMathswasdifficulttoo.(许多孩子写信要求他帮他们做作业。一天，他写信给一个年轻女孩，告诉她不要担心她的数学作业，因为他认为数学也很难)”可知，下文讲最伟大的科学家爱因斯坦也认为数学也很难，说明他谦虚的品质，承接下文，A选项“爱因斯坦也很谦虚”是最佳小标题。故选A项。18．由小标题“Einsteinconsideredtimetobeimportant(爱因斯坦认为时间很重要)”和上文“Heneverworesocksbecausehethoughtputtingonsockswasawasteoftimeaspeoplealreadyworeshoes.Healsothoughtrememberingthingsfoundinbookswasnotworthit.(他从不穿袜子，因为人们已经穿鞋子了，所以他认为穿袜子是浪费时间。他还认为，记住书本上的东西是不值得的)”可知，上文用具体事例讲明爱因斯坦不会做浪费时间的一些事，表明他注重时间的重要性，G选项“这就是为什么他从不记得自己的电话号码”承接上文举出另一个爱因斯坦看重时间的例子，也讲明爱因斯坦为什么会这样做。故选G项。19．由小标题“Einsteinlikedtojoketoo(爱因斯坦也喜欢开玩笑)”和“Inoneexam,astudentaskedhimwhyallthequestionswerethesameaslastyear’s.Einsteinrepliedthequestionswerethesame,buttheanswersweredifferent.(在一次考试中，一个学生问爱因斯坦为什么所有的问题都和去年的一样。爱因斯坦回答的问题都一样，但答案不同)”可知，B选项“他是一个多么幽默的人啊”承接上文讲爱因斯坦拥有幽默感。故选B项。20．分析句子结构可知，该空缺乏一个从句。由上文“WhenEinsteinwasachild,histeachersusedtosayhewasnotclever.However,Einsteinkeptworkinghardandsurprisedtheworldwithhisachievements.(爱因斯坦小时候，老师们常说他不聪明。然而，爱因斯坦一直在努力工作，他的成就令世界惊讶)”可知，爱因斯坦被老师说不聪明，也没有放弃努力工作，可见永远不要遇到问题就放弃、气馁，承接上文，F选项“如果我们遇到问题时想放弃”用If引导条件状语从句，表明下文“weshouldthinkofhim(我们应该想想他)”事情发生的条件。故选F项。21．B22．A23．C24．B25．D26．A27．D28．B29．C30．B31．B32．A33．C34．D35．A【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要叙述了诺贝尔一生发明了无数的爆炸物品，却因此受到了人们的诟病，为了提升自己的公众形象，他将自己一生的大部分财产捐献了出去成立了诺贝尔奖用来奖励在物理、化学、医学等方面做出突出贡献的人。21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔奖被认为是最有辨识度和最令人钦佩的奖项之一，表彰了世界各地在不同领域取得的杰出成就的人们。A.remembering记得；B.honouring尊敬、表彰；C.crediting相信；D.negating否认。根据最后一段“In1895,oneyearbeforehisdeath,Nobelmadethelast___13___,sayingclearlythathiswealthwouldbeusedtocreateaseriesofprizesforthosewhohavemadegreat___14___tomankindinphysics,chemistry,physiologyormedicine,literature,andpeace.”可知，诺贝尔奖是用来表彰这些杰出的人。故选B。22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔对其在压力或热量下爆炸的不规则性质很感兴趣，他开始寻找一种方法来控制它，并制造一种可用的炸药。A.nature自然、性质；B.conduct行为、举动；C.flavour味道；D.benefit利益。根据空后的“explodingunderpressureorheat”可知，