2022年大学英语考试真题卷九23测

2022年大学英语考试真题卷九

（本卷共分为1大题50小题.作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。）

单位：姓名:考号:

题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分

分值

得分

一、单项选择题(共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意)

1.Everyonewantstobehealthyandhappy.(62),iIInessoraccidents

mayoccurwithoutany(63).Frequentlythepersonwhois(64)can

becaredforathomeifthereissomeone(65)oflookingafterhimunder

thedoctor*s(66).Sometimesarrangementscanbe(67)fora

visitingnursetogivethenecessary(68)onceaday,oroftener,if

necessary.Theresponsibleoneinthehome(69)onwiththerestof

thecareduringthe(70)betweenthenurses'visits.Therapid

diagnosisandimmediatetreatment(71)thespotofanaccidentor

suddeniIIness,(72)awaitingthearrivalofdoctors,iscalledthe

firstaidandquite(73)fromthehomenursing.WheniIInessdoes

come,thewholefamiIyis(74).Manyadjustmentshavetohemade(75)

thefamilyroutineneedn1tbe(76)completely.Oftenitcanhe

rearrangedwithhomedutiessimplifiedtosavetimeandenergy,thus

reducing(77)onthefamily.The(78)responsibiIityforgiving

nursingcareisusually79byoneperson,frequentlythemother.

(80),inorderthatshemayhavesomemuchneededrest,or(81)she

herselfisill,othermembersofthefamilyshouIdlearnhowtohelpwhen

sicknessoccurs.

A.maintained

B.ignored

C.neglected

D.disturbed

2.Everyonewantstobehealthyandhappy.(62),iIInessoraccidents

mayoccurwithoutany(63).Frequentlythepersonwhois(64)can

becaredforathomeifthereissomeone(65)ofIookingafterhimunder

thedoctor's(66)Sometimesarrangementscanbe(67)fora

visitingnursetogivethenecessary(68)onceaday,oroftener,if

necessary.Theresponsibleoneinthehome(69)onwiththerestof

thecareduringthe(70)betweenthenurses*visits.Therapid

diagnosisandimmediatetreatment(71)thespotofanaccidentor

suddeniIIness,(72)awaitingthearrivalofdoctors,iscalledthe

firstaidandquite(73)fromthehomenursing.Wheni11nessdoes

come,thewholefamiIyis(74).Manyadjustmentshavetohemade(75)

thefamilyroutineneedn,tbe(76)completely.Oftenitcanhe

rearrangedwithhomedutiessimpIifiedtosavetimeandenergy,thus

reducing(77)onthefamily.The(78)responsibiIityforgiving

nursingcareisusually79byoneperson,frequentlythemother.

(80),inorderthatshemayhavesomemuchneededrest,or(81)she

herselfisill,othermembersofthefamilyshouIdlearnhowtohelpwhen

sicknessoccurs.

A.strain

B.trouble

C.worry

D.pain

3.Everyonewantstobehealthyandhappy.(62),iIInessoraccidents

mayoccurwithoutany(63).FrequentIythepersonwhois(64)can

becaredforathomeifthereissomeone(65)ofIookingafterhimunder

thedoctor's(66).Sometimesarrangementscanbe(67)fora

visitingnursetogivethenecessary(68)onceaday,oroftener,if

necessary.Theresponsibleoneinthehome(69)onwiththerestof

thecareduringthe(70)betweenthenurses'visits.Therapid

diagnosisandimmediatetreatment(71)thespotofanaccidentor

suddeniIIness,(72)awaitingthearrivalofdoctors,iscalledthe

firstaidandquite(73)fromthehomenursing.Wheni11nessdoes

come,thewholefamilyis(74).Manyadjustmentshavetohemade(75)

thefamilyroutineneednJtbe(76)compIeteIy.Oftenitcanhe

rearrangedwithhomedutiessimplifiedtosavetimeandenergy,thus

reducing(77)onthefamily.The(78)responsibiIityforgiving

nursingcareisusually79byoneperson,frequentlythemother.

(80),inorderthatshemayhavesomemuchneededrest,or(81)she

herselfisill,othermembersofthefamilyshouIdlearnhowtohelpwhen

sicknessoccurs.

A.technical

B.overall

C.minor

D.reasonable

4.Everyonewantstobehealthyandhappy.(62),iIInessoraccidents

mayoccurwithoutany(63).Frequentlythepersonwhois(64)can

becaredforathomeifthereissomeone(65)ofIookingafterhimunder

thedoctor's(66)Sometimesarrangementscanbe(67)fora

visitingnursetogivethenecessary(68)onceaday,oroftener,if

necessary.Theresponsibleoneinthehome(69)onwiththerestof

thecareduringthe(70)betweenthenurses'visits.Therapid

diagnosisandimmediatetreatment(71)thespotofanaccidentor

suddeniIIness,(72)awaitingthearrivalofdoctors,iscalledthe

firstaidandquite(73)fromthehomenursing.WheniIInessdoes

come,thewholefamilyis(74).Manyadjustmentshavetohemade(75)

thefamilyroutineneedn'tbe(76)compIeteIy.Oftenitcanhe

rearrangedwithhomedutiessimpIifiedtosavetimeandenergy,thus

reducing(77)onthefamily.The(78)responsibiIityforgiving

nursingcareisusually79byoneperson,frequentlythemother.

(80),inorderthatshemayhavesomemuchneededrest,or(81)she

herselfisill,othermembersofthefamilyshouIdlearnhowtohelpwhen

sicknessoccurs.

A.consumed

B.retained

C.assumed

D.obtained

5.Everyonewantstobehealthyandhappy.(62),iIInessoraccidents

mayoccurwithoutany(63).Frequentlythepersonwhois(64)can

becaredforathomeifthereissomeone(65)ofIookingafterhimunder

thedoctor1s(66).Sometimesarrangementscanbe(67)fora

visitingnursetogivethenecessary(68)onceaday,oroftener,if

necessary.Theresponsibleoneinthehome(69)onwiththerestof

thecareduringthe(70)betweenthenurses'visits.Therapid

diagnosisandimmediatetreatment(71)thespotofanaccidentor

suddeniIIness,(72)awaitingthearrivalofdoctors,iscalledthe

firstaidandquite(73)fromthehomenursing.Wheni11nessdoes

come,thewholefamiIyis(74).Manyadjustmentshavetohemade(75)

thefamilyroutineneedn*tbe(76)compIeteIy.Oftenitcanhe

rearrangedwithhomedutiessimplifiedtosavetimeandenergy,thus

reducing(77)onthefamily.The(78)responsibiIityforgiving

nursingcareisusuaIly79byoneperson,frequentlythemother.

(80),inorderthatshemayhavesomemuchneededrest,or(81)she

herselfisill,othermembersofthefamilyshouIdlearnhowtohelpwhen

sicknessoccurs.

A.Consequently

B.Moreover

C.Unexpectedly

D.However

6.Everyonewantstobehealthyandhappy.(62),iIInessoraccidents

mayoccurwithoutany(63).Frequentlythepersonwhois(64)can

becaredforathomeifthereissomeone(65)ofIookingafterhimunder

thedoctor1s(66).Sometimesarrangementscanbe(67)fora

visitingnursetogivethenecessary(68)onceaday,oroftener,if

necessary.Theresponsibleoneinthehome(69)onwiththerestof

thecareduringthe(70)betweenthenurses*visits.Therapid

diagnosisandimmediatetreatment(71)thespotofanaccidentor

suddeniIIness,(72)awaitingthearrivalofdoctors,iscalledthe

firstaidandquite(73)fromthehomenursing.Wheni11nessdoes

come,thewholefamilyis(74).Manyadjustmentshavetohemade(75)

thefamilyroutineneedn1tbe(76)compIeteIy.Oftenitcanhe

rearrangedwithhomedutiessimplifiedtosavetimeandenergy,thus

reducing(77)onthefamily.The(78)responsibiIityforgiving

nursingcareisusually79byoneperson,frequentlythemother.

(80),inorderthatshemayhavesomemuchneededrest,or(81)she

herselfisill,othermembersofthefamilyshouldIearnhowtohelpwhen

sicknessoccurs.

A.infact

B.incase

C.asaresult

D.onthecontrary

7.

{{BJJTEXTA{{/B}}

ItwasaIittIeafter5a.m.inmyhomewhenJerzyDudek,thePolish

goaIkeeperofLiverpoolFootbaIIClub,savedapenaltyfromAndriy

Shevcbenko,aUkrainianplayingforACMiIan.Thesaveendedthemost

excitingsportingeventyouwi11eversee,securedforLiverpoolthetop

Europeansoccerchampionshipforthefirsttimein21years,anda11owed

metobreathe.Withinseconds,mywifehadcalledfromLondon,andthe

e-mailsstartedtofloodin-thefirstfromTIME*sBaghdadbureau,

othersfromSydney,London,WashingtonandNewYork.InmyfumbIed

excitement,Imisdialedmybrother*sphonenumberthreetimes.Then

StevenGerrard,Liverpool*scaptain,Iiftedthetrophy,andbehindthe

CantonesechatteroftheTVcommentatorsIcouldjustmakeout40,000

LiverpudIianvoicessingingtheirclub1santhem,You*11NeverWaIkAIone.

Andthat*swhenIstartedtocry.

Apartfromthebig,obviousthings-love,death,chiIdren-most

ofthereaIIywaIlopingemotionaIhighsandIowsofmyIifehaveinvoIved

watchingLiverpool.Therewastheecstasyofbeinginthecrowdwhenthe

clubwontheEuropeanchampionshipin1978,andthehorrorofsettIing

downinmyofficefora1985Europeanchampionshipgame——onlytowatch

JuventusfansgetcrushedtodeathwhensomeLiverpoolsupportersrioted.

Throughlongexperience,myfamilyhascometoknowthattheirchances

ofhavingavaguelypleasanthusbandandfatheronanygivenSundaydepend

largelyonhowLiverpoolfaredthepreviousday.Butwhatonearthmakes

this-Iet'sadmitit-prettyunsophisticateddevotiontothefortunes

ofmenI,venevermetanddon1treallywanttosopowerful

Fandom-theobsessionalidentificationwithasportsteam-is

universal.Thegreatestbookeveronthepsychologyofbeingafan,Nick

Hornby*sFeverPitch,waswrittenaboutaLondonsoccerteambuteasily

translatedintoafiImabouttheBostonRedSox.ParticularlyintheU.

S.,itseemspossibletobeafanofateamthat*sbasedfarfromwhere

youhaveeverIived,butIsuspecttheoriginsofmyobsessionaremore

common.Ididn'thavemuchchoiceinthematter.Bothmyparentswere

bornintinyrowhousesastone*sthrowfromLiverpool'sstadium.My

fathertookmetomyfirstgameasasmalIchiId,andfromthemoment

IsawwhatwasbehindthefamiIiarbrickwaIIs-a11thosepeopIe!That

walIofnoise!Theforbidden,dangeroussmelIsofcigarettesandbeer!

Iwashooked.

WefansIiketodescribeourpassioninreIigiousterms,asifthe

placesourheroesplayaresecularcathedrals.It'seasytoseewhy.

Whenyoutruly,deepIyloveasportsteam,yougiveyourselfupto

somethingbiggerthanyourself,notjustbecauseyourindividualityis

renderedinsignificantinthemassofthecrowd,butbecausebeingafan

involvesfaith.Nomatterwhatitscurrentformmaybe,yourteamisworthy

ofblinddevotion-orwiIIsoonredeemitseIf.BeliefisalI.AsBrookIyn

Dodgersfanssaidinthe1950s:wait1tiInextyear.

Butasyougetolder,itbecomeshardertobeIieve.Yes,theDodgers

wontheWorIdSeriesin1955;buttheyarentevercomingbackfromLos

AngeIes.Lossoffaithcansetin.That,however,iswhenyouappreciate

thedeeperbenefitsofbeingafan.Forme,'followingonesoccerteam

hasbeentheconnectivetissueofmylife.IleftLiverpooltogoto

co11egeandhaveneverhadthesIightestdesiretoIivethereagain,but

wanderingaroundtheworldrIivinginsevendifferentcitiesinthree

continents,mypassionwasthethingthatgavemeasenseofwhat"home"

meant.Beingafanbecameafixedpoint,whereverIIived;itwas-it

is-oneofthetwoorthreethingsthatIthinkofasmakingme,well,

me.

Butfandomdoesmore,thandefeatdistanceandgeography.Itactsas

atimemachine.ThereisonlyonethingthatIhavedoneconsistentIy

fornearly50years,andthatissupportLiverpool.Tobeafanisa

blessing,foritconnectsyouasnothingelsecantochiIdhood,andto

everythingandeveryonethatmarkedyourIifebetweenyourtimeasachiId

andthepresent.SowhenIsatinHongKongatdawnlastweekwatching

thegameonTV,Ididn1thavetotrytomanufacturethetiny,

inconsequentialstrandsthatmakeupaIife.TheyweretherealIaround

me.TeaatmyGrandma*safteragame;afavoriteuncIewhodiedtooyoung;

bemusedgirifriendswhodidn'tgetit(Imarriedtheonewhodid);the

21stbirthdaycakethatmymothericedinLiverpool'scolors;mytiny

daughtersintheirfirstclubshirts;thebestfriendswithwhomI'

velonglosttouch.WhatdoesbeingafanmeanItmeansyou'IInever

walkalone.

Thepassagewasprobablywrittenin.

A.1978

B.1985

C.1999

D.2006

8.{{BHTEXTB{{/B}}

Isn'titamazinghowoneperson,sharingoneidea,attherighttime

andpIacecanchangethecourseofyourIife'shistoryThisiscertainly

whathappenedinmyIife.WhenIwas14,IwashitchhikingfromHouston,

Texas,throughElPasoonmywaytoCalifornia.Iwasfollowingmydream,

journeyingwiththesun.IwasahighschooIdropoutwithlearning

disabiIitiesandwassetonsurfingthebiggestwavesintheworld,first

inCaliforniaandtheninHawaii(whereIwouldlaterIive.

UponreachingdowntownElPaso,Imetanoldman,abum,onthestreet

comer.HesawmewaIking,stoppedmeandquestionedmeasIpassedby.

HeaskedmeifIwasrunningawayfromhome,IsupposebecauseIIooked

soyoung.Itoldhim,"Notexactly,sir,"sineemyfatherhadgivenme

aridetothefreewayinHoustonandgivenmehisblessingswhilesaying,

"Itisimportanttofollowyourdreamandwhatisinyourheart,son.”

Thebumthenaskedmeifhecouldbuymeacupofcoffee.Itoldhim,

"No,sir,butasodawouldbegreat."WewaIkedtoacomermaltshopand

satdownonacoupIeofswivelingstooIswhileweenjoyedourdrinks.

Afterconversingforafewminutes,thefriendlybumtoldmetofollow

him,Hetoldmethathehadsomethinggrandtoshowmeandsharewith

me.WewaIkedacoupIeofblocksuntiIwecameuponthedowntownElPaso

PubIicLibrary.

WewaIkedupitsfrontstepsandstoppedatasmalIinformationstand.

HerethebumspoketoasmiIingodIlady,andaskedherifshewouldbe

kindenoughtowatchmythingsforamomentwhileheandIenteredthe

Iibrary.Ileftmybelongingswiththisgrandmotherlyfigureandentered

intothismagnificentha11ofIearning.

Thebumfirstledmetoatableandaskedmetositdownandwaitfor

amomentwhileheIookedforsomethingspeciaIamongsttheshelves.A

fewmomentslater,hereturnedwithacoupleofoldbooksunderhisarms

andsetthemonthetable.Hethensatdownbesidemeandspoke.Hestarted

withafewstatementsthatwereveryspecialandthatchangedmyIife.

Hesaid,"TherearetwothingsthatIwanttoteachyou,youngman,and

theyarethese:"numberoneistoneverjudgeabookbyitscover,for

acovercanfoolyou."Hefollowedwith,"IbetyouthinkI*mabum,

don,tyou,youngman"

Isaid,"WeiI,uh,yes,Iguessso,sir."

“Well,youngman,I'vegotaIittlesurpriseforyou.Iamoneof

theweaIthiestmenintheworId.IhaveprobabIyeverythinganymancouId

everwant.IoriginallycomefromtheNortheastandhavea11thethings

thatmoneycanbuy.Butayearago,mywifepassedaway,blesshersoul,

andsincethenIhavebeendeeplyreflectinguponIife.Irealizedthere

werecertainthingsIhadnotyetexperiencedinIife,oneofwhichwas

whatitwouIdbeIiketoIiveIikeabumonthestreets.Imadeacommitmerit

tomyseIftodoexactIythatforoneyear.Forthepastyear,Ihavebeen

goingfromcitytocitydoingjustthat.So,yousee,don'teverjudge

abookbyitscover,foracovercanfoolyou.”

nNumbertwoistolearnhowtoread,myboy,forthereisonlyone

thingthatpeopIecan'ttakeawayfromyou,andthatisyourwisdom."

Atthatmoment,hereachedforward,grabbedmyrighthandinhisandput

themuponthebookshe'dpuIIedfromthesheIves.Theywerethewritings

ofPlatoandAristotIe-immortaIclassicsfromancienttimes.

ThebumthenledmebackpastthesmiIingoldwomanneartheentrance,

downthestepsandbackonthestreetsnearwherewefirstmet.Hisparting

requestwasformetoneverforgetwhathetaughtme.

Wecaninferfromthepassagethatat14,theauthor.

A.didnotdowellinhisstudy

B.didnotlikehismother

C.plannedtoliveinCaliforniaallhislife

D.didnotlikehislifeinHuston

9.(IB)}TEXTC{{/B}}

Ittakesawhile,asyouwalkaroundthestreetsofNantes,acity

ofhaftami11ionpeopIeonthebanksoftheLoireRiver,torealizejust

whatitisthatisodd.Thenyougetit:thereareemptyparkingslots,

whichishighlyunusualinbigFrenchtowns.

TwodecadesofefforttomakeIifemoreIivabIebydissuadingpeopIe

fromdrivingintotownNasmadeNantesabeaconforotherEuropeancities

seekingtoshakedependenceontheautomobiIe.

TheeffectswereclearrecentIyduringMobiIityWeek,acampaign

sponsoredbytheEuropeanUnionthatpromptedmorethan1,000townsacross

theContinenttotestwaysofmakingtheirstreets,ifnotcarfree,at

leastmanageable."ThatisanawfuIIydifficultproblem,“acknowledges

JoelCrawford,anauthorandleaderofthe"carfree"movementpicking

upadherentsalIoverEurope."Youcan*ttakecarsoutofcitiesuntiI

thereissomesortofalternativeinpIace.Buttherearealotofforces

pointinginthedirectionofamajorreductionincaruse,Iiketherise

infuelprices,andconcernsaboutgIobaIwarming."

Lastweek,procIaimingthesIogan'*InTown,WithoutmyCar!"hundreds

ofcitiescIosedoffwholechunksoftheircenterstoalIbutessential

traffic.NantescIosedjustafewstreets,preferringtofocuson

alternativestodrivingsoastopromote"CleverCommuting",thetheme

ofthisyear'sEUcampaign.VolunteerspedaIedrickshawsalongthe

cobbIedstreets,chargingpassengers$1.20anhour;bikeswereavaiIable

forfree;andcityworkersencouragedchiIdrentowalktoschooIalong

routessupervisedbyadultsactingasPiedPipersandpickingupkids

atarrangedstops.

Thecenterpieceisastate-of-the-arttramwayprovidingserviceto

muchofthetown,andanetworkoffree,multistoryparkinglotsto

encouragecommutersto"park,andride".ReneVincendo,aretired

hospitalworkerwaitingatonesuchparkingIotforhiswifetoreturn

fromthecitycenter,issold,"Togointotown,thisisbrilliant,"he

says.MInevertakemycarinnow."

Itisnotcheap,though.Beyondtheconstructioncosts,CityHalI

subsidizesfarestothetuneof60mi11ioneuros($72mi11ion)ayear,

makingpassengerspayonly40percentofoperatingcosts.

ThatistheonlywaytodrawpeopIeontotramsandbuses,saysdeRugy,

sinceNantes,IikemanyEuropeancities,isexpanding,andcommutersfind

themselveswithever-longerdistancestotravel.Thedanger,hewarns,

isthat"thefurtheryougodowntherouteOfcardependence,theharder

itistoreturn,becausesomanyshops,schooIsandotherservicesare

builtbeyondthereachofanyfinanciallyfeasiblepubIic-transport

network."This,addsdeRugy,meansthat"transportpolicyisonlyhalf

theanswer.Urbanplannersandtransportauthoritieshavetoworkhand

inhandtoensurethatservicesareprovidedclosetotransportIinks.*'

Thecarrot-and-stickapproachthatNanteshastaken-cuttingback

onparkinginthetowncenterandmakingitexpensive,whileimproving

pubIictransport-hasnotreducedthenumberofcarsontheroad.But.

ithas"putabrakeontheincreasewewouldhaveseenotherwise"and

thatotherEuropeancitieshaveseen,saysDominiqueGodineau,headof

thecity,s"mobiIitydepartment".

WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecityofNantes

A.NantesiswiththebesttrafficconditioninFrance.

B.Nantesusedtobecrowdedwithcars.

C.ThegovernmentofNantesisthefirsttodissuadepeoplefromdriving

intotown.

D.ThegovernmentofNantessucceedsinraisingpeopleyslivingstandard.

10.{{BJJTEXTD({/BJJ

Theneedforasatisfactoryeducationismoreimportantthanever

before.Nowadays,withoutaquaIificationfromareputableschoolor

university,theoddsoflandingthatplumjobadvertisedinthepaper

areconsiderablyshortened.Moreover,one*spresentIeveIofeducation

couldfa11weIIshortoffuturecareerrequirements.

Itisnosecretthatcompelitionisthedrivingforcebehindtheneed

toobtainincreasinglyhigherquaIifications.Inthemajorityofcases,

theurgetoupgradeisnoIongertheresultofaninsatiablethirstfor

knowledge.Thepressureiscomingfromwithintheworkplacetocompete

withevermorequaIifiedjobapplicants,andinmanyoccupationsonemust

nowbattIewithcolleaguesinthereshuffleforthepositiononealready

holds.

Strivingtobecomebettereducatedishardlyanewconcept.Wealthy

parentshavealwaysbeenwi11ingtospendthevastamountsofextramoney

necessarytosendtheirchiIdrentoschooIswithaperceivededucationaI

edge.Workingadultshavelongattendednightschoolsandrefresher

courses.CompelitionforempIoymenthasbeenaroundsincethecurseof

workingforaIivingbegan.Isthepresentsituationsoverydifferent

tothatofthepast

Thedifferencenowisthatthepushisuniversalandfromwithoutas

weIIaswithin.AstudentatsecondaryschooIreceivinglowgradesis

nolongeraseasilyacceptedbyhisorherpeersaswasoncethecase.

Similarly,intheworkplace,unlessempIoyeesareengagedinpart-time

study,theymaybefrowneduponbytheiremployersandpeersandhave

difficultyevenstandingsti11.Infact,inthesecases,theexpectation

isforcareerstogobackwardsandearningcapacitytotakeanappreciable

nosedive.

Atfirstglance,thesituationwouIdseemtobelaudabIe——apositive

responsetotheexhortationbyaformerPrimeMinister,BobHawke,for

AustraIiatobecometheMcIevercountry".Yetthereseriousramifications

accordingtoatleastoneeducationaIpsychologist.DrBrendanGatsby

hascausedsomecontroversyinacademiccirolesbysuggestingthatabias

towardswhathetermspaperexcellencemightcausemoreproblemsthan

itissupposedtosolve.Gatsbyraisesanumberofissuesthataffect

theindividualaswe11associetyingeneral.

Firstly,hebeIievestheextraworkloadinvoIvedisresultingin

abnormallyhighstressIeveIsinbothstudentsatsecondaryschooIand

adultsstudyingafterworkinghours.SecondIytski11swhichmightbemore

relevanttotheundertakingofasought-afterjobarebeingoverlooked

byemployersinterviewingcandidateswithoutquaIificationsonpaper.

Thesetwoareasofconcernfortheindividualarecausingphysicaland

emotionaIstressrespectively.

Gatsbyalsoarguesthatthereareattitudinalchangeswithinsociety

totheexaltedroleeducationnowplaysindetermininghowthespoiIs

ofworkingIifearedistributed.IndividuaIsofalIagesarebeingdriven

bysociaIpressurestoachieveacademicsuccesssolelyformonetary

considerationsinsteadofforthejoyofenlightenment.Thereisthe

dangerthatsomeuniversitiesarebecomingdegreefactorieswithan

attendantdropinstandards.Furthermore,oureducationsystemmaybe

rewardingdoggednessabovecreativity-theverythingAustralianshave

beenencouragedtoavoid.ButthemostundesirabIeeffectofthisacademic

paperchase,Gatsbysays,isthedisadvantage"userpays"higher

educationconfersonthepoor,whoinvariablyloseouttothemore

financiallyfavored.

NaturaIly,althoughthereisagreementthatIearningcancausestress.

Gatsby'scommentsregardinguniversitystandardshavebeenroundly

criticizedasalarmistbymost