2021年考研考试真题英语（二）试题

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Ifsnotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,1Oounderstandtheirnegative

consequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents._2_oneandtheothersbecome

distorted.

TravelonaLondonbusandyou'll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegeton

andshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Of

course!Arethereinspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewho

runforthebus?Theyare5.Howaboutjumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyas

cyclists.

Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.7,

thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere8orpunishedaccordingto

thetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschanged

to10,vouwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedto

safety,youwouldgetmore11driverswhoobeyedtrafticlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbe

attheexpenseoftime.

Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou13

thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlacebutstillarriveonlime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlines

havesimplychangedthetimea14ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowballadasatwo-

hourflight.

The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.

Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16othcrs.EverythingCanbedonefasterandmade

cheaper,butthereisa17.Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.

Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploringconsequences

first.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactorssuchastime,money,quality

andcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19justoneoreventwodimensionsofthe

objective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter20theobjective.

1.A.thereforeB.howeverC.againD.moreover

2.A.EmphasizeB.IdentifyC.AssessD.Explain

3.A.nearlyB.curiouslyC.eagerlyD.quickly

4.A.claimB.proveC.checkD.recall

5.A.threatenedB.ignoredC.mockedD.blamed

6.A.punctualityB.hospitalityC.competitionD.innovation

7.A.YetB.SoC.BesidesD.Still

8.A.hiredB.trainedC.rewardedD.grouped

9.A.onlyB.ratherC.OnceD.Also

10.A.comfortB.revenueC.efficiencyD.security

11.A.friendlyB.quietC.cautiousD.diligent

12.A.purposeB.problemC.prejudiceD.policy

13.A.interestingB.revealedC.abmittedD.noticed

14.A.breakB.tripC.departureD.transfer

15.A.moralB.backgroundC.styleD.form

16.A.interpretB.criticizeC.sacrificeD.tolerate

17.A.taskB.secretC.productD.cost

18.A.leadingtoB.callingforC.relatingtoD.accountingfor

19.A.specifyB.predictC.restoreD.create

20.A.modifyB.reviewC.presentD.achieve

参考答案：

1-5：BADCB

6-10：ABCDB

11-15：CBDBA

16-20：CDCAD

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfburtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Mark

youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Reskillingissomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplanto

haveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.

Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswill

therequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWEFdetailedintheHarvardBusiness

Review,findsthatonaverage42percentofthe“coreskill”withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.

Thatisaveryshorttimeline,sowecanonlyimaginewhatthechangeswillbefurtherinthefuture.

Thequestionofwhoshouldpayfbrreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,the

temptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerdemandandreplacethemwith

thosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofa

companywhodecidedtodoamassivereskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy

ultimatelyretraining18,0(X)employees.Prepandemic,othercompaniesincludingAmazonand

DisneyhadalsopledgedtocreateIheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroader

economythough,thefocususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewhere

havebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearof

employersbeggingforworkersevenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.

Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5percentand5.5

percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereatgenerational

lowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percent

and13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworkershortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthe

medicalfield,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortages

ofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.

Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobedoctorinfew

weeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,maybeyoucancloseothers,

anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden,where

thepandemickick-startedaretrainingprogramwherebusinessaswellasgovernmenthadarole.

ReskillinginthiswaywouldbechallenginginaNorthAmericancontext.Youcaneasily

imagineachorusof"youcan'tdothat"becauseteachersornursesorwhoeverhavespecialskills,

andusinganysupportstaffwhohasbeenquicklytrainedisboundtoendindisaster.Maybe.Or

maybeitissomethingthatcanworkwellinSweden,withitshistoryofco-operationbetween

business,labourandgovernment,bu:notinNorthAmericawhereourhistoryisverydifferent.Then

again,maybeitisakintowartime,whenextraordinarythingstakeplace,butitisbusinessasusual

afterthefact.Andyet,asinwarthepandemicisteachingusthatmanythings,includingrapid

reskilling,canbedoneifthereisawilltodothem.Inanycase,Swedens'workforceisnowmore

skilled,inmorethings,andmoreflexiblethanitwasbefore.

Ofcourse,reskillingprograms,whetherforpandemicneedsorthepostpandemicworld,are

expensiveandatatimewheneveryone'sbudgetsarcleanthismaynotbethetimetoimplement

them.Thenagain,extendingincomesupportprogramstogetusthroughthenextmonthsis

expensive,too,tosaynothingofthecostofhavingaswathoflong-termunemployedinthePOST­

COVIDyearsGiventhat,perhapsweshouldthinkhardaboutwhetherthepandemiccanjump-start

ustoaplacewherereskillingbecomesmuchmorethanabuzzword.

21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests

A.anincreaseinfull-timeemployment

B.anurgentdemandfornewjobskills

C.asteadygrowthofjobopportunities

D.acontroversyaboutthe“coreskills”

22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow

A.analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy

B.animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport

C.theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards

D.thecharacteristicsofreskillingprogram

23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada

A.havedrivenuplabourcosts

B.haveprovedtobeinconsistent

C.havemetwithfierceopposition

D.haveappearedtobeinsufficient

24.WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas

A.acallfbrpolicyadjustment.

B.achangeinhiringpractices.

C.alackofmedicalworkers.

D.asignofeconomicrecovery.

25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto

A.Greatjobvacanciestortheunemployed.

B.Preparetheirlaid-offworkersfbrotherjobs.

C.Retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices.

D.financetheirstaffscollegeeducation.

Text2

Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhat

agriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityis

increasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,fbrarather

particularreason:Brexit.

BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimporting

food.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-

quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthe

farmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenationshealth.Soundsgreat-buthowfeasible

isthisvision?

AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentof

thecountry'stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percent

ofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn'tallowusto

coverallourmeatanddairyneeds.

Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-

sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobably

alsofarmmoreintensivelymeaningfewergreenfieldsandmorefactory-styleproduction.

Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn'thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUK

isdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn'thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrow

cropsoncommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry'slandissuitableforcrop-growing,most

ofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsof

fruitandveg-whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsof

peoplefromtheirhomes-wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.

Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,so

evenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourtreshproduceneeds.

Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswith

thevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.

26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould___.

[Ajabehinderedbyitspopulationgrowth

[B]contributetothenationswell-being

[C]becomeapriorityofthegovernment

[D]postachallengetoitsfarmingindustry

27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowedthatintheUK

[A]farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilised

[B]factorystyleproductionneedsreforming

[C]mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproduction

[D]moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarming

28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto__.

[A]itsfanningtechnology

[B]itsdietarytradition

fC]itsnaturalconditions

[D]itscommercialinterests

29.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople.

[A]relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduce

[Bjenjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumption

[C]areseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintake

D]aretryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains

30.Theauthor'sattitudetofoodself-efficiencyintheUKis_

[A]defensive

[B]doubtful

IC]tolerant

[D]optimistic

Text3

WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunerlistandmobilecalendarSunrisein

2015,itpickeduptwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.

Microsoft'sownOfficedominatesthemarketfor“productivity“software,butthestart-ups

representedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundupforthesmartphoneworld.

Bothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbest

featuresinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemany

4tacqui-hiresMthatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirinsatiablehungerfortechtalent.

ToMicrosoft'scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorseless

drivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpah“Theyboughtthe

seedlingsandclosedthemdown,“complainedPaulArnold,apartneratSanFrancisco-based

SwitchVentures,puttingpaidtobusinessesthatmightonedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoft

declinedtocomment.

Likeotherstart-upinvestors,MrArnold'sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart­

upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:u1thinkthese

thingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.ButaretheygoodfbrtheAmericaneconomy?I

don'tknow.”

TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.This

week,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesforinformationaboultheirmanysmall

acquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,therequesthas

raisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeen

beyondtheirreach.

Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5tm,riflingthroughsuchsmalldeals-

-manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise-mightseembesidethepoint.

Betweenthem,thefivecompanies(Applc,Microsoft,Google,AmazonandFacebook)havespent

anaverageofonly$3.4bnayearonsub-$Ibnacquisitionsoverthepastfiveyears-adropinthe

oceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130bnofventure

capitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.

However,criticssaythatthebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreatening

potentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecasesas

partofa“buyandkilF'tactictosimplyclosethemdown.

31.WhatistrueaboutWuderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?

A.Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.

B.Theirlechfeaturesimproved.

C.Theirengineerswereretained.

D.Theirproductswerere-priced.

32.Microsoft'scriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto

A.ignorepublicoptions

B.treatnewtechtalentunfairly

C.exaggeratetheirproductquality

D.eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitors

33.PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight_

A.harmthenationaleconomy

B.worsenmarketcompetition

C.discouragestart-upinvestors

D.weakenbigtechcompanies

34.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendto_

A.examinesmallacquisitions

B.limitBigTech'sexpansion

C.supervisestart-upsoperations

D.encourageresearchcollaboration

35.Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionhave

A.broughtlittlefinancialpressure

B.raisedfewmanagementchallenges

C.setanexampleforfuturedeals

D.generateconsiderableprofits

Text4

We'refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpression,thinslicesof

experiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototofive-minuteinteraction,and

deliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshe

dubbednthinslicing,"thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatch

silent1O-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor'soverall

effectiveness.Theirratingsconelatedstronglywithstudents'end-of-semesterratings.

Anothersetofparticipantshadcountbackwardfrom1,000byninesastheywatched

theclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejustas

accurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.

Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfor

theirjudgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambady

suspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertain

gesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsform

aholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-

secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,or

datingpartners.

Otherresearchshowswe'rebetteratdetectingdeceptionansexualorientation

fromthinsliceswhenwerelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection.uIfsasifyou'redriving

astickshift,“saysJudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,"andifyou

startthinkingaboutittoomuch,youcan'trememberwhatyou*redoing.Butifyougo

onautomaticpilot,you*refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat.”

Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents'

ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursealignedbetterwithexperts'opinionswhen

thestudentsweren'taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-buying

decisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenasked

tofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex-

whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.

Intuition'sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inone

study,participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattapped

reflectivethinking(discerningrulecomprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattapped

intuitionancreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentherated

thedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition("gutfeelings,1'"hunches,""myheart1').

Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelped

themontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.

36.NaliniAmbaby'sstudydealswith

A.instructorstudentinteraction

B.thepowerofpeople1smemory

C.thereliabilityoffirstimpressions

D.People*sabilitytoinfluenceothers

37.InAmbaby'sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants

A.gavetheratinginlimitedtime

C.watchedshortervideoclips

B.focusedonspecificdetails

D.discussedwithonanother

38.JudithHallmentionsdrivingtomentionthat

A.memorycanbeselective

B.reflectioncanbedistracting

C.socialskillsmustbecultivated

D.deceptionisdifficulttodetect

39.Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto.

A.followyourfeelings

B.listyourpreferences

C.seekexpertadvice

D.collectenoughdata

40.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

A.Generatingmewproductstakestime.

B.Intuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.

C.Vocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.

D.Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitiveness.

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfrom

thelistA-Gfbreachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhich

youdonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.Staycalm

B.Stayhumble

C.Don'tmakejudgments

D.Berealisticabouttherisks

E.Decidewhethertowail

F.Askpermissiontodisagree

G.Identifyasharedgoal

HowtoDisagreewitSomeoneMorePowerfulthanYou

Yourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlinesa

projecttimelineyouthinkisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohas

morepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit'sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,what

exactlyshouldyousay?Here'showiodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.

41.______

Ybumaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven'tfinished

thinkingtheproblemthrough,thewholediscussionwasasurprisetoyou,oryouwanttogeta

clearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagreetoo,youmight

wanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthink——all

thethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It'salsoagoodideatodelay

theconversationifyou'reinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingiheissueinprivatewill

makethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.

42.

Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout—itmay

be“thecredibilityoftheirteamongettingaprojectdoneontime,“saysGrenny.You'remore

likelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoa“higherpurpose''.Whenyoudospeak

up,don'tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You'llwanttostateitovertly,contextualizingyour

statementssothatyou'reseennotasadisagreeableunderlingbutasacolleaguewho'stryingto

advanceasharedgoal.Thediscussionwillthenbecomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.

43.

Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit'sasmartwaytogivethepowerfulperson

psychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,“Iknowweseemtobemoving

towardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.1havereasonstothinkthatwon'twork.I'dliketolayout

myreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthepersonachoice,allowingthemtoverballyopt

in.And,assumingtheysayyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyour

disagreement.

44.

Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucantoremain

neutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicatesreluctanc