2020年考研英语二真题1

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDon

theANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Beingagoodparentis,ofcourse,whateveryparentwouldliketobe.Butdefiningwhatitmeans

tobeagoodparentisundoubtedlyvery1,particularlysincechildrenresponddifferentlytothe

samestyleofparenting.Acalm,rule-followingchildmightrespondbettertoadifferentsortof

parentingthan,2,ayoungersibling.

3,there'sanothersortofparentthafsabiteasierto4:apatientparentChildrenofevery

agebenefitfrompatientparenting.Still,5everyparentwouldliketobepatient,thisisnoeasy6.

Sometimesparentsgetexhaustedandfrustratedandareunabletomaintaina7andcomposedstylewith

theirkids.Iunderstandthis.

You'reonlyhuman,andsometimesyourkidscan8youjustalittletoofar.Andthenthe9

happens:Youloseyourpatienceandeitherscreamatyourkidsorsaysomethingthatwasabittoo

10anddoesnobodyanygood.Youwishthatyoucould11theclockandstartover,We'veall

beenthere.

12.eventhoughit'scommon,it'simportanttokeepinmindthatinasinglemomentoffatigue,

youcansaysomethingtoyourchildthatyoumay13foralongtime.Thismaynotonlydo

damagetoyourrelationshipwithyourchildbutalso14yourchild'sself-esteem.

Ifyouconsistentlyloseyour15withyourkids,thenyouareinadvertentlymodelingalackof

emotionalcontrolforyourkids.Weareallbecomingincreasinglyawareofthe16ofmodeling

toleranceandpatiencefortheyoungergeneration.Thisisaskillthatwillhelpthemallthroughout

life.Infact,theabilitytoemotionallyregulateormaintainemotionalcontrolwhen17bystressis

oneofthemostimportantofalllife'sskills.

Certainly,ifsincredibly18tomaintainpatienceatalltimeswithyourchildren.Amore

practicalgoalistotry,tothebestofyourability,tobeastolerantandcomposedasyoucanwhen

facedwith19situationsinvolvingyourchildren.Icanpromiseyouthis:Asaresultofworking

towardthisgoal,youandyourchildrenwillbenefitand20fromstressfulmomentsfeelingbetter

physicallyandemotionally.

1.[A]tedious[B]pleasant[C]instructive[D]tricky

2.[A]inaddition[B]forexample[C]atonce[D]by

accident

3.[A]Fortunately[B]Occasionally[C]Accordingly[D]Eventually

4.[A]amuse[B]assist[C]describe[D]train

5.[A]while[B]because[C]unless[D]once

6.[A]answer[B]task[C]choice[D]access

7.[A]tolerant[B]formal[C]rigid[D]critical

8.[A]move[B]drag[C]push[D]send

9.[A]mysterious[B]illogical[C]suspicious[D]inevitable

10.[A]boring[B]naive[C]harsh[D]vague

11.[A]turnback[B]takeapart[C]setaside[D]coverup

12.[A]Overall[B]Instead[C]However[D]Otherwise

13.[A]like[B]miss[C]believe[D]regret

14.[A]raise[B]affect[C]justify[D]reflect

15.[A]time[B]bond[C]race[D]cool

16.[A]nature[B]secret[C]importance[D]context

17.[A]cheated[B]defeated[C]confused[D]confronted

18.[A]terrible[B]hard[C]strange[D]wrong

19.[A]trying[B]changing[C]exciting[D]surprising

20.[A]hide[B]emerge[C]withdraw[D]escape

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirectios:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Ratsandotheranimalsneedtobehighlyattunedtosocialsignalsfromotherssotheycan

identifyfriendstocooperatewithandenemiestoavoid.Tofindoutifthisextendstonon-livingbeings,

LalehQuinnattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,andhercolleaguestestedwhetherratscan

detectsocialsignalsfromroboticrats.

Theyhousedeightadultratswithtwotypesofroboticrat——onesocialandoneasocial——forfour

days.Therobotratswerequiteminimalist,resemblingachunkierversionofacomputermousewith

wheels-tomovearoundandcolorfulmarkings.

Duringtheexperiment,thesocialrobotratfollowedthelivingratsaround,playedwiththesame

2

toys,andopenedcagedoorstolettrappedratsescape.Meanwhile,theasocialrobotsimplymoved

forwardsandbackwardsandsidetoside.

Next,theresearcherstrappedtherobotsincagesandgavetheratstheopportunitytorelease

thembypressingalever.Across18trialseach,thelivingratswere52percentmorelikelyonaverage

tosetthesocialrobotfreethantheasocialone.Thissuggeststhattheratsperceivedthesocialrobot

asagenuinesocialbeing,saysQuinn.Theratsmayhavebondedmorewiththesocialrobotbecause

itdisplayedbehaviorslikecommunalexploringandplaying.Thiscouldleadtotheratsbetter

rememberinghavingfreeditearlier,andwantingtherobottoreturnthefavourwhentheyget

trapped,shesays.

“Ratshavebeenshowntoengageinmultipleformsofreciprocalhelpandcooperation,including

whatisreferredtoasdirectreciprocitywherearatwillhelpanotherratthathaspreviouslyhelped

them,“saysQuinn.

Thereadinessoftheratstobefriendthesocialrobotwassurprisinggivenitsminimaldesign.The

robotwasthesamesizeasaregularratbutresembledasimpleplasticboxonwheels."We'd

assumedwe'dhavetogiveitamovingheadandtail,facialfeatures,andputascentonittomakeit

smelllikearealrat,butthatwasn'tnecessary,“saysJanetWilesattheUniversityofQueenslandin

Australia,whohelpedwiththeresearch.

Thefindingshowshowsensitiveratsaretosocialcues,evenwhentheycomefrombasicrobots,

saysWiles.Similarly,childrentendtotreatrobotsasiftheyarefellowbeings,evenwhentheydisplay

onlysimplesocialsignals.tlWehumansseemtobefascinatedbyrobots,anditturnsoutotheranimals

aretoo,“saysWiles.

3

Text2

ItistruethatCEOpayhasgoneup-toponesmaymake300timesthepayoftypicalworkers

onaverage,andsincethemid-1970s,CEOpayforlargepubliclytradedAmericancorporationshas,by

varyingestimates,goneupbyabout500%,ThetypicalCEOofatopAmericancorporationnowmakes

about$18.9millionayear.

ThebestmodelforunderstandingthegrowthofCEOpayisthatoflimitedCEOtalentinaworld

wherebusinessopportunitiesforthetopfirmsaregrowingrapidly.TheeffortsofAmerica5shighest-

earning1%havebeenoneofthemoredynamicelementsoftheglobaleconomy.Ifsnotpopularto

say.butonereasontheirpayhasgoneupsomuchisthatCEOsreallyhaveuppedtheirgamerelative

tomanyotherworkersintheU.S.economy.

Today1sCEO,atleastformajorAmericanfirms,musthavemanymereskillsthansimplybeing

ableto“runthecompany.^^CEOsmusthaveagoodsenseoffinancialmarketsandmaybeevenhow

thecompanyshouldtradeinthem.Theyalsoneedbetterpublicrelationsskillsthantheir

predecessors,asthecostsofevenaminorslipupcanbesignificant.Thenthere'sthefactthatlarge

Americancompaniesaremuchmoreglobalizedthaneverbefore,withsupplychainsspreadacrossa

largernumberofcountries.Toleadinthatsystemrequiresknowledgethatisfairlymind-

boggling.Plus,virtuallyallmajorAmericancompaniesarebecomingtechcompanies,onewayor

another.Beyondthis,majorCEOsstillhavetodoalltheday-to-dayworktheyhavealwaysdone.

ThecommonideathathighCEOpayismainlyaboutrippingpeopleoffdoesn'texplainhistory

verywell.Bymostmeasures,corporategovernancehasbecomealottighterandmorerigoroussince

the1970s.YetitisprincipallyduringthisperiodofstrongergovernancethatCEOpayhasbeenhigh

andrising.Thatsuggestsitisinthebroadercorporateinteresttorecruittopcandidatesfor

increasinglytoughjobs.

Furthermore,thehighestCEOsalariesarepaidtooutsidecandidates,nottothecozyinsider

picks,anothersignthathighCEOpayisnotsomekindofdepredationattheexpenseoftherestofthe

company.AndthestockmarketreactspositivelywhencompaniestieCEOpayto,say,stockprices,a

signthatthosepracticesbuildupcorporatevaluenotjustfortheCEO.

5

26.WhichofthefollowinghascontributedtoCEOpayrise?

[A]Thegrowthinthenumberofcorporations.

[B]Thegeneralpayrisewithabettereconomy.

[C]Increasedbusinessopportunitiesfortopfirms.

[D]Closecooperationamongleadingeconomies.

27.Comparedwiththeirpredecessors,today*sCEOsarerequiredto

[A]fosterastrongersenseofteamwork

[B]financemoreresearchanddevelopment

[C]establishclosertieswithtechcompanies

[DJoperatemoreglobalizedcompanies

28.CEOpayhasbeenrisingsincethe1970sdespite.

[A]continualinternalopposition

[B]strictcorporategovernance

[C]conservativebusinessstrategies

[D]repeatedgovernmentwarnings

29.HighCEOpaycanbejustifiedbythefactthatithelps.

[A]confirmthestatusofCEOs

[B]motiveinsidecandidates

[C]boosttheefficiencyofCEOs

[D]increasecorporatevalue

30.Themostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe.

[A]CEOsAreNotOverpaid

[B]CEOPay:PastandPresent

[C]CEOs5ChallengesofToday

[D]CEOTraits:NotEasytoDefine

6

Text3

MadridwashailedasapublichealthbeaconlastNovemberwhenitrolledoutambitious

restrictionsonthemostpollutingcars.Sevenmonthsandoneelectiondaylater,anewconservative

citycouncilsuspendedenforcementofthecleanairzone,afirststeptowarditspossibledemise.

MayorJoseLuisMartinez-Almeidamadeoppositiontothezoneacentrepieceofhiselection

campaign,despiteitssuccessinimprovingairquality.Ajudgehasnowoverruledthecity'sdecision

tostoplevyingfines,orderingthemreinstated.Butwithlegalbattlesahead,thezone'sfuturelooks

uncertainatbest.

Amongotherweaknesses,themeasurescitiesmustemploywhenlefttotackledirtyairontheir

ownarepoliticallycontentious,andthereforevulnerable.Thafsbecausetheyinevitablyputthecosts

ofcleaningtheairontoindividualdrivers一whomustpayfeesorbuybettervehicles一ratherthanon

tothecarmanufacturerswhosecheatingistherealcauseofourtoxicpollution.

IfsnothardtoimagineasimilarreversalhappeninginLondon.Thenewultra-lowemission

zone(Ulez)islikelytobeabigissueinnextyear'smayoralelection.AndifSadiqkhanwinsand

extendsittotheNorthandSouthCircularroadsin2021asheintends,itissuretosparkintense

oppositionfromthefarlargernumberofmotoristswhowillthenbeaffected.

It'snotthatmeasuressuchasLondon'sUlezareuseless.Farfromit.Localofficialsareusingthe

leversthatareavailabletothemtosafeguardresidents1healthinthefaceofaseriousthreat.The

zonesdodeliversomeimprovementstoairquality,andthesciencetellsusthatmeansrealhealth

benefits一fewerheartattacks,strokesandprematurebirths,lesscancer,dementiaandasthma.

Feweruntimelydeaths.

Butmayorsandcouncilorscanonlydosomuchaboutaproblemthatisfarbiggerthananyone

cityortown.Theyareactingbecausenationalgovernments—Britain'sandothersacrossEurope-

havefailedtodoso.

Restrictionsthatkeephighlypollutingcarsoutofcertainareas一citycentres,''schoolstreets”,

evenindividualroads一arearesponsetotheabsenceofalargerefforttoproperlyenforceexisting

regulationsandrequireautocompaniestobringtheirvehiclesintocompliance.Waleshas

introducedspeciallowspeedlimitstominimisepollution.We'redoingeverythingbutinsistthat

manufacturerscleanuptheircars.

7

31.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutMadrid'scleanairzone?

[A]Itseffectsarequestionable.

[B]Ithasbeenopposedbyajudge.

[C]Itneedstougherenforcement.

[DIItsfateisyettobedecided.

32.Whichisconsideredaweaknessofthecity-levelmeasurestotackledirtyair?

[A]Theyarebiasedagainstcarmanufacturers.

[B]Theyproveimpracticalforcitycouncils.

[C]Theyaredeemedtoomildforpoliticians.

[D]Theyputtoomuchburdenonindividualmotorists.

33.TheauthorbelievesthattheextensionofLondon'sUlezwill.

[AJarousestrongresistance

[B]ensureKhan'selectoralsuccess

[CJimprovethecity'straffic

[D]discouragecarmanufacturing

34.Whodoestheauthorthinkshouldhaveaddressedtheproblem?

[AlLocalresidents

[BJMayors.

[C]Councilors.

[DJNationalgovernments.

35.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatautocompanies.

[AJwillraiselow-emissioncarproduction

[B]shouldbeforcedtofollowregulations

[C]willupgradethedesignoftheirvehicles

[D]shouldbeputunderpublicsupervision

8

Text4

NowthatmembersofGenerationZaregraduatingcollegethisspring一themostcommonly-

accepteddefinitionsaysthisgenerationwasbornafter1995,giveortakeayear—theattentionhas

beenrisingsteadilyinrecentweeks.GenZsareabouttohitthestreetslookingforworkinalabor

marketthafstighterthanit'sbeenindecades.Andemployersareplanningonhiringabout17

percentmorenewgraduatesforjobsintheU.S.thisyearthanlast,accordingtoasurveyconducted

bytheNationalAssociationofCollegesandEmployers.Everybodywantstoknowhowthepeople

whowillsooninhabitthoseemptyofficecubicleswilldifferfromthosewhocamebeforethem.

If“entitled“isthemostcommonadjective,fairlyornot,appliedtomillennials(thoseborn

between1981and1995),thecatchwordsforGenerationZarepracticalandcautious.Accordingto

thecareercounselorsandexpertswhostudythem,GenerationZsareclear-eyed,economic

pragmatists.Despitegraduatingintothebesteconomyinthepast50years,GenZsknowwhatan

economictrainwrecklookslike.Theywereimpressionablekidsduringthecrashof2008,when

manyoftheirparentslosttheirjobsortheirlifesavingsorboth.Theyaren'tinterestedintaking

anychances.Theboomingeconomyseemstohavedonelittletoassuagethisunderlying

generationalsenseofanxiousurgency,especiallyforthosewhohavecollegedebt.Collegeloan

balancesintheU.S.nowstandatarecord$1.5trillion,accordingtotheFederalReserve.

OnesurveyfromAccenturefoundthat88percentofgraduatingseniorsthisyearchosetheir

majorwithajobinmind.Ina2019surveyofUniversityofGeorgiastudents,meanwhile,thecareer

officefoundthemostdesirabletraitinafutureemployerwastheabilitytooffersecureemployment

(followedbyprofessionaldevelopmentandtraining,andtheninspiringpurpose).Jobsecurityor

stabilitywasthesecondmostimportantcareergoal(work-lifebalancewasnumberone),followed

byasenseofbeingdedicatedtoacauseortofeelgoodaboutservingthegreatergood.

Thafsabigchangefromthepreviousgeneration."Millennialswantedmoreflexibilityintheir

lives,“notesTanyaMichelsen,AssociateDirectorofYouthSight,aUK-basedbrandmanagerthat

conducts.regular60-daysurveysofBritishyouth,infindingsthatmightjustaswellapplyto

Americanyouth.''GenerationZsarelookingformorecertaintyandstability,becauseoftheriseof

thegigeconomy.Theyhavetroublesseeingafinancialfutureandtheyarequiteriskaverse.”

36.GenerationZsgraduatingcollegethisspring.

[A]arerecognizedfortheirabilities

[B]areoptimisticaboutthelabormarket

[C]areinfavorofofficejoboffers

[D]aredrawinggrowingpublicattention

9

37.GenerationZsarekeenlyaware.

[A]whattheirparentsexpectofthem

[B]howvaluableacounselor'sadviceis

[C]whatatougheconomicsituationislike

[D]howtheydifferfrompastgenerations

38.Theword'assuage^Qine9,para.2)isclosetinmeaningto.

|A]deepen

[B]define

[C]maintain

[D]relieve

39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatGenerationZs.

[A]givetopprioritytoprofessionaltraining

[B]haveaclearideaabouttheirfuturejob

[C]carelittleabouttheirjobperformance

[D]thinkithardtoachievework-lifebalance

40.Michelsenthinksthatcomparedwithmillennials,GenerationZsare_.

[A]lessrealistic

[B]lessadventurous

[C]morediligent

[D]moregenerous

PartBDirections:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthe

listA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneed

touse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

fA]Givecompliments,justnottoomany.

[B]Putonagoodface,always.

(CJTailoryourinteractions.

[D]Spendtimewitheveryone.

io

[E]Reveal,don'thide,information.

[F]Slowdownandlisten.

fG]Putyourselvesinothers'shoes.

FiveWaystoWinOverEveryoneintheOffice

Isitpossibletolikeeveryoneinyouroffice?Thinkabouthowtoughitistogettogether15people,

muchless50,whoallgetalongperfectly.Butunlikeinfriendships,youneedcoworkers.Youwork

withthemeveryday,andyoudependonthemjustastheydependonyou.Herearesomewaysthat

youcangetthewholeofficeonyourside.

41.________________________________________

Ifyouhaveabonetopickwithsomeoneinyourworkplace,youmaytrytostaytight-lipped

aroundthem.Butyouwon'tbehelpingeitheroneofyou.AHarvardBusinessSchoolstudyfoundthat

observersconsistentlyratedthosewhowereupfrontaboutthemselvesmorehighly,whilethosewho

hidlosttrustworthiness.Thelessonisnotthatyoushouldmakeyourpersonallifeanopenbook,but

rather,whengiventheoptiontoofferupdetailsaboutyourselforstudiouslystashthemaway,you

shouldjustbehonest.

42.________________________________________

Justasimportantasbeinghonestaboutyourselfisbeingreceptivetoothers.Weoftenfeeltheneed

totellothershowwefeel,whetherit'saconcernaboutaproject,astraythought,oracompliment.

Thoseareallvalid,butyouneedtotaketimetohearoutyourcoworkers,too.Infact,rushingtoget

yourownideasouttherecancausecolleaguestofeelyoudon'tvaluetheiropinions.Doyourbestto

engagecoworkersinagenuine,back-and-forthconversation,ratherthanprioritizingyourown

thoughts.

43.________________________________________________

It'scommontohavea“cubiclemate“orspecialconfidantinaworksetting.Butinadditionto

thosetrustedcoworkers,youshouldexpandyourhorizonsandfindoutaboutallthepeoplearoundyou.

Useyourlunchandcoffeebreakstomeetupwithcolleaguesyoudon'talwayssee.Findoutabouttheir

livesandinterestsbeyondthejob.Itrequiresminimaleffortandgoesalongway.Thiswillhelpto

growyourinternalnetwork,inadditiontobeinganicebreakintheworkday.

11

44.

Positivefeedbackisimportantforanyonetohear.Andyoudon'thavetobesomeone'sbosstotell

themtheydidanexceptionaljobonaparticularproject.Thiswillhelpengendergoodwillinothers.

Butdon'toverdoitorbefakeaboutit.Onestudyfoundthatpeoplerespondedbesttocommentsthat

shiftedfromnegativetopositive,possiblybecauseitsuggestedtheyhadwonsomebodyover.

45.

Thisonemaybeabitmoredifficult