主旨大意+学案- 高三上学期英语二轮复习专项

二轮专项复习—阅读理解之主旨大意班级________姓名_________题型分类：段落大意题文章大意题标题归纳题一、段落大意题【典型例题1】(2021·全国乙卷，节选)Thesedaysyou’dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn’townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.()Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytellusaboutmobilephones?A.Theirtargetusers.B.Theirwidepopularity.C.Theirmajorfunctions.D.Theircomplexdesign.【典型例题2】(2020·课标全国Ⅲ，节选)Thecreativeteambehind“Apes”usedmotion－capture(动作捕捉)technologytocreatedigitalizedanimals,spendingtensofmillionsofdollarsontechnologythatrecordsanactor’sperformanceandlaterprocessesitwithcomputergraphicstocreateafinalimage(图像).Inthiscase,oneofarealistic－lookingape.().Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Thecostofmaking“Apes”． B.Thecreationofdigitalizedapes.C.Thepublicityabout“Apes”． D.Theperformanceofrealapes.【典型例题3】(2019年江苏卷B第二段)Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone(圆锥体)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro,whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma(岩浆)pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943,aMexicanfarmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth,allbutafewhundredofthemextinct.Thereis,however,asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn’tinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,thecaldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype,butChristiansencouldn’tfindthecalderaanywhere.().Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.【典型例题4】（2019年全国卷ID第二段）Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.().Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.【典型例题5】(2019年浙江卷C第二段)Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.().Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.【典型例题6】（2019年北京D）Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld’soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean’sappearance.().Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.【典型例题7】（2018年江苏B最后一段）Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—"bad"tables,crowding.highprices—don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot"beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad'tables,"giventhatthey'reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.().Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurants'reputation.D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.【典型例题8】(2017年全国卷IIC)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.().Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.【技巧点拨】①段落中出现表示转折的词语（如however,but,infact,actually,while,onthecontrary,incontrast等）时其后的句子很可能是主题句。②段落的主题句往往出现在每一段的第一句话或者最后一句话。有时候主题句不明显，需要自己归总结。③表示总结或结论的话中常有therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等。二、文章大意题【典型例题】（2020年高考全真模拟卷）AwomanfromtheUnitedArabEmirateshasregainedconsciousnessafterspending27yearsinavegetativestate（植物人状态）.MuniraAbdullawasaged32whenshesufferedabraininjuryafterthecarshewasridinginwashitbyabusin1991.HersonOmarrevealedherfantasticrecoveryinaninterviewwithTheNational.Hedescribedhowtheaccidentoccurredwhenhewasfouryearsoldandneededtobebroughthomefromkindergarten.MsAbdulla'sbrother-in-lawdrovehertoschooltocollectOmarandthefamilyweredrivinghome,withmotherandchildinthebackseat,whentheywerehitbythebus.Asthebushit，MsAbdullathrewherselfaroundhersontoprotecthimfromtheimpact.Whileshesufferedasevereheadinjury,heescapedwithjustabruise.Omardescribedhowhismotherwasleftuntreatedforhoursbecausethefamilywereunabletocallforhelpandtherewaslittletraffic，beforeshewastransferredtoaclinicinLondon.There,doctorsdiagnosedavegetativestate,meaningshewascompletelyunresponsivebutabletofeelpain.ShewastransferredbacktotheUAEandputonabreathingmachineandafeedingtubetokeepheralive,spendingthenextfewdecadeshookeduptomachines.ButinApril2017,SheikhMohamedbinZayed,theCrownPrinceofAbuDhabi,heardofhercaseandgaveherfamilyafundfortreatment.MsAbdullawasflowntoGermanywheresheunderwentsurgeriestorepairhermuscleswhilebeinggivenmedicationtoimprovehersleeppatterns.Aroundayearlatershebeganmakingstrangesounds,andwithinthreedaysshecalledouttoOmarusinghisname."Itwasher!Shewascallingmyname,Iwasflyingwithjoy；foryearsIhavedreamedofthismoment,andmynamewasthefirstwordshesaid，"hesaid.().What'sthetextmainlyabout?A.Everymother'schildisanangel.B.Childrenarewhatthemothersare.C.Amotherwakesupfromunconsciousness.D.Anaccidentmakesamotherinavegetativestatespeak.【归纳总结】1.【呈现方式】①.开门见山式：中心主题句出现在文首（新闻文体/科技文体/社会调查文体/议论文都采用这种形式）②.藏头露尾式：主题句出现在文尾③.抛砖引玉式：文章开头提出问题④首尾呼应式：文章开头提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题⑤.藏龙卧虎式：中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句【技巧点拨】①.含有抽象名词和概括性词语的选项往往是正确答案；②.较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的选项一般是答案项。三、标题归纳题【典型例题】（2021·英语全国甲卷）Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender(性别)are“really,reallysmart.”Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart.”Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”()．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．GeniusesThinkAlike B．GeniusTakesManyFormsC．GeniusandIntelligence D．GeniusandLuck四、语篇训练(2022·山东临沂一模)Whenevaluatingpeopleonvariouspsychologicaltests，psychologistsoftendistinguishbetweenmarkersofabsoluteperformanceandrelativeperformance.Absoluteperformancereflectstherawmeasurementofsomething，likethetimeittakestorunamile.Relativeperformanceishowapersonratesinrelationtotheirpeers，asinwhatplacearunnergetsinarace.Thestandardsweusetoevaluateourselvesarealmostalwaysrelative，aswecompareourselvestoourpeersandthestandardsthataremostfamiliartous.Forinstance，inmyprivatepractice，IhaveonepatientIwillcall“Omar”whoisdependentonsocialservicesandmakeslessthan$30,000peryearathisjob.Whilethislevelofpovertywouldleadmostpeopletowakeupdepressedeachday，OmarisoneofthemostoptimisticandappreciativeindividualsIknow.Why？Becausemostofhisclosestpeers—hissiblingsandfriendsfromchildhood—havelivesfarworsethanhis.IncontrasttoOmar，Ihaveanotherpatient，anadolescentI’llcall“Lena”，whosefamilyhaspropertyover$5million.Lena，however，livesinanupper-classneighborhoodwhereherfamilyisatthelowerendoftheincomelevel.ThoughLena’sfamilyallowshertoenjoypossessionsandexperiencesthatlessthan1percentofherpeersacrosstheworldcanshare，sheconsistentlyfeels“lessthan”．Why？BecauseLenadoesn’tcompareherselftotherestoftheworld.Thisistooabstractanexerciseforher，asitwouldbeformostofus.Accordingly，whetherapsychologistispsychodynamicorcognitive-behavioral，therapy(疗法)withindividualsstrugglingwithsituationalorpsychologicaldepressionaimstosolveth