考博英语模拟试卷261

考博英语模拟试卷261

一、词汇（本题共30题，每题7.0分，共30分。）

1、Thedrugstoreatthecomerofourstreetsellsaspirinsandpenicillin

prescriptions.

A、dispenses

B>disposes

C、disperses

D、dispatches

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题意为“街角上的药店出售阿斯匹林和处方盘尼西林dispose的

意思是"处理"，如：Wehavetodisposeofthispileofoldpapersandmagazines.（我

们得把这堆旧报纸和杂志处理掉。）其他三项dispense“分配，分发"，disperse”（使）

分散，（使）分开dkpatch”分派，派遣”都与题意不符，因此R项为正确答案「

2、Bigbusinessesenjoycertainthatsmalleronesdonothave.

A、transactions

privileges

C、subsidies

D、substitutes

标准答案：B

知识点解析•：木题意为“大企业享受小企业享受不到的特别待遇B项“privilege特

权，特别待遇''符合题意，如：Educationshouldnotbeconsideredtobeaprivilegein

amodernsociely.（在一个现代社会中，受教育不应该被看成是一种特权）。其他三

项“transaction交易；subsidy补助金,津贴;substitute代用交'都不正确。

3、Runningcanstrengthenyourheartandmuscles,but,itcandamageyourkneejoints

andthebonesinyourfeet.

A^previously

B、formerly

C>conversely

D^literally

标准答案；C

知识点解析：（conversely相反地）。句意为：跑步能锻炼你的心脏和肌肉；但是正

好相反，它会损伤你的膝关节和脚上的骨头。A.previously以前：B.fonneHy从

前，以前；D.literally不加夸张地。

4、Thosewholetuncertaintyrarelyachievemuch.

A、turnthemdown

B、sendthemdown

C^weighthemdown

D、huddledown

标准答案：C

知识点解析：哲无解析

5、Fourmemberswalkedoutofthesession,withtheresultthatthecommitteedidnot

haveaandwouldnottakeanydecisions.

A、babe

B>backbone

C、quorum

D、apartheid

标准答案：c

知识点。析：quorum”法定人数委员会或组织最少人数的官员或成员，通常要达到

多数，必须出席，以确保事务处理的有效性”符合题意。babe婴孩，天真而不知世

故的人；backbone骨干，中坚；apariheid南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政

策。

6^Hecamebacklater,whichtimetheyhadleft.

A、after

B、by

C^from

D、for

标准答案：B

知识点解析：by与时间搭配表示时间的限时。木句相当于"Bythetimehecame

backlater,theyhadleft”。

7、Manypuremetalshavelittleusebecausetheyaretoosoft,rusttooeasily,orhave

someother.

A、bruises

B、blunders

C^handicaps

D、drawbacks

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题是说夕艮多纯金属无法使用，因此它们太软，易生锈，或有些其他

的缺陷。D项"drawbacks缺点，障碍”符合题意。其他三项“bruises瘀伤，擦伤；

blunders大错，失误；handicaps妨碍，使不利，阻碍”都不正确。

8、Mary'sdeparturewithTom'sreturn.

A、complied

B、retarded

C、coincided

D^collaborated

标准答案：C

知识点解析：句意：玛丽离开时汤姆刚好回来。coincide相符合，相巧合。comply

应允，遵照。retard阻碍,延迟。collaborate合作,协调。

9、5.intheirislandcommunity,thevarioustribesusedlanguageswhichbecame

moreandmoresimilartoeachother's.

A、Managed

B、Shrunk

C、Assumed

D、Isolated

标准答案：D

知识点解析：各项的意思是：manage”经营，设法对付“，managewithout"在没

有……下应付过去"；shrink”收缩,退缩,一般指衣服的收缩”；shrinkback”退缩,

害怕“；assume”假设，担任“，assumeresponsibilily”承担责任"；isolate”使隔离，

使孤立，使脱离，一般指地理位置的孤立”。根据句意判断，答案为D。

10、Davidhiscompany\successtotheunityofallthestaffandtheir

perseveringhardwork.

A^attributed

contributed

C、acknowledged

D、pledged

标准答案：A

知识点解析:attributed。。）意为“归因于";contributed。。）意为"捐献”;acknowledged

意为“承认”；pledged意为“保证”。本句话意思是：“大卫说他们公司之所以获得成

功是由于全体员工的团结和坚持不懈努力工作的结果A项符合题意。如：delays

attributedtosnow（因下雪而耽搁）。

11、Thegovernmentagreedto1,000refugees.

A、accommodate

elucidate

C、liquidate

D、vindicate

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

12、TheCommitteepronouncedfourmembersexpelledforfailuretoprovide

informationiniheofinvestigations.

A^case

B、chase

C、cause

D^course

标准答案：D

知识点解析：inihecourseof在...的过程中;incaseof万一；cause原因，事业；

chase追赶,不用于inthe...of结构中。所以D为正确答案。

13>Thisisanidealsiteforauniversityitisfarfromthedowntownarea.

A、providedthat

B、nowthat

C、sothat

D、inthat

标准答案：D

知识点解析：inthat因为，由于。providcdthat只要。nowthat既然。sothat为了,

目的是。

14、(Seetoit)thatthelady(got)whatshe(wants)and(returnto)herhometownsafely.

A、Seetoit

B、got

C、wants

D、returnto

标准答案：D

知识点解析：改为returnedto。与前面的got时态保持一致。

15、Membersofparliamentarebythepeople.

A、voted

B、elected

C、nominated

D、represented

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

16、Tohiscosmopolitanmindsuchdeviationsfromthesocialwerenomore

thanaretheirregularitiesofvaleandmountain-chaintothewholeterrestrialcurve.

A^norm

B、criterion

C^measure

D、standard

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

17、Manyreportedthatthegeneralmilitarymessagetheyreceivedwasthat,asnurses,

theywereexpectedtobestrong.

A、empirically

B>emotionally

C^emulously

D^eminently

标准答案：B

知识点解析：全句语意需要B。

18>Dreamsareinthemselves,but,whencombinedwithotherdata,theycantell

usmuchaboutthedreamer.

A、uninformative

B、stanling

C、harmless

D、uncontrollable

标准答案：A

知识点解析：各选项的含义分别为：“不提供信息(或资料)的，不增进知识的"令

人吃惊的”；"无害的''和"无法控制的从句子的转折关系可轻易判断出答案为

Ao

19、Evenwhentextbooksarethroughaschoolsystem,methodsofteachingmay

varygreatly.

A^commonplace

B、standardized

C^competitive

D^generalized

标准答案：B

知识点解析：standardize使合乎标准，使标准化；commonplace平凡的，平庸的，

平常的：competitive比赛性的，竞争性的：generalize意为：归纳，对…进行概

括。句意：尽管教科书在学校是标准化的，但教学法是可以千变万化的。

20、TofundtheeventandalsopromotethemarketingvalueoftheNational

Games,theorganizingcommitteesetuptheMarketingDevelopmentDepartment

(MDD).

A、beneficent

B>expensive

C^costly

D、luxurious

标准答案：A

知识点解析：四个选项的意思分别是beneficent行善的，慈善的；expensive昂贵

的；costly昂贵的；luxurious奢华的。句意是，为了向公益事业提供淡金，同E寸也

为了提升全运会的市场价值，组委会成立了市场开发部(MDD)。所以正确答案是A

选项，如Hewasbeneficenttothepoor.(他对穷人慈善)。

21NTheFlowerMarketinSanFranciscois,anditwasestablishedinthe1930's.

A、homeofthesecondlargestflowermarketinthecountry

B>hometothecountry'ssecondlargestflowermarket

C>thesecondflowermarketinthecountry'shome

D^thehometothesecondcountry'slargeflowermarket

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

22>Irejectanyreligiousdoctrinethatdoesnottoreasonandisinconflictv/ith

morality.

A、apply

B、appeal

C、attract

D、attend

标准答案：B

知识点解析：考动词与I。构成的搭配。applyto是“将……应用于“；appealto是“诉

诸,求助于attract是“吸引”,是及物动词，不需要带to,只有beattractedto（受

到...吸引）的用法;attendto是“注意，留心；照顺,护理应该选appealto,句

子大意为：我反对任何不诉诸于理性并与道德相违背的宗教教义。

23、Tnordertoearnstrongersupport,thecandidateclaimedthatthenewlawwouldal­

lowmorewomenanddisabledpeopletoentertheofAmericanlife.

A、society

B、artery

C^center

D^mainstream

标准答案：D

知识点解析：themainstreamofAmericanlife美国生活主流；mainstream主流;

artery动脉，要道。

24、Walkingisexcellentforworkingtension.

A^out

B、away

C、down

D、off

标准答案：D

知识点解析：A.workoul算出，制定出。B.workaway连续不停地T作。C.work

down缩减。D.workoff排除,消除。

25、Mygrandpagavemeawatch,whichismadeofgold,Ikeeptothisday.

A、andthus

and

C、so

D、andwhich

标准答案：D

知识点解析：先行词是thewatch,由两个并列的定语从句共同修饰。关系代词

which在两个定语从句的成分不同：一个作主语，一个作宾语，故第二个which不

能省略。

26>Kellyfoughtdepression,hersisterstruggledagainstviolenttendencies,andtheir

onlyphysicaltouchesthey'deverknownfromtheirparentswereabusive.

A^cordial

fastidious

C、sadistic

D、absurd

标准答案：C

知识点解析:A.cordial兴奋的，诚恳的;B.fastidious难取悦的,挑剔的；

C.sadistic虐待狂的,残酷成性的；D.absurd不合理的，荒谬的。

27、Althoughitisonlyasmallbusiness,itsissurprisinglyhigh.

A、turn-up

B、turn-over

Cxfiirn-ahonr

D、turn-out

标准答案：B

知识点解析：四个选项的意思分别是：turn—up开大（声音■）,翻起，出现；turn­

over营业额，仔细考虑；turn—about反复思考,（使）转过身来；turn-out关灯，制

造。句意是，尽管这只是个小型企业，但它的营业额却高得惊人。

28、Althoughthegovernmentstillenjoysahighlevelofpublicsupport,thecrime

problemhasstirredpoliticalandsuspicions.

A、substance

B、antagonisms

C>dimension

D、possession

标准答案：B

知识点解析:本题的四个选项中,substance意为“物质，实质，主旨，物质”;

antagonism意为“对抗（状态），对抗性”；dimension意为“尺寸，尺度”；possession

意为“拥有，着迷，领土”。本题的句意是，尽管政府仍然拥有很高的公众支持率，

犯罪问题已经激起了政治上的对抗和怀疑。因此正确答案是B项，如Afewjoking

wordsrelaxedtheantagonismbetweenthem（几句笑话缓和了他们之间的对立情绪）。

29、MosheKatzma,24,deniedanywiththebeatinggiventothehomelessman,

whowasfoundoutsideaNationalHeadquartersoffice.

A^involvement

B、admission

C、isolation

D^access

标准答案：A

知识点解析：各项的意志是：involvemenl参与，包含；admission允许进入，承认

某事之陈述，供认；isolation隔绝，孤立，隔离，绝缘；access通路，访问，入

门。

30、Theseearlyclocks,operatedbyweights,werenotparticularlyaccurate,anditwas

notuntilthesixteenthcentury.

A、anygreatreliabilityattainedit

B>thenattainedanygreatreliability

C、thatanygreatreliabilitywasattained

D、whenanygreatreliabilityattained

标准答案：c

知识点词析：句子大意：早期的这些依靠重量调节而运行的钟表特别不准确，直到

十六世纪——o本题旨在考查强调句型“itis+强调部分+that”的用法。句子要表达的

意思是“其可靠性才有了显著的改善”，将各选项代入，只有C项符合题意，因此

本题选择C。

二、阅读理解（本题共“6题，每题1.0分，共“6

分。）

TheolderIgrowthemoreimpressedIamwiththeroleofluckorchanceinlife.Tobe

bornwhenandwhereonefindshimselfis,ofcourse,fromthepointofviewofthe

individualpewsthesheerestluckofall—goodorbad.Therearemillionsnowlivingin

Americawhowouldlongsincehavebeendead,hadtheybeenbornorhadremainedin

countriesoftheirparents'origins.Luckdoesnotdetermineorexplainachievement-merit

oftenplaysapreponderantrole.Thisisobviouswhenweobservethedifferencesin

performancesamongthosewhohavearoughlycommonenvironmentandarcjudgedby

asingle,relevantstandard.Buteventobeinapositiontobeevaluatedonone'smeritsis

amatterofluckorgoodfortune.Sometimesthosewhoarequalified,andmoreoften,

thosewhoarepotentiallyqualifiednevergetthechance.Sometimesthequalifiedhave

thegoodluckofcompetingagainstthepoorerqualifiedorthebadluckofcompeting

againstthebetterqualified-circumstancesusuallybeyondthecontrolofthepersons

affected.Yet,ineverycompetitionthisisanimportantfactor.Thedistributionofwealth

inthisworlddependsalmostasmuchonluckasonenergy,foresightandskill.These

lattervirtuesaredecisiveasarulewhentheluckofopportunityiscommon.Butoftenit

isnot,asthevaryingportionsofindividuals*inheritancetestify.Evenwhenthe

opportunityiscommon,resultsmaynotreflectmeritordemerit.Whenwereadofthe

actionsforwhichindividualshaverunafoulofthelaw.itisonlytheweaknessand

povertyofourimaginationthatpreventusfromgraspingtheseriesofevents-allcaused

tobesure—whoseconjunctioncouldhavelandedusinthesamepredicament.Ifour

temperhadflaredupwhenadeadlyweaponwasavailable,mightwenotbeinthedock?

Regardlessoflegalguiltorinnocence,beingchargedwith,orinvolvedin,acrimeis

oftenamatterofluck.Weneverknowwhenwcmaybefalselyaccused.Docsbeliefin

lucktendtoanacceptanceofthestatusquo?Notnecessarily-althoughthereisnothing

wronginacceptingthestatusquo,ifanyfeasiblealternativetoitislikelytobeworse.

Whenwerealizewhatweowetoluck,ittendstocureusofoverweeningpride,of

smugnessandseif-righteousness.Forwhateverourachievementswewillnotethatthey

arenotaconsequenceonlyofourworth,orofoureffortsandvirtuesalone.Success

alwaysdependsuponthecooperationofotherpersonsandthings,onthehappyconcert

oftime,placeandopportunity-theabsenceofanyoneofwhichmighthavespelled

failure.

31、Accordingtothepassage,ofallthefollowingluckisLEASTrelatedto.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

32、Iftheopportunityiscommon,thedistributionofv/ealthintheworldisdecidedby

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

33、Howdoestheauthorinterpretthecauseofcrime?

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

34、Theauthorbelievesthatthegoodlifeinthisworldis,tosomeextent,markedby

标准答案：B

知识点解析：暂无解析

35、Whichofthefollowingstatementistrueaccordingtothepassage?

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

Themainideaofthesebusiness-schoolacademicsisappealing.Inawordwtere

companiesmustadapttonewtechnologiesandsourceofcompetition,itismuchharder

thanitusedtobetooftengoodemployeesjobsecurityandanopportunitytoclimbthe

corporateladder.Yetitisalsomorenecessarythaneverforemployeestoinvestinbetter

skillsandsparklewithbrightideas.Howcanfirmsgetthemostoutofpeopleiftheycan

nolongerofferthemprotectionandpromotion?Manybosseswouldlovetohavean

answer.SumantrraGhoshaloftheLondonBusinessSchoolandChristopherBartlettof

theHarvardBusinessSchoolthinktheyhaveone:"Employability."Ifmanagersoffer

therightoftrainingandguidance,andchangetheirattitudetowardstheirunderlings,they

willbeabletoreassuretheiremployeesthattheywillalwayshavetheskillsand

experiencetofindagoodjob—evenifitiswithadifferentcompany.Unfortunately,they

promisemorethantheydeliver.Theirthoughtsonwhatanidealorganizationshould

accomplisharehardtoquarrelwith:encouragepeopletobecreative,makesurethegains

fromcreativityaresharedwiththepainsofthebusinessthatcanmakethemostofthem,

keeptheorganizationfromgettingstaleandsoforthTherealdisappointmentcomes

whentheyattempttoshowhowfirmsmightactuallycreatesuchanenvironment.Atits

nubisthenotionthatcompaniescanattaintheirelusivegoalsbychangingtheirimplicit

contractwithindividualv/orkers,andtreatingthemasasourceofvalueratherthanacog

inamachine.Theauthorsofferafewinspiringexampleofcompanies-theyinclude

Motorola,3MandABB-thathavemanagedtogosomewaytowardscreatingsuch

organizations.Buttheyofferlittleusefulguidanceonhowtogoaboutit,andleavethe

biggestquestionsunanswered.Howdoyoucontinuouslytrainpeople,withoutdiverting

themfromtheireverydayjobofmakingthebusinessmoreprofitable?Howdoyoutrain

peopletobesuccessfulelsewherewhilestillencouragingthemtomakebigcommitments

toyourownfirm?Howdoyougetyournewlyliberatedemployeestospendtheirtimeon

ideasthatcreatevalue,andnotsimplyonthosetheyenjoy?Mostoftheiranswersarc

platitudinous,andwhentheyarenottheyareunconvincing.

36、Wecaninferfromthepassagethatinthepastanemployee.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：文章第1段第2句.itismuchharderthanitusedtobetooffergood

employeejobsecurityandanopportunitytoclimbthecorporateladder.vMJ知,过去——

个好的职员很容易获得事业保险和晋升机会，工作竞争并不残酷，与A选项相

符。

37、AccordingtoChristopherBartlettwhatwillimprove"employability"?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：文章第2段第2句中managersoffertherightoftrainingand

guidance...”可找到答案：通过公司培养和引导来提高雇员水平。因此C正确。

38、WhatdoesthewriterofthispassagethinkoftheideasofGhoshalandBartlett?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：文章第3段第1句：Unfortunately,theypromisemorethanthey

deliver.作者认为这两个人许诺的比实际提供的要多，可以得知作者认为他们的观

点不切实际，很难执行，与C选项相符。

39Intheirwork.GhoshalandBartlettdiscuss.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文章第3段第2句：Theirthoughtsonwhatanidealorganizationshould

accomplish...Ghoshal和Bartlett讨论了企业的组织形式：企业应该提供给员工一

个创新的环境以及对企业员工的培训和管理，最后达到企业发展的目的。因此他们

讨论的是企业管理的观念，与D选项相符。

40>Thispassageseemstobea(n).

标准答案：A

知识点解析：由文章第4段“Theauthorsofferafewinspiringexample...thathave

managedtogosomewaytowardscreatingsuchorganizations...offerlittleuseful

guidanceonhowto....”可知，这是一篇书评bookreview«

ThediscoveryoftheAntarcticnotonlyprovedoneofthemostinterestingofall

geographicaladventures,butcreatedwhatmightbecalled"theheroicageofAntarctic

exploration".Bytheirtremendousheroism,mensuchasShackleton,Scott,and

Amundsencausedanewcontinenttoemergefromtheshadows,andyetthatheroicage,

littlemorethanacenturyold,isalreadypassing.Modernscienceandinventionsare

revolutionizingthetechniquesofformerexplorers,and,althoughstillcallingforcourage

andfeatsofendurance,futurejourneysintotheseicywasteswillprobablydependon

motorvehiclesequippedwithcaterpillartractionratherthanonthedogsthatearlier

discoverersfoundsoinvaluable.FewrealizethatthisAntarcticcontinentisalmostequal

insizetoSouthAmerica,andenormousfieldofworkawaitsgeographersand

prospectors.Thecoastsofthiscontinentremaintobeaccuratelycharted,andthe

mappingofthewholeofinteriorpresentsformidabletasktothecartographerswho

undertakethework.Oncetheirlaborsarecompleted,itwillbepossibletoprospectthe

vastnaturalresourceswhichscientistsbelievewillfurnishoneofthelargesttreasure

hoardsofmetalsandmineralstheworldhasyetknown,analmostinexhaustiblesources

ofcoppercoal,uranium,andmanyotheroreswillbecomeavailabletoman.Such

discoverieswillusherinaneraofpracticalexploitationoftheAntarcticwastes.The

polardarknesswhichhidesthiscontinentforthesixwintermonthswillbedefeatedby

hugebatteriesoflight,andmakepossibletheestablishingofairfieldsforthefuture

intercontinentalairservicebymakingtheseareasaslightasday.Presentflyingroutes

willcumplelelyuliange,theAnlaruliurefuelingbaseswillmakeflightfioniAuslialia

toSouthAmericacomparativelyeasyoverthe5,000milesjourney.Theclimateisnot

likelytoofferaninsuperableproblem,fortheexplorerAdmiralByrdhasshownthatthe

climateispossibleevenfbrmencompletelyuntrainedforexpeditionsintothosefrozen

wastes.Someofhispartiesweremenwhohadneverseensnowbefore,andyethe

recordsthattheysurvivedtherigorsoftheAntarcticclimatecomfortably,sothat,

providedthattheappropriateinstallationsaremade,wemayassumethathumanbeings

fromallcountriescouldlivetheresafely.Byrdevenaffirmsthatitisprobablythemost

healthclimateintheworld,fortheintensecoldofthousandsofyearshassterilizedthis

continent,andrendereditabsolutelygcrmfrcc,withtheconsequencesthatordinaryand

extraordinarysicknessesanddiseasefromwhichmansuffersinotherzoneswith

differentclimatesarehereutterlyunknown.Thereexistnoproblemsofconservationand

preservationoffoodsupplies,fbrthelatterkeepindefinitelywithoutanysignsof

deterioration;itmayevenbethatlatergenerationswillcometoregardtheAntarcticas

thenaturalstorehousefbrthewholeworld.Plansarealreadyonfoottosetuppermanent

basesontheshoresofthiscontinent,andwhatsofewyearsagowasregardedasa"dead

continent"nowpromisestobeamostactivecentreofhumanlifeandendeavor.

41、WhendidmanbegintoexploretheAntarctic?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：文章第1段第2句子中“Bytheirtremendousheroism...anewcontinent

toemergefromtheshadows...littlemorethanacenturyold,isalreadypassing.''中可

以看出，人们探索南极早在大约100年以前就已经开始了，因此A选项符合题

意。

42、Whatmusttheexplorersbe,eventhoughtheyhavemodernequipmentand

techniques?

标准答案：A

知识点解析:文章第1段第3句“Modemscienceandinventionsarerevolutionizing

thetechniquesofformerexplorers,and,althoughstillcallingforcourageandleatsof

endurance...”中可以看出，在南极探险，探险者不仅需要现代化的装备，而且要

有址够的勇气和坚忍不我的精神。因此A选项符合题意。

43WhatkindofmetalsandmineralscanwcfindintheAntarctic?

标准答案：B

知识点解析：文章第2段”…andalmostinexhaustiblesourcesofcopper,coal,

uranium,andmanyotheroreswillbecomeavailabletoman.”中可以得出B选项为答

案：铜、煤和轴可以在南极找到。

44、Themosthealthyclimateintheworldis.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：文章第4段中可以看出，南极是世界上最有益于健康的地方（因为千

万年以来严寒已经给这个大陆进行了消毒，使这一地区没有细菌生长，结果使得在

其他气候各异的大陆所患的一般性和重大疾病在这个地区却闻所未闻）。因此选择

Co

45、Whatisplannedforthecontinent?

标准答案：D

知识点解析:文章第5段“Plansarcalreadyonfoottosetuppermanentbasesonthe

shoresofthiscontinent.中可知，人类计划做的事情是幅南极建立永久基地，故

选D。

togetfromKathmandutothetinyvillageinNepal,DaveIrvine-Hallidayspentmorethan

twodays.Whenhearrived,hefoundvillagersworkingandreadingaroundbattery-

poweredlampsequippedwithlight-emittingdiodes,orLEDs-thesamelampshehadleft

therein2000.Irvine-Halliday,anAmericanphotonicsengineer,wasnotsurprised.He

chosetouseLEDbulbsbecausetheyarcrugged,portable,long-lived,andextremely

efficient.Eachofhislampsproducesausefulamountofilluminationfromjustonewatt

ofpower.Villagersusethemaboutfourhourseachnight,thentopoffthebatteryby

pedalingageneratorforhalfanhour.Thecool,steadybeamisahugeimprovementover

lampsstillcommonindevelopingCountries.Infact,LEDshavebigadvantagesover

familiarincandescent（白炽的）lightsaswell-somuchsothatIrvine-Hallidayexpects

LEDswilleventuallytakeoverfromThomasEdison'soldlightbulbastheworld'smain

sourceofartificialillumination.ThedawnofLEDsbeganabout40yearsago,butearly

LEDsproducedredorgreenglowssuitablemainlyfordisplaysindigitalclocksand

calculators.Adecadeago,engineersinventedasemiconductorcrystalmadeofan

aluminumcompoundthatproducedamuchbrighterredlight.Aroundthesametime,a

JapaneseengineerdevelopedthefirstpracticalblueLED.Thissmalladvancehadahuge

impactbecauseblue,green,andredLEDscanbecombinedtocreatemostofthecolors

oftherainbow,justasthatinacolortelevisionpicture.Thesedays,high-intensitycolor

LEDsareshowingupeverywheresuchasthetrafficlights.Thereasonsfbrtherapid

switchoveraresimple.Incandescentbulbshavetobereplacedannually,butLEDtraffic

lightsshouldlastfivetoyenyears.LEDsalsouse80to90percentlesselectricitythan

theconventionalsignalstheyreplace.Collectively,thenewtrafficlightssaveatleast400

millionkilowatt-hoursayearintheUnitedStates.MuchbiggersavingsawaitifLEDs

cansupplantMr.Edison'sbulbattheofficeandinthelivingroom.Creatingawhite-light

LEDthatisenergy-saving,cheapandappealinghasprovedatoughengineering

challenge.Butallthemajorlightbulbmakers-includingGeneralElectric,Philips,and

Osram-Sylvania-areteamingupwithsemiconductormanufacturerstomakeithappen.

46、Fromthefirstparagraph,wecanseethatDaveIrvine-Halliday.

标准答案：c

知识点解析：文章第1段说，当哈利德到达尼泊尔遥远的小村庄时，他发现村民们

正用他留给他们的发光二极管的灯来工作和学习。

47TheauthorimpliesthatvillagerslikedLEDbulbsverymuch,becausethey.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：这是一道引申判断题。第2段提到，村民们每晚用电4个小时，然后

用脚踏的方式来给电池充电。可以想象，在一个遥远的小村庄，这可能是最理想的

充电方式了。

48、WhatdoesIrvine-HallidaythinkofLEDs?

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第2段接着说，发光二极管比爱迪生的白炽灯具有更大的优越性，所

以哈利德期待它能取代白炽灯成为世界的主要人造光源。

49Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesnotagreewiththefactsinthepassage?

标准答案：c

知识点0析：这是一道事实寻读题。第3段说，10年前一位日本工程师研制出了

蓝色发光二极管，这个小小的进展具有极大的影响，因为红、绿、蓝是组成彩虹的

主要颜色。

50、Thepassageimpliesthat.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：这道题需要分析判断。最后一段说，研制出节能，廉价，美观的白色

发光二极管是一个艰巨的挑战。再联想到文章前面提到，美国的交通指示灯换上了

节能耐用的二极管，而发展中国家还都用白炽灯。那么新能源的症结就是不廉价，

这一判断与选项A相符。

Manycriticsofthecurrentwelfaresystemarguethatexistingwelfareregulationsfoster

familyinstability.Theymaintainthatthoseregulations,whichexcludemostpoor

husbandandwifefamiliesfromAidtoFamilieswithDependentChildrenassistance

grants,contributetotheproblemoffamilydissolution.Thus,theyconcludethat

expandingthesetoffamilieseligibleforfamilyassistanceplansorguaranteedincome

measureswouldresultinamarkedstrengtheningofthelow-incomefamilystructure.If

allpoorfamiliescouldreceivewelfare,wouldtheincidenceofinstabilitychange

markedly?Theunhappilymarriedcouple,inmostcases,remaintogetheroutofasenseof

economicresponsibilityfbrtheirchildren,becauseofthehighcostsofseparation,or

becauseoftheconsumptionbenefitsofmarriage.Theformation,maintenance,and

dissolutionofthefamilyisinlargepartafunctionoftherelativebalancebetweenthe

benefitsandcostsofmarriageasseenbytheindividualmembersofthemarriage.The

majorbenefitgeneratedbythecreationofafamilyistheexpansionofthesetof

consumptionpossibilities.Thebenefitsfromsuchapartnershipdependlargelyonthe

relativedissimilarityoftheresourcesorbasicendowmentseachpartnerbringstothe

marriage.Personswithsimilarproductivecapacitieshavelesseconomic"cement"

holdingtheirmarriagetogether.Sincethefamilyperformscertainfunctionsociety

regardsasvital,acomplexnetworkofsocialandlegalbuttresseshasevolvedtoreinforce

marriage.Muchofthevariationinmaritalstabilityacrossincomeclassescanbe

explainedbythevariationincostsofdissolutionimposedbysociety,e.g.divisionof

property,alimony,childsupport,andthesocialstigmaattachedtodivorce.Marital

stabilityisrelatedtothecostsofachievinganacceptableagreementonfamily

consumptionandproductionandtotheprevailingsocialpriceofinstabilityinthe

marriagepartnerssocialeconomicgroup.ExpectedAFDCincomeexertspressureson

familyinstabilitybyreducingthecostofdissolution.Totheextentthatwelfareisaform

ofgovernmentsubsidizedalimonypayments,itreducestheinstitutionalcostsof

separationandguaranteesaminimalstandardoflivingforwifeandchildren.Sowelfare

opportunitiesarcasignificantdeterminantoffamilyinstabilityinpoorneighborhoods,

butthisisnottheresultofAFDCregulationsthatexcludemostintactfamiliesfrom

coverage.Rather,welfareinstabilityoccursbecausepublicassistancelowersboththe

benefitsofmarriageandthecostsofitsdisruptionbyprovidingasystemofgovernment

subsidizedalimonypayments.

51、SomecriticizethecuiTentwelfareregulationsbecause.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：一些人批评现行的福利条例，因为这些条例促成了家庭的解体。答案

的依据是本文开头的两句。这两句的意思是，许多批评现行福利制度的人认为，现

行的福利条例促成了家庭关系的不稳定。由于这些条例把大多数由贫困夫妻组成的

家庭排除在外，没有让池们享受为需要扶养的孩子所提供的津贴，因而导致了家庭

的解体。

52、Accordingtothispassage,familystabilitydependson.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据这篇夕豆文，家庭的稳定取决于婚姻的益处和婚姻的成本之间相对

的平衡。作者在第二段第一句中明确指出了婚姻稳定的因素：与实现家庭消费和产

出平衡的成本有关。

53、Allofthefollowingarementionedbytheauthorasfactorstendingtoperpetuatea

marriageEXCEPT.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：这是一道细节题。作者在第一段最后一句提到了A(thcstigmaattchcd

todivorce),C(thecostofalimonyandchildsupport)#D(thelossofpropertyupon

divorce),它们均是使婚姻持久的因素，没有提到B。

54、Theauthorarguesthat.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据第一段的“theformation…”得知，作者认为婚姻家庭的稳定与婚

姻的获益和成本间的平衡有关。而最后一段末句指出公共福利的资助既降低了婚姻

的获益，也减少了其解体的成本，因而导致了由于福利引起的婚姻的不稳定；

55、Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：作者在文中理性而又客观地分析了造成家庭婚姻解体的诸多因素，故

选B。

Anthropologists,psychologistsandothershavebegunseekingtherootsofambitionin

family,culture,gender,genesandmore.Theyhavebynomeansthrownthecurtainall

thewayback,buttheyhavebeguntopartit.Ifhumansarcanambitiousspecies,it'sclear

we'renottheonlyone.Manyanimalsareknowntosignaltheirambitioustendencies

almostfrombirth.Evenbeforewolfpupsareweaned,theybeginsortingthemselvesout

intoalphasandalltheothers.Thealphasarequicker,morecurious,greedierforspace,

milk.Mom—andtheystaythatwayforlife.Alphawolveswanderwidely,bree