畜牧兽医专业英语讲稿

畜牧兽医专业英语

SpecializedEnglishforVeterinaryMedicine

讲稿

院系：

任课教师：

授课对象：

总学时：40

2009

刖B

Preface

按照大多数高等院校兽医本科专业的教学计划及培养目标，在畜牧兽医本

科专业学生完成2年基础英语学习的基础上，一般于三年级第一学期开设《畜

牧兽医专业英语》(EnglishforStudentsofAnimalScienceandVeterinary

Medicine)选修课程。有的高等农业院校也给硕士研究生开设《畜牧兽医专业英

语》。该课程的教学目的与要求是：学生通过本门课程的学习，达到借助专业

词典等工具书能熟练阅读畜牧兽医专业英语书刊并掌握畜牧兽医专业文献英译

汉、汉译英的基本技能。

本课程重点阐述了动物科技和动物医学的科技英语阅读和翻译的基础知

识、科技英语的特殊性、科技词汇的基本结构和构词法、动物科技和动物医学

科技英语论文及摘要的撰写、参考文献引录；以及动物科技和动物医学相关的英

语文章，包括动物科技、动物医学基础知识和专业知识。

Chapter1GeneralofEnglishforScienceandTechnology

Section1TheimportantofStudyEnglish

forScienceandTechnology

1.1ForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnologyisaindividualsubject

ForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnology

LanguagesforspecialPurposes(LSP)

EnglishfbrScienceandTechnology

EnglishforSpecialPurposes(ESP)

1.2TheimportantofForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnology

1.3RequestofstudyinForeignlanguagesforScienceandTechnology

1.3.1StudyEnglishbookandmagazineusingdictionary

1.3.3TranslationEnglishbookandmagazineusingdictionary

1.3.4KnowhowtowriteabstractfbrEnglishpaper

1.4StudymethodsofEnglishforScienceandTechnology

1.4.1Understandstudyaimandplane

1.4.2Studymethods

1.4.3Masterythepronunciation,vocabularyandgrammar

PseudotuberculosisPseudo-tuberculo-sis

ImmunoassayImmuno-assay

ImmunochemicalImmuno-chemical

1.4.4Readingmethods

Section2Theformationanddevelopmentofseveralforeign

languageinnormalusingintheworld

2.1Themajorlanguageintheworld

Thereare2700nationalityand5651languages,buttherearenotwordsin

threefourth.Thereare500languagesstudiedbyphilologist.

Thereare70differentkindwordspublishedinforeigncountries.

English60%

German11%

Russian11%

France7%

Japanese3%

Spanish2%Others8%

2.2Theoriginanddevelopmentofseveralmajorlanguages

inIndiaandEurope

希腊东希腊文-斯拉夫文一俄文

腓尼基文—>古希腊文《/法语

西希腊文f拉丁文'意大利语

西班芽语英语

Y、日尔曼语«

、德语

2.3Thesignificanceofstudyforeignlanguagesforscienceand

technologyfromstudylanguagesinIndiaandEurope

Section3Thegeneralcharacterandindividualcharacterin

EnglishforscienceandtechnologyandpublicEnglish

3.1ThegeneralcharacterinEnglishforscienceandtechnology

andpublicEnglish

TheEnglishforscienceandtechnologyisthebranchofgeneralEnglish.

ThebasicwordsarecomefromgeneralEnglish.Thegrammarisassame

asgeneralEnglish.

3.2ThedifferenceofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

andpublicEnglish

3.2.1ThecharacterofcommalanguageinEnglishforscienceand

technology

・Themeaningofvocabularyisproprietaryandstability

do,make,take

ThereisnofeelinginEnglishforscienceandtechnology

Therearenofigureofspeech,overstateandparallelism

Itisawrittenlanguage

3.2.2ThecharacteristicofvocabularyinEnglishforscienceand

technology

.InternationalThereare70%vocabularycomefromLatinand

Greeceinmedicineandveterinary.

・Usingnormativewrittenverb

discover(findout)observe(lookat)

.Usingderivativeadjective

verbadd-able,-ed,-ing,-ive

breathbreathing,breathed,breather,breathless

nounadd-al,-ic,-ious

electronelectronic,electropolar,electropositive

3.2.3ThecharacterofgrammarstructureinEnglishforscience

andtechnology

1)Usingnounandwordgroup

Thetitleofpaper

(1)Methodsofdetectingdrug-resistanceinchickencoccidian

(2)ThepathwayofcelldeathinducedbyleadinWishcells

(3)EstablishmentofaRadiorecepterAssay(RRA)capableof

measuringserumbioactiveLH/CGinawidevarietyofspecies

2)Usingpassivevoice

TheToxplasmagondiiinfectionwerefoundinanimalsasearlyasin

1950sinFujianprovinceofChina.Duringthenexttwenty-oddyears

muchprogresswasmadeandmorethan100paperswerepublished.

3)Usingparticipleandnon-predicateasadjective

(1)Thesoundsheardintheheartareduetotheclosingofthevalves.

(2)Azoonoticdiseaseisdefinedasadiseasesharedbyanimalsand

humans.

4)Usingmorethantwoclause

(1)Suchuseasweareabletomakeofhelpfulbacteriaandsuchcontrol

aswehaveofharmfulonesdependuponourknowledgeoftheir

habits.

(2)Waterprovidedtothehogswassampledandsoilfromthesiteofmost

recentslurryspreadwascollected.

5)Usingitasantecedencesubject

(1)Itmakesnodifferencetotakethismedicinebeforeoraftermeals.

(2)Itcanbeconcludedthatbovineembryorecloningissimilartothe

embryoscloningexceptfortheembryo'slowinvitrodevelopment

ability.

6)Usingprepositionwordgroup

Thesecasesaregroupedbytheseverityofthedisease.

7)Usingasguidanceactiveandpositivesentences

Astheillustrationshows

Ashasbeenstated

Asfollows

Chapter2ThreebasicofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

Pronunciationvocabularygrammar

Section1Pronunciation

Section2Word-formationinwordsofscienceandtechnology

2.1ThederivationalexpansionofgeneralEnglishwords

2.1.1Thebasicgeneralwords

Basicwords:3500-4500

Morpheme(wordelement),basicwords:prefix,stem,suffix

ThebasicChinesewords:3500

Thereareonly2900differentChinesewordsinChairmanMao

florilegium.

2.1.2Formationofwords

Newwords:skylabmoonquakeE-mail

Therearethreemethodsofformationwords:

1)Compounding

Usingtwoormorewordsformonenewwords.

(l)Compoundnoun

A.Noun+nounnewspapertest-tubebookworm

B.Adjective+noun

green-houseWhite-housedarkroom

C.Gerund+noun

Sleeping-bagfreezing-pointworking-table

D.Verb+noun

Grindstoneworkshopsawdust

E.Adverb+noun

Outbreakovercoatoverbridge

F.Pronoun+nounHe-goatshe-wolf

G.Verb+adverb

Make-upbreak-downget-together

Noun+preposition

Editor-in-chieffather-inlawson-in-law

(2)Compoundadjective

A.Adjective+noun

First-handsecond-handlow-temperaturehigh-temperature

B.Adjective+Adjectivelight-bluered-hot

C.Noun+Adjectivecolor-blindworld-wide

D.Adjective+noun+ed(d)small-sizedopen-minded

E.Noun+participleman-madesnow-covered

F.Noun+presentparticiple

Man-eatingearth-shaking

G.Adverb+participlefar-reachingwell-informed

H.Adverb+preposition+noun

Up-to-dateout-of-date

I.Numeral+noun(+ed)five-year(plan)four-cornered

J.Adverb+adjectiveever-greenover-sensitive

K.Adjective+participleready-madegood-looking

L.Noun+noun+ediron-willedstrong-willedweak-willed

(3)Compoundpronoun

Pronounobjectivecaseorpossessivepronoun+self(selves)

Himselfourselves

Indefinitepronoun(some,any,no,every)+body(one,thing)

Everybody,anybodysomething,nothing

(4)Compoundverb

A.Adverb+verb:overcomeuphold

B.Noun+verbsunbathe

(5)compoundadverb

A.Noun+nounsideways

B.Noun+adverbheadfirst

C.Adjective+nounmeanwhile

D.Preposition+nounbefore-head

2)Affixation

Itiscalledderivativemethodtochangethemeaningwithprefixorsuffix.

A.Prefixcancasethemeaningchangewithoutchangeofpartsof

speech.

Unfair,dislike,amoral,superman,cooperate,foretell,

Bicycle,tricycle,pentagon,sexangle

B.Suffixcancasethechangeofpartsspeech,andsometimesthe

meaningofwordchanged.

Piglet,armlet,friendship,happiness,childless

3)Conversion

Partsofspeechchange

(1)Nounturnedtoverb:formftoform,heat—►toheat

(2)Adjectiveturnedtoverb:slow.toslow,direct->todirect

(3)Adjectiveturnedtonoun:

Wounded——►thewounded,beautiful-►thebeautiful

(4)Adverbturnedtoverb:down—>todown

2.Thewordofspecialpurposeextensioninverticalandhorizontal

1)Thewordsofspecialpurposeinverticalextension

(1)ThewordsfromGreeceandLatinwordelement

50-70%EnglishwordsarecomefromGreeceandLatin.

A.ThecompoundmethodfromGreeceandLatinwordelements

Manyderivativewordsarecompoundedfrommorethanthree

wordelements

Polyavitaminosispoly-a-vita-amin(o)-osis

Polyuriapolytrophyaminoacidacidosisleucocytosis

Leucocyt(a)emia

B.Onestemoforgancancomposedtonewwordwithsuffixofdisease,

symptom,skill

terminology

organFgia-rragia-otomy-rrhaphy-plasty-itis-oma-osis-cele

Entero-entero-entero-entero-entero-entero­entero-entero-entero-entero-

algiarragiatomyrrhaphyplastytiscele

gastro-gastro-gastro-gastro-gastro­gastro­gastri­gastro-gastro-

algiarragiatomyrrhaphyplastytissiscele

hepatohepatal-hepato-hepato-hepato-hepati-hepato-hepato-hepato-

giarragiatomyrrhaphytismasiscele

C.Verticalextensioninsomehematologynounterminology

haemocytehaemocytoblast

myelo-myeloblast

lympho-―►-blastlymphoblast

mono-monoblast

megacaryo-megacaryoblast

erythro-------erythroblast

pro-+myelo+cytepromyelocyte

meta-+myelo+cytemetamyelocyte

Furthermore,abovementionedthecellwordscanaddedwithother

suffix,e.g.-blast(o)osis,-cytohaemia,-omaetc.

2)ThecharacterofGreeceandLatinandruleofsynthesis

(1)ThemorphemofGreeceandLatinisassameascommonEnglish

wordstructure,anditisdividedintoprefix,rootandsuffix.

A.Prefix:GreeceandLatinpreposition,numberorwordderivation

e.g.a-aleukia,anti-antibody,dys-dyscontrol,

B.Root:GreeceandLatinwordschange

e.g.entero-enterotoxin,thoraco-thoracotomy,

haemo-haemorrhagia

C.Suffix:GreeceorLatinsuffixorwordchange

D.e.g.-itisenteritis,-osisbabesiosis,-tomiaenterostomy

(2)Dividedintoprimarywordderivativeandcompoundwords

Primaryword:entero-,stoma-

Derivativeword:primary+prefixorsuffix

anti-+toxinum----►antitoxin

Compoundword:compoundfromtwoormorewords

Haemo-+thorax-----►haemothorax

(3)Themajorruleofformationandconnectioninstem

A.Stemandprefixmostlycomefromsinglemeaning

Takeoffthesuffixofsinglemeaningword,iftheendofwordis

consonant,itneedstoconnect"o".Butifitisvowed,itdoesnotneedto

change.ButspleeniscomingfromGreecespleen,thesuffixisneedingto

add"o"，splenoo-.

B.Whenthestemhasprefix,thereisavowelinfrontofthestem,the

vowelistakenoutintheendofprefix.Ifthereisavowelinfrontofthe

stem,thevoweliskept.

Enter(o)+itis,"o"meet"i”,takeout"o"—►enteritis

Entero+rrhagia,"o"meet"r",keep"o"-----►enterorrhagia

C.If"o"takeout,twoconsonantadd"o",itisdifficulttoknowthestem,

addinginthemiddle.

Chondro-osteodystrophia,intra-abdominal

D.gastro-+-enter(o)-+-itis,"o"meetwith"e",一►keep"o"

gastroenteritis

2)ComefromgeneralEnglishwordswithnewmeaning

energy,base,normal,cell

3)Newwords

(1)CompoundnewwordsfromGreeceandLatin

atom,a+tomos,bicycle(bicycletteFrance)

(2)Condensationfromfirstword

Laser-----►—Light—AmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionof■R—adiation

Rader------►RadioDetectionandRanging

(3)Compoundfromheadandtailofwords

Transfer+resistor—►transistor,Positive+electron—►positron

(4)Takepartwordinsteadofwholeword

Gram-molecular-weight----►moleormol

(5)Changeword

Television—►televise,laser—►lase,diagnosis->diagnose

(6)Reversetheword

Frequency—>quefrency,filter-►lifter

(7)Condensationword

Atom-bombT%omb,underseaboat——t>boat

(8)CondensationofLatin

Etal.(etalifi),e.g.(exampligratia),ie.(idest)

2.Horizontalextensionofspecialwords

UsingGreeceandLatinstem

1)LatinForthenameofanimal,plant,microorganism,parasitesand

drugsetc.

Nephritishaemorrhagicaaa,Bacillusmalleizopf,

Natriumchloratum

2)TranslatetospecialwordsfromLatinbydifferentcountries

Avitaminosis(L.E.W.),Avitaminose(F.G),Avitaminosi(L)

Septicaemiahaemorrhagicasuum(L.)

Haemorrhagicsepticemiaswine(E.)

Septicemia(haemorphagique)dupore(F.)

Haemorrhagischeseptikamiederschweigne(G.)

3.HarfEnglishworsandphrasseofScienceandtechnology

ItmeansthatusingandmeaningarechangedfromgeneralEnglish.

Specimen,sample,germ,case,carrier

Section3GrammarforEnglishofscienceandtechnology

1.UsingpassivevoiceOnethirdverbsareusingpassivevoicein

Englishforscienceandtechnology.Becausethearticleofscienceand

technologyareintroducedtheoutcomeandresults.

1)Thesentencewithoutperson

Usingpassivevoiceismoreconfidence.

Researchwasbeingdone.

Parasiteshavetobecontrolled.Parasiteshavecontrolled.

2)expressionthenecessaryandresponsibilityTheinstrumentsneedtobe

sterilized.

Thereareseveralfactorstobeconsidered.

3)Expressionitem,planandaim

Theresultsofresearcharetobepublishedsoon.

Theresultsofresearchare(was)published.

4)Expressiontheprobabilityandtendency

Theseanimalsareliabletobeattackedbygerms.

5)Expressiontheperformerinpassivevoice

Theoperationwasperformedbythesurgeon.

6)Expressionthemethodandmanner

Thesolutionisweakenedbytheadditionofmorewater.

7)Thesubjectisanimal,plantandothersubstance

Decayisacceleratedbyenzymes.

8)Expressioninvertedsentenceorder

Bytheadditionofwater,thesolutionisweakened

2.Usingnounandnounwordgroupinsteadofverboradjective

noun>verb,preposition>adjectiveandadverb

IfwecompareTypeAwithTypeB,wewillfindthatTypeAismore

advantageoustoourpurpose.

*AcomparisonofTypeAwithTypeBshowsthatTypeAhasmore

advantageoustoourpurpose.

3.Usingmorenon-predicateverbphrase

Todeterminethenumberofcells,asampleisputunderamicroscope.

•Thecellunitswerefoundtobefilledwithlivingsubstances.

4.Usingmoreparticipleasattribute

Thequantityofoxygenliberatedtoatmospherebygrowingvegetationis

obviouslyverylarge.

5.Usingsubjunctivemood

Butfortheheatofthesun(iftherewerenoheatofthesun),nothing

couldlive.

6.Usingfixturesentence

Itis(orverb)+adjective(ornoun)+that(clause)

Itiscommonknowledgethatwaterismadefromoxygenandhydrogen.

Chapter3ThestyleandstructureofsentenceinEnglishfor

scienceandtechnology

Section1StylisticsinEnglishforscienceandtechnology

A.ChineseisdifferentfromEnglishonoralexpression.

E.g.#Iwanttoaskyouaquestion.

*I'dliketoaskyouaquestion.*MayIaskyouaquestion?

B.StyleinEnglishisdifferentfromChinese.TheEnglishforScience

andtechnologyhasspecialindividualcharacterinword,grammar

andstructureofsentence.

1.Thestructureofstyleisrigor,concisionandbriefness.

1)Wemadeaholeinacorkandpushedintoanarrowglasstube.Then

wepushedthisintoneckofabottlewhichwehadfilledwithcolored

water.Whenwedidthissomeofthecoloredwaterwentupintothetube.

Wemarkedthelevelofthecoloredwaterinthetubewasmarked.Then

thebottlewasplacedintoapanofhotwater.

Almostimmediately,thewaterlevelinthetubefellslightly,butthenit

startedtoriseuntilthewateroverflowed.

*2)Afteraholewasmadeinacork,anarrowglasstubewasinserted

andthecorkwasinsertedintoneckofabottlefilledwithcoloredwater.

Ondoingthis,someofthecoloredwaterroseinthetube.Thelevelofthe

coloredwaterinthetubewasmarked.Thenthebottlewasplacedintoa

panofhotwater.

Almostimmediately,thewaterlevelinthetubefellslightly,butthenit

startedtoriseuntilthewateroverflowed.

2.Thearticleofscienceandtechnologyisstrictness,refine,infocus

andconcision.

1)Thispieceofmetalexpandedwhenitwasheated.Itwillcontract

whencooled.

•Metalsexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooled.

2)Thechickembryosarechoppedupandareputintoajar,then

theyarepouredintoalargeflask.Anenzymeisaddedtobreak

downthetissue.

3)Thereisachoiceinarticleforscienceandtechnology

A.Tinresistscorrosionbyairorwater.

B.Tinisresistanttocorrosionbyairorwater.

C.Tinhasaresistancetocorrosionbyairorwater

Section2StructureofsentenceinEnglishforscienceand

technology

Onesentencehassubject,predicateverb,objectandmodifierparts.

Thebasicpartsaresubjectandpredicate.Themodifierpartsareattribute,

adverbialandcomplement.

3.Typeofsentence

1)Simplesentence

AllofusmustlearnDr.Bethune.

2)Compoundsentence

Afterliberationtheincidenceofoccupationalandepidemicdiseaseshas

droppedremarkably,thegeneralhealthconditionoftheworkershas

greatlyimproved.

3)Complexsentence

ThalChinaisabigcountrywithallkindsoficsourcesiswellknown.

Thequestionwaswhetheritwascommoncoldorinfluenza.

Weareknowthatredbloodcellscarryoxygrnfromthelungstotherest

ofthebody.

Theairthatanimalsbreatheisamixtureofdifferentgases.

Everybitoffoodeatenmustbedissolvedinwaterbeforeitcanbe

absorbedandutilized.

4)Membersofthesentence

A.Subject

Streptomycinpreparationscanbeadministeredbyavarietyofmethods.

B.Predicateverb

Ourcountryhasagreatfuture.

Firstaidshouldalwaysfirstbedirectedtowardthecontrolofhaemorrhage.

Oneofthefunctionsofboneistoprotectimportantorgans.

5)PredicativeMosteoldsappeartobecommunicable.

6)Object

Wemustholdourselvesresponsibletothepeople.

7)Complement

Wecallthenewmethodacupunctureanaesthesia.

8)Attribute

Normally,eachbeatoftheheartcauseapulseinthearteries.

9)Adverbial

0nclinicalexaminationnochangesintheanimaPsconditionwerefound.

4.AnalysisofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

Tofindthesubject,predicate(howmany)andotherparts.

*e.g.Intheearlydaysofseatravel,seamenonlongvoyageslived

exclusivelyonsaltedmeatandbiscuits.Manyofthemdiedofscurvy,a

diseaseofthebloodwhichcausesswollengums,lividwhitespotsonthe

fleshandgeneralexhaustion,scurvy:adisease(formerlycommonamong

sailors)markedbybloodingandcausedbynoteatingfruitandvegetables

(withvitaminC).

livid:pale

exhaustion:thestateofbeingtiredout

Chapter4ReadingandtranslationofEnglishforscienceand

technology

Section1ReadingofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

Youmustunderstandthearticleforreading.

Thebasicrequireforreading:pronunciation,wordsandgrammar

Themethodofreading:

1)Extractivereading

2)Extensivereading

Section2TranslationofEnglishforscienceandtechnology

1.Thecalibrateoftranslation:confidence,clarityandvolubility

1)Literaltranslation2)Freetranslation

2.Themethodoftranslation

1)Understandingthewordsandsentences

Fromsyntacticalfunctiontounderstandthemeaning

A.Thoughusuallyofaroundshape,thenucleusmaysometimesbe

elongatedandrod-shaped,asinnonstriatedmusclecells,orirregularin

shape,asinsomewhitebloodcorpuscles.

B.Anelectronisanextremelysmallcorpusclewithnegativecharge

whichroundsaboutthenucleusofanatom.C.Theencouragingnews

soongotround.

Inmakingtheroundsthemedicalworkersattachgreatimportance

tothepreventionofdisease.

Redrashdevelopedroundtheneckinthewakeoftwoday'sfever.

2)Themeaningofwordaccordingtoarticleupanddown

Inrecentreportsofeightcasesofviralhepatitis,fourwereseenwith

acuteurticariainthepreictericphase.

Massivebleedingmaynotbebroughtundercontrolintime.Suchbeing

thecase,promptoperationisindicated.

IFurtherimprovementsintheinstrumentationincludesthefittingofa

smallcasecontainingultrafinemotor.

3)Accordingtothepartnerofwordsknownthemeaning

generalanesthesia,

generalcheck-up,

generaloutline,

generalperitonitis,

generalpathology,

generalsecretary

4)Wordschangeandextensionegwe,you,they

Wehave365daysinayear.Youcannevertell.

Theysayitisso.

Theactivityofthisenzymeinthesesitescanbemaintainedatnormal

levelsbysulfatefeeding.

2)Understandthesentence

(1)Sometimesthemembersofsentenceareellipsis

*Justthinkofthedifficult.

Tothinkthatyoushouldfail.(2)Usingit,there

Itrequiresheattochangewaterintogas.

Itisnousetrying.

Itisthepeoplethatarereallypowerful.

Itissaidthat.......

Itisthoughtthat.......

Itisdeclaredthat.......

Itissupposedthat.......

Itislearnedthat.......

Therearethreekindsofbacteriainthetube.

(3)Usingparenthesis

EvenaslightlackofVitaminC,forexample,thevitaminmost

plentifulinfreshfruitandvegetables,isthoughttoincreasesignificantly

oursusceptibilitytocoldsandinfluenza.

3)Whatkindofsentence

(l)Simplesentence

Onmeetingtheovum,theheadofthespermatozoonpenetratesit.

(2)Compoundsentence

Ithaslongbeenknowntobacteriaexpertsthatthetuberclebacillusis

thegerminmilkwhichmoststronglyresistsheattreatment.

4)knownthewordorder

(1)Invertedwordorderincompoundsentence

A.Onlyinourcountrycanscienceservetheinterestofthepeople.

B.IthasbeenroughlyestimatedthatfortypercentofanimaPsdiseases

aretheresultofinfectionbybacteria.

C.Nutritionalexperimentshavemadeitevidentthatvitaminsare

indispensablefbranimafshealthandgrowth.

D.Thelymphvascularsystemdiffersfromthebloodvascularsystemin

thatitisnotacirculatorysystembutsimplyadrainagesystemand

possessesnopump.

E.Thetruthisthatmenaredevelopedfromanthropoidapes.

F.Thereisalittledoubtthatantibioticsparticularlythoseofthebroad

spectrum,canbeusedtoreducesecondarybacterialinfection.

(2)Invertedwordorderinpassivesentence

A.VitaminKisnotabsorbedfromtheupperintestine.

vertedwordorderinprepositionsentence

Shetreatssickanimalswithaneedle

(3)Separatingsentenceandaddingsomepronounandconjunction

Anearbyobjectfallingintoablackholeisneverheardofagain.

4)Addingorreducingwords

(l)Addingwords

Someofthegasesintheairarefairlyconstantinamount,whileothers

arenot.

(2)Reducingwords

Inthecourseofthesameyear,anthraxbrokeoutinthatarea.

Microoganismsaresosmallthattheycannotbeseenatallwiththe

nakedeyes.

5)Changingtranslation

Itwasnotuntil1959thatchemistssucceededinobtainingthis

compound.

Hecannotreadthebookwithoutadictionary.

6)expressiontruemeaning

Theheartliesbetweenthelungs,moretotheleftsidethantothe

right.

7)Logicrelation

Theresubstancespassfromthetissuefluidintothecells,while

wasteproductspassintheoppositedirection.

8)UsingChinesecustom

Heistoowisenottounderstandsuchthings.

Section3Translationforlonganddifficultsentences

EnglishsentenceislongerthanChinese,especiallyusingarticle

forScienceandtechnology.

1)Analysislongsentenceneedstofindcentralwordsandsentence

pattern.

Howevergreatthejoywithwhichhewelcomedanewdiscoveryinsome

theoreticalsciencewhosepracticalapplicationperhapsitwasasyetquite

impossibletoenvisage,heexperiencedquiteanotherkindofjoywhenthe

discoveryinvolvedimmediaterevolutionarychangesinindustry,andin

historicaldevelopmentingeneral.

2)Knownthesubjectandpredicateandseparationsentence

Toseparatelongsentenceforsimplesentenceandfindingcentralwords.

Allergicreactionsmayoccurinalargepercentageofnormal

individualswithoutevidenthereditarypredisposition.

Whenabodywhichhasacertaintemperaturebecomeshotter,wesay

thatheathasbeenaddedtoit.

3)Knowntherelationpartsofsentencesbyconjunction

Whiletheprocessmeetsthepresentlyaccepteddefinitionsof

emphysema,itmaybesimplyanatomicconsequenceofaging.

Justasadisturbanceinmetabolismofonemetabolitewillaffectall

othermetabolites,soadeficiencyintheintakeofonenutrientaffectall

others.

Thereislittledoubtthatantibiotics,particularlythoseofthebroad

spectrumcanreducesecondarybacterialinfections.

Ashasalreadybeenmentionedabove,patientsdifferintheirtissue

sensitivity.

Aggressivedosageofpenicillinashighas40,000,000unitsperdayinthe

absenceofuntowardeffectsarerequired,whichitcandoonlyby

applying"push”doses.

Whathasbeenfoundbynecropsyisofalmostimportance.

4)TranslationofModifierattachedtosubjectandpredicate

(l)Attributetranslation*cardiacfailure

Theadvancedworldlevels

Fromtheforegoingdiscussionafairideawillhavebeengatheredasto

thefactorsresponsibleforthisupset.

Foodistakeninthoughthemouth,whereitischewedandmixedwith

saliva,thenitpassesdowntheesophagustothestomach,wherethefood

collects.

(2)Adverbialtranslation

Ourfindingsuggestthatthesymptomsofchronicbronchitisbegin

earlyinlife.

CarotenewhichisaprecursorofvitaminAcanbegiveninsuchlarge

amountsthatitcausesayellowishdiscolorationoftheskinwhichoftenis

mistakenforjaundice.

5)Translationforlongsentence

(1)Translationbyorderofsentence

*Heretheemphasisisondiseaseasaprocess,andaneffortismadeto

explaintheclinicalpicturebythepathologicalchangesfoundinthetissue,

notonlyinthesurgicalpathologylaboratory,but,itmaybe,inthe

autopsyroom,wheretheobjectisnotmerelytodeterminethecauseof

death,buttostudytheparticulardiseaseinallitsaspectsandvarious,and

tocorrelateitwiththesignsandsymptomsobservedduringlife.

(2)reversetranslation

Anincreaseinantibodiesagainstthetypeofviruswh