劳动力市场和新资调查报告2024-2025

&|AMember-ExclusiveReport–17thEdition会员专属报告-第17版 GETAHEADINYOURCAREERWITHINTERNATIONALBUSINESSSCHOOLSUZHOUInternationalBusinessSchoolSuzhou(IBSS)atXJTLUoffersarangeofMasterandExecutiveEducationprogrammestoprepareleadersandprofessionalstocopewiththeever-chang-ingbusinessenvironment,learnemerginganalyticaltools,anddevelopaleadershipmindset.Part-timeMasterDegreeProgrammesInternationalMBAforExecutivesMScManagement

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超过76门的专业课程，提供弹性的课程规划，以满足不同企业和个人的需求。工商管理研修班课程对象：企业中高层管理者、快速成长期企业的企业主、公司选派的委培高管课程目标：在6-8个月内高效学习管理类核心课程，全方位提升围绕可持续发展主题的战略思维和实战能力短期公开课程战略与发展经济与现代商业领导力金融与财会谈判与策略项目管理组织与管理ESG与可持续发展市场营销与销售数智化运营与供应链管理个人发展定制化课程依照不同行业特点，为企业制定可持续高管培训课程方案。西交利物浦大学西浦国际商学院西浦国际商学院（简称IBSS）隶属于由中国的西安交通大学和英国的利物浦大学联合创办的西交利物浦大学，是全球少数享有盛名的AACSB、AMBA、EQUIS三冠认证的商学院之一。学院拥有逾200名员工和来自60多个不同国家的7500通过融合东西方优秀教育传统的最优实践，架设起了中国与世界交流的桥梁。ContactTel电话:

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8Suzhou,Jiangsu,China215123中国江苏苏州工业园区独墅湖高教区崇文路8号西浦南校区IBSS大楼LABORMARKET&SALARYREPORT2024|2025GERMANCHAMBEROFCOMMERCEINCHINATheGermanChamberofCommerceinChinacurrentlyhasaround2,100membersandistheofficialmemberorganizationforGermancompaniesinChina.IthelpsitsmemberstothriveintheChinesemarketbyprovidingrelevantmarketintelligenceandpracticalguidance.ItoffersaplatformfortheSino-Germanbusinesscommunityandadvocatesforitsmembers'intereststowardstakeholders,includinggovernmentbodiesandthepublic.ContactforpressinquiriesCarinaMingleHeadofMediaRelations&CorporateCommunications+86-10-6539-6670mingle.carina@china.ahk.de

ContactforfurtherinformationAuroraLiuEconomic+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.de©2024GermanChamberofCommerceinChina(GCC).Nopartofthiscontentandpublicationmaybereproducedwithoutpriorpermission.Forfurtherquestions,pleaserefertotheprovidedcontactpersons.Whileeveryreasonableeffortismadetoensurethattheinformationprovidedisaccurate,noguaranteesforthecurrencyoraccuracyofinformationaremade.Allmaterialrelatingtoinformation,products,andservices(ortothirdpartyinformation,productsandservices),isprovided'asis',withoutanyrepresentationorendorsementmadeandwithoutwarrantyofanykind,includingtheimpliedwarrantiesofsatisfactoryquality,fitnessforaparticularpurpose,non-infringement,compatibility,securityandaccuracy.Thecontributorsaresolelyresponsibleforthecontentthereof.ViewsexpresseddonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheGermanChamberofCommerceinChina.andtheseentitieswillnotbeliableforanylossordamagewhatsoeverarisingfrominfringementoranydefectofrightsofthecontent.Thisinformationincludeslinkstootherwebsites.Theselinksareprovidedforyourconveniencetoprovidefurtherinformation.Theydonotsignifythatweendorsethewebsite(s).Wehavenoresponsibilityforthecontentofthelinkedwebsite(s).劳动力市场2024|2025中国德国商会中国德国商会在中国目前拥有大约2100家会员企业，是在华德企官方会员组织。通过提供相关市场情报和实用指南，中国德国商会帮助其会员在中国市场上蓬勃发展。它为中德商业社群提供平台，并代表其会员利益向利益相关者，包括政府机构和公众进行倡导。媒体联系人CarinaMingle媒体公关部高级总监+86-10-6539-6670

了解更多报告信息，请联系刘晨曦经济分析师+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.de©2024年中国德国商会（GCC）。未经许可，本内容和出版物的任何部分均不得转载。如有其他问题，请联系上述联系人。我们已尽责核对所提供信息的准确性，但对此等信息的及时性和准确性不作任何担保。涉及信息、产品和服务（或第三方信息、产品和服务）者、提供者自行负责。发表观点不代表中国德国商会。因内容或活动素材侵权或版权缺陷遭致损失的，上述机构概不负责。该信息含有链接指向其他网址。此等链接旨在方便您了解更多信息。但不表示我们认可该等网址。对于链接网址的内容，我们不承担任何责任。ContentExecutiveSummary 6LaborMarketEnvironment 8ChineseEconomy 8TotalUnemploymentRate 8YouthUnemploymentRate 8WageDevelopmentsinChina 10WageGrowth 10MinimumWagesandWageGuidelines 14SurveyResults 18EffectiveandExpectedWageDevelopmentsatGermanCompanies 18DetailedWageDevelopments 18WageLevels 23LaborCosts 28HRandRecruitmentChallenges 31ForeignEmployees 33EmployeeTurnoverandAdditionalHRData 35AbouttheSurvey 36ProfileofContributors 36CompensationData 404 1.Introduction 40WagesandWageIncreases 42SegmentationVariables 42Region 43East 47515559925155599299106CONTACTToaccessspecificcompensationdata,pleasecontact:Ms.AuroraLiuEconomicAnalystGermanChamberofCommerceinChina|Shanghai+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.deSouthandSouthwestCityTierIndustryCompanySizeTotalCostperEmployee:MedianandPercentilesDefinitionsReferences目录内容摘要 7劳动力市场环境 9中国经济 9中国整体失业率 9青年失业率 9中国工资增长状况 11薪资增长状况 11最低工资及工资指导线 15调查结果 19在华德企实际和预期薪资变化详细薪资变化薪资水平劳动力成本人力资源和招聘挑战外籍员工员工流动和其它HR数据关于本次调查受访企业简况薪酬数据简介薪资和薪资涨幅细分变量地区华东及华中华北及东北华南和西南城市分级行业企业规模每位员工总成本：中位数和百分数定义参考文件

1919242932343737374141 54356647178647178859299106110113更详细的薪酬数据，请联系：刘晨曦经济分析师中国德国商会|上海+86-21-5081-2266liu.aurora@china.ahk.deEXECUTIVESUMMARYExpectedSalaryinChina:TheprojectedwagegrowthdevelopmentforGermancompaniesinChinahasbeenonadownwardtrajectory,andthetrendcontinuesitsdescentwithanexpectedgrowthrateof3.81%in2025,markingthefirstprojectionbelow4%(excludingtheanticipationfor2021madein2020,whentheinitialoutbreakofCOVID-19createduncertainty).The2025forecastis0.68PercentagePoint(p.p.)below2024’sexpectation(FigureES.1).FigureES.1:ExpectedWageGrowthDevelopmentatGermanCompaniesinChina2015-2025,NominalGrowth,in%120,000113,4538.1 120,000113,453

Ontheotherhand,DeputyGeneralManagers/BranchManagersreceiveamedianTCEofCNY66,800/month,representingadecreaseofaroundCNY20,000/month.Meanwhile,theTCEofCEOs/GeneralManagersstandsatCNY113,435/month,adecreaseofaroundCNY6,500/month(FigureES.3).FigureES.3:ComparisonofWageLevelbyProductionWorkers,LevelofSeniority&SeniorManagementTotalCostperEmployee/Month,inCNY2023 20246.235.95.995.53

4.914.88

4.493.8135,00035,000 35,00035,00018,87819,10012,00012,70011,20011,50017,35218,00086,30066,800201520162017201820192020202120222023202418,87819,10012,00012,70011,20011,50017,35218,00086,30066,800Theexpectedwagegrowthistheaverageofalltheindividualpositions’expectedwagegrowthcollectedinthesurvey.In2024,withatotalof446companiesand46differentroles,thenumberofobservationscollectedtotaled5,935.

CHINA

ProductionWorkers

Junior

Mid-Level

Senior

DeputyGM/BM

CEO/GMEffectiveSalaryinChina:Similartolastyear,theeffectivesalary6 increasedidn’tmeettheinitialexpectation.In2024,effectivesalariesexperiencedanaveragegrowthrateof3.9%,0.59p.p.belowtheinitialexpectationof4.49%(FigureES.2).FigureES.2:ExpectedandEffectiveWageIncreasesinChina2024-2025,in%

DeputyGM/BM:DeputyGeneralManager/BranchManager.CEO/GM:ChiefExecutiveOfficer/GeneralManager/ManagingDirector.ForeignEmployees:Theproportionofcompanieshiringforeignershasbeendecliningandreached65%in2024.Thisrepresentsasignificantdropofalmost20p.p.comparedtothatin2017.Theproportionfellbelow50%forthefirsttimeinsmallcompanies(43.6%)(FigureES.4).Theprimereasonforreplacingexpatriatestaffwithlocalstaffwaswagelevel.4.49

3.90

FigureES.4ShareofCompaniesEmployingForeignersCompanySizebyNumberofEmployees,in%CHINA

Lessthan

50-

Greaterthan250100%90%

94.489.9

90.6 89.2 89.4 89.3Expected2024 Effective2024 Expected

80%

84.0 80.8

77.8 78.1 73.6

82.6 81.070.8 68.8WageLevels:ThemedianTotalCostperEmployee(TCE)continuestoriseandiscurrentlyatCNY19,100/monthin2024.Productionworkers,juniorandmid-levelprofessionalspresentmediancompensationvaluesbelowChina’smedianTCEandtheirTCEsawaminorincreasecomparedto2023.

70%60%50%40%

71.4

77.2 76.2 74.1 73.6 74.269.563.2 62.458.3 59.6 56.9 58.9

65.043.620172018201920202021202220232024内容摘要预期薪资涨幅：趋势，并且这种趋势目前仍在持续，2025年的预计薪资涨幅为3.81％，首次低于4％（除了2020年疫情初次爆发时不确定性引起的对2021年的预期较低的特例之外）。这一预期比20240.68个百分点（图ES.1)。

图ES.3:在华德企的薪资水平（按产业工人、资历级别和高级管理层细分）2024年每位员工总成本单位：元/月1200001134532023 202412000011345335000350008630066800图ES.1：在华德企预期薪资涨幅状况3500035000863006680018878191001200012700112001150018878191001200012700112001150017352180008.1

6.235.95.995.53

4.914.88

4.493.81 20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025预期薪资涨幅是调查中测得的所有单个职位的预期薪资涨幅的平均值。2024年，共有46个不同的特定职位，收集到的观察数据共计5,935个。实际薪资涨幅：与去年相同，2024年的实际薪资涨幅也未能达到先前的预期。2024年，实际薪资涨幅平均增长率为比最初预期的4.49%低了0.59个百分点（图ES.2）。

外籍员工被当地员工取代：比例一直在下降，2024年仅有65%。与2017年相比，此比例大幅下降了近20至50%以下（43.6%）（ES.4）工的主要原因是工资水平。 7图ES.2:中国预期薪资与实际薪资涨幅2024-2025年，单位：%

图ES.4外籍员工所占平均百分比企业规模（按公司员工划分），单位：%，占员工总数的百分比4.49

3.90

100%

中国94.4

50人以下

50–250

超过250人90%

89.984.0

90.6 89.2 89.4

82.6 81.080%

80.8

77.8 78.1 73.6

70.8 68.82024年预期 2024年实际 2025年预

70%60%

71.4

77.2 76.2 74.1 73.6 74.269.563.2 62.4

65.0薪资水平：每位员工成本的中位数持续上涨，2024年的中位数为19100元/月。生产工人、初级和中级专业人员的薪酬中位数低于全国的薪酬中位数，与2023年相比，他们的

58.3 59.6 56.9

43.6薪酬中位数略有上升。另一方面，副总经理/分公司经理的薪酬中位数为66800元/月，与去年相比减少了约20000元/月。同时，首席执行官/总经理的每位员工成本为113435元/月，减少了约6500元人民币/月（图ES.3）。

20172018201920202021202220232024LABORMARKETENVIRONMENTChineseEconomyChina'seconomydemonstratedamixedperformanceinthefirsthalfof2024,withGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)growthdecliningfrom5.3%inthefirstquarterto4.7%inthesecondquarter,resultinginanoverallexpansionof5%forthefirsthalfoftheyeartoreachCNY61.68trillion(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024a).Thisoverallgrowthratealignswiththegovernment'sannualtarget,despitetheevidentslowdowninthesecondquarter.Industrialoutputgrewby6%,whileretailsalesroseby3.7%.Fixed-assetinvestmentexpandedby3.9%comparedtothepreviousyear(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024b).Whiletheseindicatorsshowresilience,challengesremaininsustaininggrowth

Figure1.1:GDPGrowthDevelopment2017-2024H1*,GDPinCNYBillionandGrowthRatein%GDP GDPGrowthRate1,210,2071,260,5821,210,2071,260,5821,013,5671,143,670832,036919,281986,5158.16.9 6.76.0616,8316%14%12%10%8%6%5.0 2%0%2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 20232024H11,200,0001,000,000800,000600,000400,00000*2024H1representsfirsthalfoftheyear2024Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.Figure1.2:China’sTotalUnemploymentRatevs.YouthUnemploymentRateJanuary-December2020-June2024,in%momentumandbalancingdevelopmentacrosssectorsamidglobaleconomicuncertainties.Nevertheless,theGermanChamber‘sFlashSurvey[1]implementedinJune2024suggestsadegreeofrenewedoptimismintheChinesemarket,with29%ofrespondentsexpectinganimprovedbusinessenvironment-asignificant8p.p.increasecomparedtothepreviousyear.AsChinafocusesonresearchanddevelopmentinitspursuitofaninnovation-driveneconomy,theseeconomictrendsandevolvingbusinesssentimentsarelikelytoinfluencethejobmarket,

NationalUrbanUnemployment21.314.95.021.314.95.020%15%10%5%0%

UrbanUnemploymentRateofthePopulationAgedfrom16to24JanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMayJunJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMaySepDecJanMayJun8

2021

2022

2023

2024TotalUnemploymentRateIn2024,China’semploymentsituationwasstable,asdemonstratedbyaslightimprovementinurbansurveyedemploymentrates.Asreported,theaverageurbansurveyedunemploymentrateforthefirsthalfof2024was5.1%(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024c),markinga0.1p.p.decreasecomparedtothefirstquarteranda0.2p.p.decreasecomparedtothesameperiodlastyear.

Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.*InJune2023,thestategovernmentsuspendedreleasingitsnationalyouthunemploymentrates.ThedatawasresumedpublishinginDecember2023;however,relevantmetricswereadjusted,whichexcludedstudentsfromthesample.YouthUnemploymentRateInJune2023,theyouthunemploymentrate(aged16-24)reachedarecordhighof21.3%,afterwhichthegovernmentsuspendeditsrelease.InJanuary2024,thegovernmentresumedpublishingthedata,usingarevisedmethodologythatexcludesschoolstudents(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024d).Underthisnewmetric,theyouthunemploymentratewas14.9%(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024e)inDecember2023,stillaboutthreetimestheoverallunemploymentrate.Thegovernmentaimstoaddressthisissuethroughvariousmeasures,includingpromotingemploymentopportunitiesandprovidingsupportforyoungjobseekers(Figure1.2).劳动力市场环境

图1.1：中国GDP增长情况2017-2024H1*，年度数据，GDP单位：亿元，GDP增速单位：%1.1中国经济2024产总值（GDP）增速从第一季度的5.3%放缓至第二季度的4.7%，上半年总体GDP增速为5%，达到61.68万亿元人民币（国家统计局，2024a）。尽管第二季度增速明显放缓，但这一总体增速与政府的年度目标一致。（2024上半年），工业产值同比增长6%，零售额同比增长3.7%，固定资产投资同比增长3.9%（国家统计局，2024b）。虽然这些指标显示了经济的韧性，但在全球经济不确定的情况下，保持增长势头和平衡各行业均衡发展仍充满挑战。然而，中国德国商会于2024年6月实施的“快讯调查”[1]表明，中国市场在一定程度上重新恢复了乐观，29%的受访企业预

GDP GDP12102071260582 114367012102071260582 11436708320366.991928198651510135676.06168362.23.05.002017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 20232024*2024H1表示2024年上半年数据来源：中国国家统计局。图1.2：中国城镇失业率与青年失业率2020-2024年6月，单位：%

16%14%12%10%8%6%4%2%0%计中国的商业环境将有所改善，与上一年相比大幅增长了8个百分点。随着中国在追求创新驱动型经济的过程中更加注重研发，这些经济趋势和不断变化的商业情绪很可能会影响就业市场，尤其是与技术相关的行业。随着中国更加重视研发和发展创新驱动经济，这些经济趋势和不断变化的商业情绪很可能会影响就业市场，尤其是技术相关行业。

全国城镇失业率21.314.95.021.314.95.020%15%10%

全国城镇16-24岁人口失业率5%中国整体城镇调查失业率

0%159121159121

5959121591215659591215912156

1212024 1212024年，中国就业形势稳中向好，城镇调查失业率略有下降。据统计，2024年上半年城镇调查失业率平均为5.1%（国家统计局，2024c），比第一季度下降0.1个百分点，比去年同期下降0.2个百分点。

数据来源：中国国家统计局。*2023年6月，中国政府暂停发布全国青年失业率。该数据于2023年12月进行了算法调整，将学生排除计算范围外后，恢复发布。青年失业率2023年6月，青年（16-24岁）失业率达到21.3%的历史新高，此后政府宣布暂停发布该数据。2024年1月，政府恢复公布该数据，并采用了将在校学生剔除在外的统计方法（国家统计局，2024d）。根据这一新指标，2023年12月的青年失业率为14.9%（国家统计局，2024e），仍是总体失业率的三倍左右。政府旨在通过各种措施解决这一问题，包括促进就业机会和为青年求职者提供支持（图1.2）。userid:529794,docid:172438,date:2024-08-20,WAGEDEVELOPMENTSINCHINA2.1WageGrowthBasedonChinesestatistics,in2023,China’soverallaveragemonthlynominalwagewasreportedatCNY10,058,anincreaseofCNY556fromthepreviousyear(Renshetong,2024a).Theriseinwagesshowcaseda5.8%growthrate,signalingacontinuedimprovementinlaborconditionsandincomelevels.Nevertheless,thisgrowthraterepresentsasubstantialmoderationcomparedtothedouble-digitincreasesseenfiveyearsagoandithasalreadyreachedanall-timelow.Figure2.1:AverageWageandOverallWageGrowth2011-2023,AverageWageinCNY,AverageWageGrowthin%014.4014.411.910.19.510.18.910.010.916%14%12%10%6.75.88%6%4%2%0%201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202341,79946,76951,48356,36062,02967,56974,31882,41390,50197,379106,837114,029120,69810 Note:Annualwagesbasedon1241,79946,76951,48356,36062,02967,56974,31882,41390,50197,379106,837114,029120,698Figure2.2:GDPandWageGrowth2011-2023,in%AverageWageGrowth(nominal) GDPGrowth

Figure2.3:AverageWageandGrowthRatein24ProvincesandCitiesinChina,2023RegionAverageWageofinUrbanNon-PrivateSector,2023.(CNY/month)AverageWageofinUrbanNon-PrivateSector,2022.(CNY/month)AverageWageGrowth(Nominal)Factor*Tianjin11,50110,7946.6%1.14Zhejiang11,08710,7353.3%1.10Guangdong10,95210,4105.2%1.09Jiangsu10,42510,1442.8%1.04CHINA10,0589,5025.8%1.00Hainan9,5488,7349.3%0.95Chongqing9,4718,9176.2%0.94Sichuan9,1808,4838.2%0.91InnerMongolia9,0718,4167.8%0.90Fujian9,0438,6504.5%0.90Shandong8,9288,5217.9%0.89Shaanxi8,9148,2378.2%0.89Yunnan8,8978,5943.5%0.88Anhui8,6418,2215.1%0.86Guizhou8,5017,9516.9%0.85Gansu8,2607,5739.1%0.82Hunan8,0857,6187.0%0.80Guangxi8,0157,6724.4%0.80Heilongjiang7,9797,3538.5%0.79Shanxi7,9197,5415.1%0.79Hebei7,9027,5624.5%0.79Jilin7,9117,2698.8%0.79Jiangxi7,7337,3315.5%0.77Henan7,0136,4698.4%0.70Note:*Factorrepresentstheratioofregionalwagetonationalaveragefor2023.Monthlywages,basedon12-monthsyearbasis;allwagesarepre-tax.**DataforBeijingandShanghaiwasnotreleased.Source:Renshetong14.4

11.910.19.510.1

8.9

10.010.99.8

7.6

9.7

6.75.8

ThesuddendecouplingbetweenGDPandwagegrowthcanbeattributedtomorerecenteconomicshocks.In2023,Chinasaw9.57.97.87.3

6.96.76.96.66.1

2.2

8.1

3.0

5.2

significantlayoffsandsalaryreductionsacrossallsectors,suchastech,automotive,semiconductor,andrealestate,impactingboth2011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.Itisworthnoting,however,thatthegrowthtrajectoriesinaveragenominalwagesandGDPhavedivergedin2023.AsshowninFigure2.2,wagegrowthandGDPgrowthhavehistoricallyincreasedtandem;datain2023,however,showsthatGDPhasevidentlydecoupledwiththecurrentwagegrowth.

lowandhigh-incomeearnersthroughoutthesupplychains[2].Someleadingcompanies–suchasAlibaba,NIO,Tesla,andCountryGarden–announcedlayoffsorsalaryreductions,whichreflectsabroadertrendforworkforceoptimizationinthefaceofeconomicheadwinds[3].ThistrendisfurthercorroboratedbydatafromtheNationalBureauofStatistics,whichshowsadecreaseintheemploymentrateofurbanresidentsaged25-59from92.1%2022to91.6%in2023(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024f).中国工资增长状况工资增长状况根据中国的统计数据，2023年，中国总体名义平均工资为10058元/月，比上年增加556元（国家统计局，2024e），工资增长率为5.8%，表明劳动条件和收入水平持续改善。然而，与五年前的两位数增幅相比，这一薪资增长率已大幅放缓，并已创下历史新低。图2.1：平均薪资及薪资涨幅年，单位：人民币，%平均薪资 平均薪资涨幅（%）

图2.3：2023年中国24个省市城镇私营单位就业人员平均月薪资及薪资增长率省份2023省份20232022薪资涨幅（%）系数*天津11501107946.6%1.14浙江11087107353.3%1.10广东10952104105.2%1.09江苏10425101442.8%1.04中国1005895025.8%1.00海南954887349.3%0.95重庆947189176.2%0.94四川918084838.2%0.91内蒙古907184167.8%0.90福建9,04386504.5%0.90山东892885217.9%0.89陕西891482378.2%0.89云南889785943.5%0.88安徽864182215.1%0.86贵州850179516.9%0.85甘肃826075739.1%0.82湖南808576187.0%0.80广西801576724.4%0.80黑龙江797973538.5%0.79山西791975415.1%0.79河北790275624.5%0.79吉林791172698.8%0.79江西773373315.5%0.77河南701364698.4%0.7041,79946,76941,79946,76951,48356,36062,02967,56974,31882,41390,50197,379106,837114,029120,6980

14.411.914.411.910.19.510.18.910.010.96.75.8

16%14%12%10%8%6%4%2%0%注：平均薪资按12个月计算；所有薪资均为税前薪资。数据来源：中国国家统计局。11图2.2：年度GDP及薪资增速112011-2023年，单位：%平均薪资增速（名义） GDP增速14.4

11.9

10.19.510.18.910.0

10.9

9.8

7.6

9.7

6.75.8

数据来源：人社通。城镇单位从业人员平均工资，月薪资按12个月计算；所有薪资均为税前薪资。*系数代表2023年该地区薪资与国家平均水平的比率。**人社通未发布北京和上海的数据9.57.97.87.3

6.96.76.96.66.1

2.2

8.1

3.0

5.2

GDP与工资增长之间的突然分化可归因于近期的经济冲击。2011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023数据来源：中国国家统计局。但值得注意的是，2023年平均名义工资和国内生产总值的增长轨迹出现了分化。如图2.2所示，历史上工资增长和GDP增长一直同步增长，但2023年的数据显示，GDP增长的增速明显超过了当前的工资增长。

2023年，中国科技、汽车、半导体和房地产等各行各业都出现了大幅裁员和降薪，对整个供应链中的低收入和高收入者都造成了影响[2]。一些领先企业，如阿里巴巴、蔚来汽车、特斯拉和碧桂园，宣布裁员或降薪，这反映了在经济逆风下劳动力优化的大趋势[3]。国家统计局的数据进一步证实了这一趋势，该数据显示25-59岁城镇居民就业率将从2022年的92.1%降至2023年的91.6%（国家统计局，2024f）。Followingthereleaseofthenationalaveragewagedatafor2023,twenty-fourprovincesandcitiesinChinahaveofficiallydisclosedtheiraveragewages(Renshetong,2024b)(Figure2.3).Amongthese,fourregions–Tianjin,Zhejiang,Guangdong,andJiangsu–standoutwiththeiraveragewagessurpassingthenationalaverage;theseregionswerealsotheones,amongallsurveyedprovinces,reportedwithmonthlywagesexceedingCNY10,000.Amongthetopperformers,TianjinsurpassedotherprovinceswithanaverageannualwageofCNY138,007,aCNY8,465increasefromlastyear.ThistranslatestoamonthlyaverageofCNY11,501.ZhejiangfollowswithanaverageannualwageofCNY133,045.Notably,Hainan,Gansu,Sichuan,andShaanxiexperiencedthemostsubstantialgrowthrates,rangingfrom8.2%to9.3%.Information&CommunicationTechnologyAccommodationInformation&CommunicationTechnologyAccommodation&CateringServicesWholesale&RetailTrades

Figure2.4:GDPGrowthRatebyIndustry,2024Q1GrowthRatein%

13.7%10.8%7.3%7.3%6.0%6.0%5.8%5.2%3.8%3.5%BusinessServicesTransportationIndustrial13.7%10.8%7.3%7.3%6.0%6.0%5.8%5.2%3.8%3.5%BusinessServicesTransportationIndustrialConstructionFinanceOthersAgricultureRealEstatetechindustriescontinuedtodominatethelabormarketintermsof wagepayment.TheInformationandCommunicationTechnologysectormaintaineditssteadyposition–incomparisontothe2022ranking—asthehighest-payingindustrywithanannualwageofCNY231,810;itsrobust13.7%year-on-yearGDPgrowthrecordedin2024Q1furtherunderlinesitsmomentumandpotential(NationalBureauofStatistics,2024h)(Figure2.4).TechnicalServices&ScientificResearch,ontheotherhand,maintaineditsthirdplacewithanannualwageofCNY171,447.Meanwhile,thefinancesectoremergedwithanimpressive13.4%wagegrowth,reachinganannualwageofCNY197,663(Figure2.5).12 Conversely,therealestatesectorcontinuedtofaceheadwinds,withamere1.8%wagegrowthrateandanannualwageofCNY91,932(Figure2.5).Whilethetransitionfromnegativetopositivegrowthsignalspositivechange(in2022,thegrowthrateofwagedevelopmentinrealestatewas-0.9%)[4],thesectorwastheonlyindustryexperiencinganegativeyear-on-yearGDPgrowthin2024Q1.Thisreflectsthesector’songoingchallenges,includingconservativepurchasingduetomacroeconomicuncertaintyandshrinkingprofitmarginsfacedbydevelopers(Figure2.4).Thehospitalityindustryhasreboundedremarkablyfromtheanti-pandemicmeasuresandrealizeda7.3%year-on-yearGDPgrowthin2024Q1(Figure2.4).Itsannualwagealsowitnesseda7.6%increase,reachingCNY58,094annually.Furthermore,themanufacturingsectorshowedresiliencewitha6.6%wagegrowth,underscoringitscontinuedimportancetotheChineseeconomy(Figure2.5).Notably,thepublicmanagement&socialorganizationssectorexperiencedanaveragewagedecline,witha-0.3%growthrate(Figure2.5).ThenegativegrowthcouldbeattributedtotheChinesegovernment’sfiscaltighteningmeasurestomanagedebtlevelsandaddresseconomicchallenges[5],asthegivensectorisundergreatergovernmentcontrol.Thesemeasuresledtoa

Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.Figure2.5:WageDevelopmentsbyIndustry,2023Rankedbasedon2023AnnualWagesIndustry20232022GrowthFactor*IT231,810220,4185.2%1.92FinanceServices197,663174,34113.4%1.64TechnicalServices,R&D171,447163,4864.9%1.42Healthcare143,818135,2226.4%1.19Utilities143,594132,9648.0%1.19Mining135,025121,52211.1%1.12Culture127,334121,1515.1%1.05Wholesale&Retail124,362115,4087.8%1.03Education124,067120,4223.0%1.03Transport&Logistics122,705115,3456.4%1.02CHINA120,698114,0295.8%1.00PublicManagement&SocialOrganizations117,108117,440-0.3%0.97BusinessServices109,264106,5002.6%0.91Manufacturing103,93297,5286.6%0.86RealEstate91,93290,3461.8%0.76Construction85,80478,2959.6%0.71ResidentialServices68,91965,4785.3%0.57Water&Environment68,65668,2560.6%0.57Agriculture62,95258,9766.7%0.52Hospitality58,09453,9957.6%0.48Note:*Factorrepresentstheratioofindustry-specificaveragewagestonationalaveragewagefor2023.Annualwagesbasedon12months.Allwagesarepre-tax.Source:NationalBureauofStatistics.reducedbudgetaryallocationforpublicsectorwages,resultinginstagnantorevendecliningsalariesinthissector.Overall,thelabormarketandwagesin2023mirrorChina’sbroadereconomicpicture:amixofresilienceinhigh-growthsectors,ongoingchallengesintraditionalindustries,andsignsofreboundinsectorsstruckbythepandemic.随着2023年全国平均工资数据的公布，中国有24个省市也陆续公布了当地的平均工资（人社通，2024a）（图2.3）。天津、浙江、广东、江苏4也是所有调查省份中月工资超过一万元的地区。其中，天津以138007元的年平均工资领先于其他省份，比去年增加了8465元，折合为月平均工资11501元/月。浙江紧随其后，年平均工资为133045元人民币。值得注意的是，海南、甘肃、8.2%到9.3%之间。2023年各行业的工资发展呈现分化格局（国家统计局，2024g）（图2.5）。就薪资水平而言，高科技行业继续领先于劳动力市场的其他行业。与2022年相比，信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业以231810元的年薪稳居高薪行业榜首；该行业在2024年第一季度国内生产总值同比增长13.7%，进一步凸显了其发展势头和潜力（国家统计局，2024h）（图2.4）。另一方面，技术服务和科学研究以171447元的年薪保持第三位。与此同时，金融业以13.4%的工资增长成为相对赢家，年工资达到197663元（图2.5）。

图2.4：2024年第一季度分行业GDP增速GDP增速单位：%13.7%10.8%7.3%7.3%6.0%6.0%5.8%数据来源：中国国家统计局。

3.8%3.5%

-5.4%相反，房地产业面临持续的不利因素，2023年工资年增长率仅为1.8%，为91932元（图2.5）。虽然从负增长到正增长的转变释放了一个积极信号（2022年，房地产行业工资发展增长率为-0.9%）[4]，但该行业是唯一一个2024年第一季度国内生产总值同比负增长的行业，这反映了该行业面临的持续挑战，包括宏观经济不确定性下客户保守的购房意愿，以及开发商面临的利润空间缩小的问题（图2.4）。2024年第一季度，住宿和餐饮业在之前的抗疫措施后得到显著反弹，实现了7.3%的GDP同比增长（图2.4），2023年，其平均工资也增长了7.6%，达到58094元。此外，制造业工资同比增长6.6%，显示出其韧性，凸显出其对中国经济的持续重要性（图2.5）。公共管理、社会保障和社会组织行业的平均工资有所下降，年度增长率为-0.3%（图2.5）。出现负增长的原因可能是中国政府为管理债务水平和应对经济挑战而采取了财政紧缩措施[5]，这些措施导致对公共部门工资的预算拨款减少，而该行业受到更多的来自政府的控制，导致其平均工资停滞不前甚至下降。总体而言，2023年的劳动力市场和工资状况反映了中国更广泛的经济形势：在高增长领域保持韧性，在传统行业面临持续挑战，而受到疫情影响的部分行业则出现了有力复苏的迹象。

图2.5：2023年薪资增长状况（按行业细分）行业2023行业20232022增长率（%）系数*信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业2318102204185.2%1.92金融业19766317434113.4%1.64科学研究和技术服务业1714471634864.9%1.42卫生和社会工作1438181352226.4%1.19电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业1435941329648.0%1.19采矿业13502512152211.1%1.12文化、体育和娱乐业1273341211515.1%1.05批发和零售业1243621154087.8%1.03教育1240671204223.0%1.03交通运输、仓储和邮政业1227051153456.4%1.02中国1206981140295.8%1.00公共管理、社会保障和社会组织117108117440-0.3%0.97商业服务1092641065002.6%0.91制造业103932975286.6%0.86房地产业91932903461.8%0.76建筑业85804782959.6%0.71居民服务、修理和其他服务业68919654785.3%0.57水利、环境和公共设施管理业68656682560.6%0.57农林牧渔62952589766.7%0.52住宿和餐饮业58094539957.6%0.4813数据来源：国家统计局。*系数代表2023年该行业平均薪资与国家平均薪资的比率。MinimumWagesandWageGuidelinesChina'sminimumwagesystem,establishedin2004,mandatesthelowestremunerationemployersmustprovideforworkperformedduringstandardhours,excludingovertime,allowances,andbenefits(MOHRSS,2004).BetweenApril2023andApril2024,China’sminimumwagestandardsawadjustmentsin15regions,asreportedbyChina’sMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurity.

ShanghaimaintaineditstoppositionatCNY2,690forClassAmonthlywages,whileJiangsuandZhejiangsurpassedShenzhenandBeijingtobecomethehighestminimum-wagepayersafterShanghai.WithincreasesinNingxia,Tibet,Gansu,andHainan,thenumberofprovincesandmunicipalitieswithClassAmonthlyminimumwagesexceedingCNY2,000increasedto21(Figure2.6).Figure2.6:MinimumWageRatesinChina,2024RegionClassRegionClassLastIncrease*ValidsinceABCD(%)ValidsinceShanghai2690---3.9%7/1/2023Jiangsu249022602010-9.2%1/1/2024Zhejiang249022602010-9.2%1/1/2024Beijing2420---4.3%9/1/2023Shenzhen2360---7.3%12/1/2021Tianjin2320---6.4%11/1/2023Guangdong230019001720162011.5%12/1/2021Hubei221019501800-9.1%2/1/2024Hebei220020001800-11.6%1/1/2023Shandong220020101820-5.9%10/1/2023Shaanxi216020501950-11.0%5/1/2023Henan210020001800-9.5%1/1/2024Chongqing21002000--17.2%4/1/2022Sichuan210019701870-19.3%4/1/2022Tibet2100---13.5%9/1/2023Anhui206019301870178029.3%3/1/2023Ningxia20501900--4.2%3/1/2024Fujian203019601810166014.7%4/1/2022Gansu202019601910185010.9%11/1/2023Hainan20101850--8.4%12/1/2023Jiangxi200018701740-8.1%4/1/2024Guangxi199018401690-14.9%11/1/2023Yunnan199018401690-5.2%10/1/2023Shanxi198018801780-7.1%1/1/2023InnerMongolia198019101850-15.4%12/1/2021Hunan193017401550-12.9%4/1/2022Liaoning19101710158014206.9%11/1/2021Xinjiang19001700162015405.0%4/1/2021Guizhou189017601660-5.6%1/1/2022Jilin18801760164015404.6%12/1/2021Qinghai1880---10.6%1/1/2022Heilongjiang186016101450-12.0%4/1/202114Note:"Class"referstodi