统考版2024高考英语二轮复习第1板块攻克阅读理解专题1阅读理解含解析

PAGE第1板块[命题规律]1．以考查细微环节理解和推理推断为主，主旨大意和词义揣测为辅。细微环节理解题较简洁，其他题较难，但总体难易度较为适中，四篇文章中仅有一篇难度较大。2．题材以广告旅游、社会文化、人物故事、科普学问、生态环保为主，内容贴近生活、贴近时代，充分体现了高考命题的思想性和育人功能。3．文章信息量大，语篇含有多处结构困难的长句，对考生的阅读速度和快速处理信息的实力要求很高。[命题趋势]1．预料2024年高考阅读理解的难易度仍会保持稳定，选材会更新奇，语言更地道，词汇更丰富。2．题型仍会以细微环节理解题和推理推断题为主，兼顾主旨大意题和词义揣测题。A篇(2024·全国卷Ⅱ，A)TheLakeDistrictAttractionsGuideDalemainHistory，Culture&Landscape(景观)．Discoverandenjoy4centuriesofhistory，5acresofcelebratedandaward­winninggardenswithparklandwalk.OwnedbytheHasellfamilysince1679，hometotheInternationalMarmaladeFestival.Giftsandantiques，plantsales，museums&MediaevalHallTearoom.Open：29Mar－29Oct，SuntoThurs.Tearoom，Gardens&GiftShop：10.30－17.00(16.00inOct)．House：11．15－16.00(15.00inOct)．Town：PooleyBridge&PenrithAbbotThoseviewingthequalityofAbbotHall'stemporaryexhibitionsmaybeforgivenforthinkingtheyareinacitygallery.TheimpressivepermanentcollectionincludesTurnersandRomneysandthetemporaryexhibitionprogrammehasCanalettoandtheartistsfromStIves.Open：MontoSatandSummerSundays.10.30－17.00Summer.10.30－16.00Winter.Town：KendalTullieHouseMuseum&ArtGalleryDiscover，exploreandenjoyaward­winningTullieHouse，wherehistoriccollections，contemporaryartandfamilyfunarebroughttogetherinoneimpressivemuseumandartgallery.Therearefourfantasticgalleriestovisitfromfinearttointeractivefun，sothere'ssomethingforeveryone!Open：HighSeason1Apr－31Oct：MontoSat10.00－17.00，Sun11．00－17.00.LowSeason1Nov－31Mar：MontoSat10.00－16.30，Sun12.00－16.30.Town：CarlisleDoveCottage&TheWordsworthDiscoverWilliamWordsworth'sinspirationalhome.TakeatourofhisLakelandcottage，walkthroughhishillsidegardenandexploretherichesofthecollectionintheMuseum.Visittheshopandrelaxinthecafé.Exhibitions，eventsandfamilyactivitiesthroughouttheyear.Open：Daily，09.30－17.30(lastadmission17.00)．Town：Grasmere【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了几个湖区景点，包括其营业时间及地点等。1．WhenistheHouseatDalemainA．09.30－17.30. B．10.30－16.00.C．11．15－16.00. D．12.00－16.30.C[考查细微环节理解。依据DalemainMansion&HistoricGardens部分的信息“House：11．15－16.00(15.00inOct)”可知答案。故选C。]2．WhatcanvisitorsdoatAbbotHallA．EnjoyRomney'sworks.B．Havesomeinteractivefun.C．Attendafamousfestival.D．Learnthehistoryofafamily.A[考查细微环节理解。依据AbbotHallArtGallery&Museum部分的信息“TheimpressivepermanentcollectionincludesTurnersandRomneysandthetemporaryexhibitionprogrammehasCanalettoandtheartistsfromStIves.”可知，游客可以在此处观赏Romney的作品。故选A。]3．WhereshouldvisitorsgoiftheywanttoexploreWordsworth'slife?A．Penrith. B．Kendal.C．Carlisle. D．GrasmereD[考查细微环节理解。依据DoveCottage&TheWordsworthMuseum部分的信息“Town：Grasmere”可知，假如游客想了解Wordsworth的生活可以去Grasmere。故选D。]B篇(2024·全国卷Ⅰ，B)Returningtoabookyou'vereadmanytimescanfeellikedrinkswithanoldfriend.There'sawelcomefamiliarity—butalsosometimesaslightsuspicionthattimehaschangedyouboth，andthustherelationship.Butbooksdon'tchange，peopledo.Andthat'swhatmakestheactofrereadingsorichandtransformative.Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.It'strue，theolderIget，themoreIfeeltimehaswings.Butwithreading，it'sallaboutthepresent.It'saboutthenowandwhatonecontributestothenow，becausereadingisagiveandtakebetweenauthorandreader.Eachhastopulltheirownweight.TherearethreebooksIrereadannually.Thefirst，whichItaketoreadingeveryspring，isErnestHemingway'sAMoveableFeast.Publishedin1964，it'shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.Thelanguageisalmostintoxicating(令人沉醉的)，anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.AnotherisAnnieDillard'sHolytheFirm，herpoetic1975ramble(随笔)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortázar'sSaveTwilight：SelectedPoems，becausepoetry.AndbecauseCortázar.WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks，thesethreeweregiventomeasgifts，whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat，whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary，rereadinganauthor'sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember，it'syouthathastogrowandreadandrereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。重读一本你读过许多次的书，感觉就像和老挚友一起参与酒宴一样。重读的奇妙之处在于，我们与作品的联系是建立在我们当前的精神状态之上的，随着年龄的增长，你对书中内容的理解也逐步加深。4．Whydoestheauthorlikerereading?A．Itevaluatesthewriter­readerrelationship.B．It'sawindowtoawholenewworld.C．It'sasubstitutefordrinkingwithafriend.D．Itextendstheunderstandingofoneself.D[考查推理推断。依据其次段前两句可知，作者认为重读的奇妙之处在于我们与作品的联系基于我们目前的精神状态，作者年龄越大，就越觉得时间如梭。由此可推知，重读以前读过的书能让你加深对阅读内容的理解。随着年龄的增长，你可能阅历更丰富，你对书中内容的理解也逐步加深。因此答案为D。]5．WhatdoweknowaboutthebookAMoveableFeast?A．It'sabriefaccountofatrip.B．It'saboutHemingway'slifeasayoungman.C．It'sarecordofahistoricevent.D．It'saboutHemingway'sfriendsinParis.B[考查细微环节理解。依据第三段中的“Publishedin1964，it'shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis...anagingwriterlookingbackonanambitiousyetsimplertime.”可知，AMoveableFeast讲解并描述年迈的海明威回忆青年时代在巴黎度过的日子，因此本题答案为B。]6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inParagraph4referto?A．Debt. B．Reward.C．Allowance. D．Facevalue.B[考查词义揣测。依据最终一段的其次句可知，作者认为，虽然金钱的确是奇妙而必要的，但重读作家的著作是读者对该作家的最高嘉奖，因此画线词在此处指嘉奖。]7．Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A．Helovespoetry.B．He'saneditor.C．He'sveryambitious.D．Heteachesreading.A[考查推理推断。依据第三段中的“AnotherisAnnieDillard'sHolytheFirm，herpoetic1975ramble(随笔)abouteverythingandnothing.ThethirdbookisJulioCortázar'sSaveTwilight：SelectedPoems，becausepoetry.”可以推断作者宠爱诗歌。]C篇(2024·全国卷Ⅲ，C)Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤独)，morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet，forNickBrightatleast，leadsstraighttohismother­in­law:shelivesonthegroundfloor，whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree­storeyVictorianhouseinBristol—oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine，butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen，bathroom，bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.“Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse，”saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin：“WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit'sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother­in­law.”AndwhatdoesNickthink？“Frommystandpoint，itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit？Yes，IthinkIwould.”It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim，butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325，000in2001to419，000in2013.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremorecommon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparents;manymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome，iftheyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of25­34­year­oldslivewiththeirparents，comparedwith16%in1991．ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1．8million.Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.InIndia，particularlyoutsidecities，youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband'sfamilywhentheygetmarried.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了随着年轻人生活压力的增大以及老年人孤独感的增加，越来越多的英国家庭选择几世同堂，且这已成为一种趋势。8．WhomainlyusesthegroundfloorintheVictorianhouseinBristol?A．Nick. B．Rita.C．Kathryn. D．Thedaughters.B[考查细微环节理解。依据第三段“Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree­storeyVictorianhouseinBristol...butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen，bathroom，bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.”可知，在布里斯托尔的维多利亚时代的房子里，Rita住在一楼，故选B。]9．WhatisNick'sattitudetowardssharingthehousewithhismother­in­law?A．Positive. B．Carefree.C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling.A[考查推理推断。依据第五段中的“Frommystandpoint，itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit？Yes，IthinkIwould.”可以推断，Nick对于与岳母住在一起持主动的看法，故选A。carefree无忧无虑的；tolerant宽容的；unwilling不情愿的。]10．Whatistheauthor'sstatementaboutmultigenerationalfamilybasedon?A．Familytraditions. B．Financialreports.C．Publishedstatistics. D．Publicopinions.C[考查推理推断。依据第六段中的“Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325，000in2001to419，000in2013.”和第七段中的“Itissaidthatabout20%of25­34­year­olds...about1．8million.”可知，作者通过排列数据来说明几世同堂家庭的状况，故C项“公布的数据”正确。]11．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B．Conflictsbetweengenerations.C．AhousingprobleminBritain.D．ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.D[考查主旨大意。依据全文中心句“Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤独)，morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.”可知，本文主要介绍了近年来英国人选择几世同堂的趋势在上升，故选D。]D篇(2024·全国卷Ⅱ，D)Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation，soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem？It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms，liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport，NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears，Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity，andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution(解决方案)．“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold，aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests，”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades，otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal？’Basically，it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen，attheendoftheyear，presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin­personreview，and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria？GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem，readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了美国一所中学与NASA合作的联合科研项目，解决国际空间站中的细菌问题。这类语篇对于启发与培育学生良好的思维品质有主动的引导作用。12．WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A．Theyarehardtogetridof.B．Theyleadtoairpollution.C．Theyappearindifferentforms.D．Theydamagetheinstruments.A[考查推理推断。依据第一段中的“ThemicroorganismsfromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation，soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.”可知，来自我们身体的微生物在太空站的表面增长得很快，宇航员每周得花很长时间清理它们，由此断定太空站里的细菌很难清除，故答案为A。]13．WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A．Tostrengthenteacher­studentrelationships.B．Tosharpenstudents'communicationskills.C．Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D．Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.D[考查细微环节理解。依据其次段的第一句“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.”可知，HUNCH项目的目的是把学校教化与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为D。]14．WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A．Checktheirproduct.B．Guideprojectdesigns.C．Adjustworkschedules.D．Gradetheirhomework.A[考查细微环节理解。依据第三段的最终两句“Engineerscomeandreallydoanin­personreview...It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”可知，NASA工程师亲自检查那些中学学生的产品，故答案为A。]15．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．NASA：TheHomeofAstronautsB．Space：TheFinalHomeworkFrontierC．Nature：AnOutdoorClassroomD．HUNCH：ACollegeAdmissionReformB[考查标题归纳。本文主要介绍了一个项目：把中学的教室教学与太空的探讨联系起来，使学生们得到NASA工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有学生，选项B将其完备地结合了起来，故答案为B。]题型一细微环节理解题细微环节理解题在高考阅读理解中占了相当大的比重，同时，也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。依据命题方式的不同，可分为事实认定题和数字计算题，而事实认定题考查多而广，可划分为干脆信息题和间接信息题。1．原词复现：选项中的某个词或短语与原文完全一样。2.同义转换：采纳变更句子结构或替换原文关键词的方法，表达与原文相同或相像的意义。3.语言简化：把原文中的困难语言进行简化，设置为答案。4.正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。1．张冠李戴：选项所述内容弄错了事实和对象，把此人的事情或观点错加到彼人身上，或将此事物的特性错加到彼事物上。2.无中生有：所述内容或是凭空捏造，或是生活常识，或是普遍真理，但在文中找不到支持的依据。3.曲解文意：与原文的内容相像，只是在某个细微环节处有些变动。4.混淆黑白：原文中原来有明确的依据，但是却设计成与之完全相反的选项。5.正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。一、事实认定题之干脆信息题干脆信息题是对原文干脆信息的考查，正确答案一般是原文或原文稍加改动而成，设问方式多以what,who,when,where,why,how等开头的特殊疑问句。[解题技巧]——题干定位法1．细致阅读题干，依据关键词明确答题方向。2．运用略读或查读等阅读技巧快速定位与问题相关的信息。3．细致比较所给选项，与原文信息对应，锁定正确选项。(2024·全国卷Ⅰ，A)TrainInformationAllcustomerstravellingonTransLinkservicesmustbeinpossessionofavalidticketbeforeboarding.Forticketinformation，pleaseaskatyourlocalstationorcall131230.WhileQueenslandRailmakeseveryefforttoensuretrainsrunasscheduled，therecanbenoguaranteeofconnectionsbetweentrainsorbetweentrainservicesandbusservices.Lostproperty(失物招领)CallLostPropertyon131617duringbusinesshoursforitemslostonQueenslandRailservices.ThelostpropertyofficeisopenMondaytoFriday7：30a．m.to5：00p．m.andislocated(位于)atRomaStreetstation.PublicholidaysOnpublicholidays，generallyaSundaytimetableoperates.Oncertainmajoreventdays，i.e.AustraliaDay，AnzacDay，sportingandculturaldays，specialadditionalservicesmayoperate.ChristmasDayservicesoperatetoaChristmasDaytimetable.Beforetravelpleasevisittranslink.auorcallTransLinkon131230anytime.CustomersusingmobilitydevicesManystationshavewheelchairaccessfromthecarparkorentrancetothestationplatforms.Forassistance，pleasecallQueenslandRailon131617.Guardiantrains(outbound)DepartOriginDestinationArrive6：42p．m.AltandiVarsity7：37p．m.7：29p．m.CentralVarsity8：52p．m.8：57p．m.FortitudeVarsity9：52p．m.11：02p．m.RomaStreetVarsity12：22a．m.21．Whatwouldyoudotogetticketinformation？A.Call131617.×张冠李戴B.Visittranslink.au.×张冠李戴C.Askatthelocalstation.√原词复现D.Checkthetrainschedule.×曲解文意[解题指导]考查细微环节理解题之干脆信息题。定位关键信息源：第一段的其次句“Forticketinformation,pleaseaskatyourlocalstationorcall131230.”。据此可知，你可以到当地车站询问(askatyourlocalstation)，故选C项。22．Atwhichstationcanyoufindthelostpropertyoffice？A.Altandi.×张冠李戴B.RomaStreet.√原词复现C.Varsity×张冠李戴D.Fortitude×张冠李戴[解题指导]考查细微环节理解题之干脆信息题。定位关键信息源：第三段的其次句“ThelostpropertyofficeisopenMondaytoFriday7：30a．m.to5：00p．m.andislocated(位于)atRomaStreetstation.”。据此可知，失物招领处位于RomaStreetstation，故选B项。23．WhichtrainwouldyoutakeifyougofromCentraltoVarsityLakes？A.6：42p．m.×张冠李戴B.7：29p．m.√原词复现C.8：57p．m.×张冠李戴D.11：02p．m.×张冠李戴[解题指导]考查细微环节理解题之干脆信息题。定位关键信息源：表格中Central到VarsityLakes的相关信息，从Central至VarsityLakes须要乘坐晚上7：29的列车，故选B。二、事实认定题之间接信息题与干脆信息题相比，间接信息题的隐藏性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文的基础上进行改造。[解题技巧]——断章取义法1．阅读题干，有针对性地扫读原文，锁定相关词句等信息。2．精确理解每个选项的意思，找寻与原文信息相关的同义词、近义词或反义词。3．细致比较选项和原文信息，选择正确或最佳答案。(2024·全国卷Ⅲ，D节选)Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeachcombination.34．WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys？A.Theycouldperformbasicaddition.√同义替换B.Theycouldunderstandsimplewords.×无中生有C.Theycouldmemorizenumberseasily.×混淆黑白D.Theycouldholdtheirattentionforlong.×无中生有[解题指导]考查细微环节理解题之间接信息题。在原文中定位关键信息“indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation”，然后对原文信息进行语义上的转换，即可得出正确答案。探讨人员在进行了数百次测试后发觉，猴子多半时候会选择更高的值，这表明它们是在进行计算，而不仅仅是记忆每个组合的值，故选A项。三、数字计算题细微环节理解题的题干中有时会涉及年头、年龄、数量、钱款等，但是这些数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。[解题技巧]——查读分析法1．明确题干要求，锁定原文相关信息。2．对相关信息和数字进行分析和理解。3．利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算，进而确定答案。(2024·全国卷Ⅰ，C节选)Atpresent,theworldhasabout6，800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1，000;Africa2，400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3，200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6，000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.30．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6，000peopleatpresent？A.About6，800.×张冠李戴B.About3，400.√语言简化C.About2，400.×张冠李戴D.About1，200.×无中生有[解题指导]考查细微环节理解题之数字计算题。锁定原文信息：“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6，800languages.”和“Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6，000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”通过分析可知，目前世界上有大约6800种语言，而且目前世界上一半语言的运用人数少于6000，也就是说，大约6800种语言的一半其运用人数少于6000，即大约3400。题型二推理推断题推理推断题是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析、挖掘、逻辑推理等，揭示出其深层含义。推理推断题可分为四个方面：隐含信息、言外之意；作者的观点、看法、情感看法；作者的写作意图/目的；文章出处、读者对象。1．有据推理：依据原文供应的已知信息，如事实、论点、例证等做出合乎逻辑或情理的推断，有效推导出未知的信息。2.同义转换：采纳变更句子结构或替换原文关键词的方法，表达与原文相同或相像的意义。1．主观臆断：没有基于原文供应的信息进行推断，而是依据常识或阅历进行推断。2.过犹不及：选项所述内容或对原文内容进行过度推理、概括，或对事情发生的范围过分扩大或缩小，或对某现象确定确定或否定。3.断章取义：孤立地提取原文中的一句或几句话的意思作为推理推断的依据而不是建立于对原文整体理解的基础上。4.因果倒置：选项混淆了事物间的因果关系，或将某一结果产生的缘由作为结果，或将结果作为缘由。5.答非所问：选取原文中出现的原话设置成选项，但原话却不能回答题干所提出的问题。一、推理推断题之隐含信息、言外之意通过归纳、演绎、类比等方式从已知信息中推出未知信息，由已言之意，推未言之意。[解题技巧]——逻辑分析得结论1．抓住某一段中的关键信息进行逆向或正向推理。2．整合全文(段)中与题目相关的信息进行推断。3．以文中事实为依据，不能凭空想象。(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅰ，D节选)Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I'llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?15．Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph？A.Howhungryweare.×主观臆断B.Howslimwewanttobe.×断章取义C.Howweperceiveothers.√有据推理D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.×主观臆断[解题指导]考查推理推断题之隐含信息、言外之意。依据节选中的内容可知，一般状况下，假如同伴吃得多，我也会吃得多，这叫作“I'llhavewhatshe'shaving”效应。但是，我们会调整这种影响。假如一个超重的人吃得多，我会限制一些，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果；但是，假如一个瘦人吃得多，我也会那么做。假如他可以在吃得多的同时保持苗条，我为什么不行以呢？据此我们可以推知，我们对自己饮食的调整是靠视察别人的行为来调整的，故选C项。二、推理推断题之观点、看法、情感看法通过对事务、景物、话语的深化分析推出作者含蓄、隐晦地表达出的观点或看法，体会作者在字里行间中流露出的情感看法。[解题技巧]——依据措辞定看法1．抓住文中的褒贬性词汇或语句，尤其是形容词和副词，可推断作者的情感看法。2．依据文章最终的“结论”可推断作者是赞成还是反对。(2024·全国卷Ⅰ，C)Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows，whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes，however，haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50­kilometerracewalk，whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport'srulesrequirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接触)withthegroundatalltimes.It'sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity，however，saysJaclynNorberg，anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem，Mass.Likerunning，racewalkingisphysicallydemanding，shesays.Accordingtomostcalculations，racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour，whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking，althoughfewerthanrunning，whichwouldprobablyburnabout1，000ormorecaloriesperhour.However，racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes，Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch，runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep，whileracewalkers，whodonotleavetheground，createonlyabout1．4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresult，shesays，someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning，suchasrunner'sknee，areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport'sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips，sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact，anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique，shesays.Ittakessomepractice.31．Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor'sattitudetoracewalking？A.Skeptical.×主观臆断B.Objective.√有据推理C.Tolerant.×主观臆断D.Conservative.×主观臆断[解题指导]考查推理推断题之观点、看法、情感看法。通读文章可知，作者提到了竞走这项运动的好处，也指出它的危害，看法是客观的，故选B项。三、推理推断题之写作意图/目的任何人写文章都有意图或目的，高考阅读理解时常会就这一问题进行命题，主要考查考生对英语文本的整体感知或理解的实力，做此类题的关键是要了解文章的体裁和题材，把握住文章的主题思想。[解题技巧]——文体特点看意图写作意图/目的通常有以下三种：1．故事类：toentertainreaders/totellanexperience。2．广告类：topersuadereaders/tosellaproductoraservice/toattractreadersorvisitors。3．科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类：toinformreaders/toreport/totell/todescribe。(2024·天津卷，D节选)Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself­pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5?A.Atoughmancantoleratesuffering.×断章取义B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself­pity.×断章取义C.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.×断章取义D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.√有据推理[解题指导]考查推理推断题之写作意图/目的。作者在文中告知我们要学会忍受我们不能变更的事物，要学会避开自怜，要知道不管我们怎么表现，总有人不宠爱我们等等，由此可知作者在本段中主要是告知我们要用合适的方法去对待生活。故选D项。四、推理推断题之文章出处、读者对象通过对格式、结构、内容的分析，推出文章的出处、题材范围和阅读此文章的主要读者群。[解题技巧]——内容细微环节巧推断1．看文章出处(1)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称—newspaper(2)推销介绍新产品—advertisement(3)文章中有clickhere等网络用语—website(4)旅游胜地方面的介绍—travelguide(5)时尚、名人或消遣方面的介绍—magazine/journal/entertainmentsection(6)科普学问—sciencesection(7)文化教化性的文章—educationsection2．确定读者对象先确定文章主题，再依据具体细微环节和文中的措辞推断读者对象。(2024·全国卷Ⅰ，C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon，themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee­spaces.Atpresent，thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive，though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow­costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sindentities，andbyextension，whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology，theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped，withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive，plastic­likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.31．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom？A.Adiary.×主观臆断B.Aguidebook.×主观臆断C.Anovel.×主观臆断D.Amagazine.√有据推理[解题指导]考查推理推断题之文章出处。依据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及其次段中的“ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow­costdevice...”，尤其是其中的关键词researchers，low­costdevice等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上，故选D项。题型三主旨大意题主旨大意题考查的是考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的实力，是对文章内容的深层次理解。通常以确定文章标题、概括全文主题和段落大意等形式出现。1．涵盖性强：覆盖全文或全段。2.范围恰当：既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强：不会变更语言表意的程度及色调。1．以偏概全：选项内容原文中有提及，但只是细枝末节，不能代表全文的整体意思，犯了以局部代替整体，用片面的观点看待整体问题的错误。2.断章取义：孤立地取原文中的一句或几句话的意思，而不顾全篇文章的主旨或中心思想，引用与原意不符或歪曲了原文所表达意思。3.主题扩大：选项所述内容或对原文内容进行过度归纳、概括，或对事情发生的范围过分扩大，超出了文章实际所表述的内容。4.张冠李戴：选项所述内容弄错了事实和对象，把此人的事情或观点错加到彼人身上，或把此事物的特性错加到彼事物上。5.无中生有：所述内容或是凭空捏造的信息，或是生活常识，或是普遍接受的真理，但都脱离了原文，在文中找不到支持的依据。6.因果倒置：凡事有因才有果，有果必有因。选项混淆了事物间的因果关系，或将某一结果产生的缘由作为结果，或将结果作为缘由。一、确定文章标题标题是文章的题目，它不是主题，但限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。特殊留意：一个好的标题通常具有三大特点：概括性、针对性和醒目性。[解题技巧]——“高度概括”定标题1．所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容，既不太大又不太小。2．一般文章的标题可依据主题句来推断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，须要依据文中的事实细微环节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题，进而确定标题。(2024·全国卷Ⅱ，D)Ihaveaspecialplaceinmyheartforlibraries.IhaveforaslongasIcanremember.Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader,sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties,IlivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas16yearsold.ItwasadreamjobandIdideverythingfromshelvingbookstoreadingtothechildrenforstorytime.AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(来源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread，usingdifferentvoices，asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit！Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.Now,IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonfromgenerationtogeneration.Asanovelist,I'vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan'taffordtopurchaseabook.Iseelibrariesasasafehaven(避风港)forreadersandwriters,abridgethathelpsputtogetherareaderwithabook.Libraries,intheirownway,helpfightbookpiracy(盗版行为)andIthinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyoucan.35．Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext？A.Reading:ASourceofKnowledge×主题扩大B.MyIdeaaboutWriting×无中生有C.Library:AHavenfortheYoung×主观臆断D.MyLoveoftheLibrary√覆盖性强[解题指导]考查主旨大意题之确定文章标题。通读全文可知，作者从一起先的点题到最终的深化主题都是围绕自己对图书馆的酷爱绽开的。一起先自己爱去图书馆借书，然后在图书馆工作，带孩子们去图书馆读书，最终号召大家支持图书馆，这一点一滴都体现了作者对图书馆的酷爱，故选D项。二、概括全文主题主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心愿思，有的干脆出现在文中，有的须要通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。[解题技巧]——“主题句定位”寻主题1．细读文章的首句、中间句和尾句，主题往往就在这些地方出现。2．特殊关注however,but等表示转折的信息词，主题很可能就在这类词的后面出现。3．表示结论性的信息词如so,thus,therefore等后面通常会出现主题句。4．对记叙文要会依据所述事务进行归纳概括，领悟其寓意，总结出文章的主题。(2024·全国卷Ⅱ，B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh­techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild，butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath­relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine，anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago，foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialsk