构词法课件(共69张)

高考英语复习一构词法在英语中构词法主要分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，更能够灵活运用到语法填空和短文改错对于词性转化的考查当中一、派生法在一个词的词根之间或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法。加在词根之间的词缀叫做前缀，加在词根之后的为后缀。1.形容词变名词的后缀

后缀

例词-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺-cyfluent→fluency流利；流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私；私密-domfree→reedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧-enceabsent→absence缺席silent→silence沉默

后缀

例词-nessweak→weakness虚弱；弱点kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意dark→darkness黑暗lonely→loneliness孤独happy→happiness高兴ill→illness疾病sad→sadness伤心aware→awareness意识后缀例词-thstrong→strength力气；强项warm→warmth温暖；热情true→truth真实wide→width宽度-ydifficult→difficulty困难-tycruel→cruelty残酷；残暴safe→safety安全-itydisable→disability无能；残疾responsible→responsibility责任

后缀

例词-ceadsent→absence缺席present→presence出席confident→confidence自信心convenient→convenience方便different→difference不同important→importance重要patient→patience耐心evident→evidence明显2.动词变名词的后缀

后缀

例词-alapprove→approval赞成；批准arrive→arrival到来；到达survice→survival幸存propose→proposal提议；建议-anceappear→appearance出现；外貌guide→guidance指引；指导perform→performance表演；节目accept→acceptance接受insure→insurance保险tolerate→tolerance

后缀

例词-enceexist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考；查阅-ionattract→attraction吸引construct→construction建设educate→education教育evaluate→evaluation评估graduate→graduation毕业introduce→introduction介绍describe→description描写interrupt→interruption打断adopt→adoption采纳；收养

后缀

例词-ationexpect→expectation期待；期望explain→explanation解释consider→consideration考虑imagine→imagination想象力starve→starvation挨饿invite→invitation邀请；请柬relax→relaxation放松communicate→communication交流combine→combination结合hesitate→hesitation犹豫

后缀

例词-(s)siondiscuss→discussion讨论；辩论decide→decision决定admit→admission接纳；准许入学permit→permission允许possess→possession财产conclude→conclusion结论-inghear→hearing听力；听觉begin→beginning开始end→ending结束

后缀

例词-mentachieve→achievement功绩；成就argue→argument辩论；论据treat→treatment对待；治疗equip→equipment设备agree→agreement同意announce→announcement通告arrange→arrangement安排encourage→encouragement鼓励-urefail→failure失败；没做到press→pressure压力please→pleasure快乐

后缀

例词-turemix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure离开；出发-yrecover→recovery恢复；痊愈discover→discovery发现其他grow→growth成长；发展choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化；种类tend→tendency趋向；趋势3.动名词变形容词的后缀后缀例词-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒适的fashion→fashionable时髦的suit→suitable合适的reason→reasonable有道理的forget→forgettable忘记的；遗忘的believe→believable可信的change→changeable多变的value→valuable有价值的

后缀

例词-almusic→musical音乐的origin→original最初的person→personal个人的；私人的center→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的form→formal正式的nation→national全国的globe→global全球的culture→cultural文化的environment→environmental环境的practice→practical实际的politics→political政治的后缀例词-fuldoubt→doubtful怀疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的thank→thankful感激的beauty→beautiful美丽的succes→successful成功的peace→peaceful和平的care→careful细心的use→useful有用的help→helpful有帮助的

后缀

例词-edscare→scared感到恐惧的confuse→confused感到困惑的puzzle→puzzled感到迷惑的worry→worried感到担心的bore→bored感到厌倦的excite→excited感到激动的；感到兴奋的underline→underlined加下划线的后缀例词-ingsurprise→surprising令人惊讶的convince→convincing令人信服的satisfy→satisfying令人担心的worry→worrying令人担心的bore→boring令人厌烦的-ibleaccess→accessible容易到达的；容易取到的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的后缀例词-iveact箭头active积极的；活跃的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive给人深刻的印象instruct→instructive有教育意义的expense→expensive昂贵的create→creative有创造力的protect→protective保护的

后缀

例词-ouscontinue→continuous不断地；持续的anxiety→anxious忧虑的caution→cautious十分小心的；谨慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的poison→poisonous有毒的ambition→ambitious有抱负的-sometire→tiresome令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome令人麻烦的后缀例词-ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的dirt→dirty有灰尘的；脏的rain→rainy有雨的sun→sunny阳光明媚的cloud→cloudy阴天的snow→snowy被雪覆盖的smell→smelly臭的salt→salty咸的dust→dusty布满灰尘的后缀例词-erneast→eastern东方的；向东的west→western西方的；向西的-ishchild→childish孩子气的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的-icscience→scientific科学的economy→economic经济的history→historic历史上著名的-aryimagine→imaginary想象中的4.形容词变副词的后缀规则示例一般情况加-lyslow→slowly（adv.)缓慢地common→commonly(adv.)普通地immediate→immediately(adv.)立刻地以“辅音字母+y”结尾，将y改为i再加-lyhappy→happily（adv.)高兴地steady→steadily(adv.)稳定地busy→busily（adv.)繁忙地规则示例以-le结尾去掉e再加-ysimple→simply(adv.)简单地gentle→gently(adv.)温柔地terrible→terribly(adv.)可怕地possible→possibly(adv.)可能地以-ic结尾的加-allyeconomic→economically(adv.)经济地scientific→scientifically科学地常考且易拼错的副词rudely；truly；politely；widely；nicely；closely；fortunately；surprisingly；increasingly；hurriedly；healthily5.表示“人”的名词后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有：后缀例词-erclean→cleaner清洁工report→reporter记者strange→stranger陌生人-orinvent→inventor发明者visit→visitor游客direct→director导演后缀例词-arlie→liar说谎者beg→beggar乞讨者；乞丐-eeemploy→employee雇员interview→interviewee参加面试者train→trainee受训者；学员-esshost→hostess女主人act→actress女演员-ianmusic→musician音乐家politics→politician政治家history→historian历史学家后缀例词-istart→artist艺术家science→scientist科学家piano→pianist钢琴家-antserve→servant仆人participate→participant参加者assist→assistant助手；图书管理员6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前/后缀

例词前缀dis-agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺点appear→disappear消失comfort→discomfort不舒适的honest→dishonest不诚实的courage→discourage不鼓励obey→disobey不服从-illegal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合逻辑的前缀例词前缀im-polite→impolite无礼的patient→impatient不耐烦的moral→immoral不道德的possible→impossible不可能的in-formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的direct→indirect间接引起的experienced→inexperienced没有经验的ir-regular→irregular不规则的responsible→irresponsible不负责任的前/后缀例词前缀mis-lead→mislead误导understand→misunderstand误解un-usual→unusual不寻常的willing→unwilling不愿意的happy→unhappy不高兴的known→unknown不出名的后缀-lesshope→hopeless绝望的end→endless没完没了的care→careless粗心的help→helpless无助的use→useless无用的7.变动词的前缀和后缀前后缀例词前缀en-able→enable使能够large→enlarge扩大rich→enrich使充实；使丰富danger→endanger危及courage→encourage鼓励前/后缀例词后缀-enbroad→broaden使变宽ripe→ripen使成熟sharp→sharpen使尖锐wide→widen加宽short→shorten变短deep→deepen加深dark→darken使变暗hard→harden使变硬quick→quicken加快bright→brighten使更明亮black→blacken变黑loose→loosen松开1.合成名词构成例词名词+副词get-together联欢会breakdown崩溃breakthrough突破副词+动词outbreak爆发output产量downfall垮台outcome结果前/后缀例词后缀-ifyclass→classify把......分类just→justify证明......正确simple→simplify简化beauty→beautify美化-izeapology→apologize道歉emphasis→emphasize强调memory→memorize记住real→realize认识到；实现二.转化法是由一种词类转换为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切关系。转化规则例词名词→动词face(n.脸→v.面对)shoulder(n.肩→v.肩负)water(n.水→v.浇水）back(n.背→v.支持)name(n.名字→v.命名)动词→名词look（v./n.）看try（v./n.）尝试dream（v./n.）梦想chat（v./n.）聊天转化规则例词形容词→动词empty(adj.空的→v.倒空）slow（adj.慢的→v.减慢）dirty（adj.脏的→v.弄脏）warm（adj.暖的→v.使变暖）形容词→副词hard（adj.难的→adv.努力）high（adj.高的→adv.高）deep（adj.深得→adv.深）wide（adj.宽的→adv.宽）构成例词名词+名词newspaper报纸babysitter保姆airport机场schoolmate校友形容词+名词greenhouse温室highway高速公路mainland大陆shorthand速记构成例词其他构成well-being健康grown-up成年人passer-by路人go-between媒人bride-to-be准新娘parents-to-be准父母son-in-law女婿by-product副产品2.合成形容词构成例词形容词/数词+名词+-edwarm-hearted热心的blue-eyed蓝眼睛adsent-minded心不在焉的middle-aged中年的nine-storeyed九层楼的three-legged三条腿的one-sided片面的构成例词名词/副词+分词peace-loving热爱和平的English-speaking讲英语的meat-eating食肉的man-made人造的snow-covered白雪覆盖的handmade手工的state-owned国有的well-dresswd穿着体面的newly-built新建的widespread广泛流传的构成例词名词+形容词world-famous世界著名的ice-cool冰冷的snow-white雪白的grass-green草绿的tax-free免税的fat-free无脂肪的trouble-free无忧无虑的形容词+分词good-looking好看的easy-going随和的slow-moving移动缓慢的构成例词形容词+名词full-time全职的part-time兼职的second-hand二手的upper-class上层阶级的；上流社会的high-grade品质优良的large-scale大规模的数词+名词+形容词200-mater-long200米长的1,000-word-long1000词长的18-year-old18岁大的20-meter-wide20米宽的3.合成其他词构成例词合成动词upset使心烦意乱的overcome克服overjoy使狂喜overthrow推翻oversleep睡过头undergo经历overcharge超额收费overbook超额预定构成例词合成副词afterward以后；后来inwards向内地upwards向上地downward向下地forward向前；前进upstairs在楼上anywhere任何地方anyhow无论如何forever永远构成例词合成介词outside在......外面without没有within在......之内into进入onto到......之上

跟踪检测单句语法填空1.【2019武汉市武昌区调研】Infact,itmusthaveahardstruggletogetits____(free)fromthecocoon.答案与解析：freedom考查名词。空处前面是形容词性物主代词its，形容词性物主代词后面要接名词，所以填名词freedom。2.【2019合肥市教学质量检测】SeniorexpertsfromUNESCOwereamazedatitsuniquenaturalscenery,nearperfectbiologicalsystem,andcreative____(combine)ofnatureandhumanism.答案与解析:combination考查名词。由前面地形容词creative和后面的of可知，此处应用combine的名词形式3.【2019江西五校联考】TheunitedNationsagencyreportedthisweekthe12superbugsareathreattohuman_____(healthy).答案与解析：health考查名词。介词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语。humanhealth意为“人类健康”，作介词to的宾语。4.【2019郑州质量检测】OnNewYear'sDay,wevisitedeveryneighborinthevillageandweregreeted____(warm)ateachhouse.答案与解析：warmly考查副词。根据空前的weregreeted可知，空处修饰动词，故用副词形式。5.【2019太原模拟】Lifeisaboutgivingandtaking,andit's____(general)truethatifyougive,youwillreceive,答案与解析：generally考查副词。修饰形容词应用副词，故填generally6.【2019湖北华大联盟高三质检】Theboylookedatfather____(hope)becausehethoughthisfatherhadbroughthimapresent.答案与解析：hopefully修饰动词短语lookedat应用副词形式。故填hopefully。7.【2018浙江卷6月】Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein____(weigh)problems。答案与解析：weight考查名词。根据语境可知，此处表示“体重问题”，故空号处需要填名词weight。8.【2017浙江卷11月】Oneofthe____(effect)waystobuildvocabularyistoreadgoodbooks.答案与解析：effective考查形容词。根据空号后的ways可知，此处需要用形容词，意为“有效的方法之一”，故填effective。9.【2019湖北七市联考】FloweringinMay.peonies'largepetalsandstrongcolorsarelinkedtoprosperityand____(rich)intraditionalChineseculture.答案与解析：richness考查名词。空前and一词决定其前后单词词性相同，and前prosperity(繁荣)是名词，所以空号处应该也是名词，形容词rich的名词是richness。10.【2018河南信阳高中大考】Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbacamevery____(anger)aboutit.答案与解析：angry句意：起初，许多人不喜欢这种绘画风格，并对此感到很生气。系动词became后面应用形容词作表语，故填angry。beangryaboutsth.意为“对谋士感到生气”，为固定短语。11.【2019成都诊断】Whenyoudogoforhotpot,youwilloftenbaaskedtomakea____(choose)ofbrothinwhichyoucookyourrawingredients(食材).答案与解析：choice考查词形转换。根据空号前的a和空号后的of可知空号处应填名词的单数形式。12.【2019福建六校联考】Staying____(health)whiletravellingcanhelptoensureyourtripisahappyandenjoyableone.答案与解析：healthy句意：在旅行的过程中保持健康有助于确保你的旅途开心、愉快。stay为系动词，意为“保持”，其后常接形容词作表语。故填healthy。13.【2018浙江卷】Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe____(afford)butdoingthismostdaysaddsup.答案与解析：affordable考查形容词。根据语境可知，一周在外就餐一到两次可能是可以负担得起的，故填形容词affordable。14.【2019河南省豫北名校质量评估】Lanzhoubeefnoodlehasahistoryof102yearsandisknownforits____(taste)beef,soupandnoodles.答案与解析：tasty考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空号处在句中作定语，修饰名词beef,故应填形容词tasty“美味的，可口的”。15.【2019赣州十四县市联考】Shetookmefromapoor,unhappycollegestudentandbroughtmeintoherworld:aworldofsmiles,loveand____(warm).答案与解析：warmth考查词性转换。根据空号前的内容可知，空号处与smiles和love构成并列关系，故此处用名词形式，故填warmth。语法填空【2019湖北八市联考】I'verecentlystartedworkinginaunitforpeoplewithseveredementia(痴呆).Manyhavedifferentphysicalneedsaswellascomplexbehavioralproblems___1___acnsequenceoftheirdementia.Veryfewofthesepatientsareabletocommunicateinany___2__(meaning)way,andmostnolongerrecognizetheirfamily.It's__3__(possible)nottobetouchedbythis.Afewweeksago,IsatinameetingwithMr.Radley.Hiswife___4__(become)apatientforthepastfouryears.Sheadvanceddementiaandcouldbeviolent,andshefrequentlyscreamed,__5___shewasunabletospeak.Shewasinhersixtiesandusedtobeacostumedesigner.Herhusbandsatcalmlywhilewereviewedhiswife'scase.Wethoughtshewasgetting__6___(bad)andstillneededcontinuingcare.Hespokeabout___7__she'dbeenlikebeforeshebacameill,butsuddenlyhisvoiceshookandIrealizedhewasabouttocry.Afterawhile,hecalmeddownexplained,“It'ssohardsee