专题09- 阅读表达 (解析版) 五年（2018-2022）北京高考真英语真题+两年模拟题分项汇编详解

专题09 阅读表达序号内容PartIPassage1-Passage2--5年真题过关PartIIPassage3-Passage20--模拟能力提升（北京各区模拟试题）PartI-5年真题过关Passage1（2022年北京）Tom,a15-year-oldinventorandentrepreneur(创业者),witnessedathisownschoolthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykids.Heknewtherehadtobeabetterportabledrinksolutionanddecidedtoinnovatefromsomethinghesawinhisownhome:fruitinfused(浸泡)water.Tomwatchedhismummakehealthyfruitinfusionsbutthenstruggleforatake-alongoption.Fromobservinghismumandfromhisdesiretogivekidsbetterdrinkoptions,hecameupwithhisoriginalmodelfortheFunBottle.“Iwantedtocomeupwithahealthy,naturalwayforpeopletodrinkwhenonthego.Abigpartofmymissionistogetpeopleofallagesoffsugarydrinks,”Tomexplains.Thebottleismadewithastrainer(滤网)thatallowsthegreattastesandnaturalsugarsofthevariousfruitsandvegetablesyouchoosetocomethroughthewater,withoutanyoftheseedsorskinsflowingthrough.TomisproudofhisdesignandexcitedtobesellingtheFunBottleonhiswebsiteandinstores,butthis15-year-oldismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothers.Ithelpstoprovidehealthyalternativestosugarydrinks;andalsoTomdonatespartoftheprofitstotheOrganisationforaHealthierGeneration(OHG).Tomhasbeenawardedseveralprizes,butthisteenageinnovatorremainshumble.Whenaskedwhatadvicehe’dgiveotherentrepreneurialyouth,hesays,“Prepareandhaveyourfamily’ssupport.Itisimportanttoknowfromthebeginningthattherearealotofhighsandlows,andthereisnosuchthingasovernightsuccess.”40.WhatdidTomwitnessathisownschool?41.WheredidTomgettheideafortheoriginalmodelfortheFunBottle?42.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatementthenunderlineitandexplainwhy.TomismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothersbecausehenotonlyprovideshealthyalternativestosugarydrinksbutalsodonatesalltheprofitstotheOHG.43.AmongTom’squalities,whichone(s)doyouthinkwillbeimportantforus?Why?(Inabout40words)【解题导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述15岁的汤姆看到自己学校的学生喝含糖的饮料，随后发明了一种适合所有年龄的人们可以喝的无糖的健康饮料。40.【答案】Tomwitnessedthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykidsathisownschool.【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句“Tom,a15-year-oldinventorandentrepreneur(创业者),witnessedathisownschoolthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们大量消费含糖饮料）可知，作为15岁的发明家和创业者，汤姆在学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料。故答案为Tomwitnessedthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykidsathisownschool.41.【答案】Tomgottheideafromobservinghismummakehealthyfruitinfusionsbutthenstruggleforatake-alongoption.【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句中“Tomwatchedhismummakehealthyfruitinfusions”（汤姆看着他的妈妈制作健康的水果饮料）第二句“Fromobservinghismumandfromhisdesiretogivekidsbetterdrinkoptions,hecameupwithhisoriginalmodelfortheFunBottle.”（从观察他的母亲和他要给孩子们更好的饮料选择的愿望，他想出了他的原始模型的FunBottle）可知，汤姆在观察母亲制作水果饮料的过程中得到启发，才有了FunBottle的原始模型。故答案为Tomgottheideafromobservinghismummakehealthyfruitinfusionsbutthenstruggleforatake-alongoption.42.【答案】【解析】考查细节理解。根据第四段中“butthis15-year-oldismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothers.Ithelpstoprovidehealthyalternativestosugarydrinks;andalsoTomdonatespartoftheprofitstotheOrganisationforaHealthierGeneration(OHG).”（但是这个15岁的孩子最感到自豪的是FunBottle带给其他人的机会。它有助于对含糖饮料提供健康的替代品。而且汤姆还捐赠了部分利润为一个名为OHG的组织）可知，汤姆把自己产品的部分利润，并非全部利润，捐给了OHG。所以错误在于“alltheprofits”，应修改为“partoftheprofits”，故答案为TomismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothersbecausehenotonlyprovideshealthyalternativestosugarydrinksbutalsodonatesalltheprofitstotheOHG.TomdonatespartoftheprofitstotheOHG.43.【答案】TomismostproudoftheopportunitiesthatFunBottlepresentstoothersbecausehenotonlyprovideshealthyalternativestosugarydrinksbutalsodonatesalltheprofitstotheOHG.TomdonatespartoftheprofitstotheOHG.43.Ithinkthequalityofperspicacitywillbeimportant,becausethisinsightcanhelpusconstantlyfindourownshortcomingsinourlives,whichinturncanhelpusimproveourselves.(31)【解析】开放题，言之有理即可。根据第一段第一句“Tom,a15-year-oldinventorandentrepreneur(创业者),witnessedathisownschoolthewidespreadconsumptionofsugarydrinksbykids.”（汤姆，一个15岁的发明家和企业家，在他自己的学校目睹了孩子们广泛消费含糖饮料）第二段中““Iwantedtocomeupwithahealthy,naturalwayforpeopletodrinkwhenonthego.Abigpartofmymissionistogetpeopleofallagesoffsugarydrinks,”Tomexplains.”（“我想出一种健康、自然的方式，让人们在旅途中喝。我的一大任务就是让所有年龄段的人都不再喝含糖饮料,”汤姆解释说）可知，汤姆在看到学生喝含糖的饮料时，他想到要发明出一种适合所有年龄段都能喝的不含糖的饮料，可推知，汤姆是一个很有聪颖的，有洞察力的人。这种洞察力在我们的生活中可以帮助我们不断发现自己的不足，进而帮助我们提升自己。故答案为：Ithinkthequalityofperspicacityimisportant,becausethisinsightcanhelpusconstantlyfindourownshortcomingsinourlives,whichinturncanhelpusimproveourselves.(31)Passage2（2021年北京）Recentresearchsuggeststhatifanargumentgetsresolved，theemotionalresponsetiedtoitissignificantlyreducedoralmostcompletelyerased．Thus，itmaybeworthbringingupissueswithyourfriends，familymembers，orclassmatesratherthanholdingthemback．Thereisadifferencebetweenarguingandfighting．Arguingisthatyouandyouropponentpresentyourconcernsanddiscussthefeelingsandissuesrelatedtothoseconcerns．Youcanengageinanargumentrespectfullywithoutstirringup（激起）anger．Fighting，however，usuallyinvolvespersonalattacks，raisingofvoices，andstormingout．Discussingyourissuesandresolvingtheminsteadofstuffingthemdowncanimproveyouremotionalhealth．Inastudy，2.000peoplewereaskedtorecordtheirfeelingsandexperiencesforeightdaysinarow．Whenpeoplehadanargumentthattheyconsideredresolved，theyhadhalfthereactivity（情绪反应）ofthosewhoavoidedanargument．Reactivityisanincreaseinnegativeemotionsoradecreaseinpositiveemotions．Inotherwords，resolvinganargumentcutsyournegativefeelingsbyhalf．Onedaylater，peoplewhohadaresolvedargumentreportednoincreaseofnegativeemotionscomparedwiththosewhoavoidedanargument．Thismeansthatresolvinganargumentcanfeellikeyouhavereachedastateofresolution——andyouarelesslikelytobeannoyed．Moreover，theolderyouare，themorelikelyyouwillcometoaresolutionafteranargument．Thismaybebecausemorelifeexperienceusuallyleadstomoredefinedpriorities．Youaremorelikelytodistinguishbetweenwhatmattersandwhatdoesnot．Itiseasiertoavoidadiscussion，butriskingtalkingaboutitmayeventuallyleadtoabetteroutcome．40.Accordingtothispassage，whatisarguing？41.Whyisitthat“theolderyouare，themorelikelyyouwillcometoaresolutionafteranargument”？42.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement，thenunderlineitandexplainwhy．Resolvingargumentscanimproveyouremotionalhealth，becauseitincreasesyourreactivityandreducesthechanceofyougettingangry．43.Inadditiontoimprovingemotionalhealth，whatdoyouthinkaresomeotherbenefitsofresolvinganargument？（Inabout40words）【答案】40.Arguingisdiscussingyourworries，relatedfeelingsandproblemswiththeotherparty．41.Itisbecausemorelifeexperiencemayhelppeoplebetteridentifyprioritiesinlife．42.Resolvingargumentscanimproveyouremotionalhealth，becauseitincreasesyourreactivityandreducesthechanceofyougettingangry．Resolvingargumentshelpstodecreaseyourreactivity．43.Resolvingargumentscanalsoimprovepeople'slogicalthinkingandresilience,andimprovetheirrelationshipwitheachother.（参考答案）【分析】这是一篇说明文。最近的研究表明，如果争吵得到解决，与之相关的情绪反应会显著减少或几乎完全消除。因此，向你的朋友、家人或同学提出问题可能是值得的，而不是阻止他们。40.【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段“Arguingisthatyouandyouropponentpresentyourconcernsanddiscussthefeelingsandissuesrelatedtothoseconcerns．”（争论是你和你的对手提出你的担忧，并讨论与这些担忧相关的感受和问题。）可知，争论是提出你的担忧，并讨论与这些担忧相关的感受和问题。故答案为Arguingisdiscussingyourworries，relatedfeelingsandproblemswiththeotherparty．41.【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段“Moreover，theolderyouare，themorelikelyyouwillcometoaresolutionafteranargument．Thismaybebecausemorelifeexperienceusuallyleadstomoredefinedpriorities．Youaremorelikelytodistinguishbetweenwhatmattersandwhatdoesnot．”（而且，年纪越大，越有可能在争吵后找到解决办法。这可能是因为更多的生活经历通常会导致更明确的优先事项。你更有可能区分什么是重要的，什么是不重要的。）可知，更多的生活经验可以帮助人们更好地确定生活中的优先事项。故答案填Itisbecausemorelifeexperiencemayhelppeoplebetteridentifyprioritiesinlife．42.【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段“Recentresearchsuggeststhatifanargumentgetsresolved，theemotionalresponsetiedtoitissignificantlyreducedoralmostcompletelyerased．”（如果争吵得到解决，与之相关的情绪反应会显著减少或几乎）可知，解决争吵可以改善你的情绪健康，因为它增加你的反应，减少你生气的机会。解决争论有助于降低你的反应性，而不是增加你的反应力。故答案为Resolvingargumentscanimproveyouremotionalhealth，becauseitincreasesyourreactivityandreducesthechanceofyougettingangry．Resolvingargumentshelpstodecreaseyourreactivity．43.【解析】考查开放思维。解决争吵也可以提高人们的逻辑思维能力和应变能力，使得相互之间的关系得到升华。故可能答案版本一为Resolvingargumentscanalsoimprovepeople'slogicalthinkingandresilience,andimprovetheirrelationshipwitheachother.PartII-模拟能力提升（北京各区模拟试题）Passage3（2022·北京房山·二模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。Isitpossibletoimproveyourbrainfunction?Theansweris“yes”.Informationinyourbrainiscollected,storedandrecalledbyneuralpathways.Thesepathwaysareresponsibleforyourabilitiestosolveproblems,rememberfamiliarfacesandtasks,withoutpayingatonofefforts.Millionsoftheseneuralpathwaysbegindevelopingfromthetimewhenyouaregrowingintoababy.Tokeepourmemoryhealthy,weneedtocreatenewpathwayscontinually.Asweage,ourlifestylesoftenchange,stoppingthosepathwaysfrombeingdeveloped.Twofrequentchangesareadecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontoourdiet,whichhaveanegativeeffectonourbrainandmemory.Ourbrainrequiresconsistentstimulation,regardlessofourage,andlookingforwaystoexcitetheproductionofnewpathwaysiscritical.Justlikeyourphysicalmusclesneedtobeusedindifferentwaystomakethemstronger,ourbrainneedschangetohelpchallengeitsabilities.Onesimplewaytostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysistryingsomethingnew.Challengeyourbrainwithpuzzles,anewlanguageorlearninghowtoplayaninstrument.Anythingdifferentandnewcanstimulateyourbrainandmemory.Thebestactivitiesaretheonesoutsideofyourcomfortzone.Theypushyouasyoudevelopnewneuralpathways.Theeffortinvolvedinlearningandcommittingtomemoryanewskill,withnewtermsandlanguage,isagreatwaytoexerciseyourbrain.Anotherwaytostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysisdoingexercise.Whenyouexerciseyourbody,youarealsoworkingoutyourmind,becauseregularactivityhelpstoimprovethechemicalsinyourbrainandtoprotectbraincells.1．Accordingtothepassage,whatcannegativelyaffectourbrainandmemory?2．Whyarethebestactivitiestheonesoutsideofyourcomfortzone?3．Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.Thetwowaysmentionedinthepassagetohelpcreatenewpathwaysaretryingsomethingnewandexercisingyourbrainbychallengingyourbrainwithdifferenttasks.4．Whatelsecanyoudotoimproveyourbrainfunction?(Inabout40words)【答案】1．Adecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontothediet.

Becausetheycanstimulateone’sbrainandmemorytodevelopnewneutralpathways.

Thetwowaysmentionedinthepassagetohelpcreatenewpathwaysaretryingsomethingnewandexercisingyourbrainbychallengingyourbrainwithdifferenttasks.Becausetheotherwaymentionedinthepassagetostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysisdoingexercise。

4．Toimprovebrainfunction,weshouldpaymoreattentiontothediet.Andweshouldgetenoughmentalexerciselikereadinganddoingmath.Inaddition,mediationisagoodwaytoimprovememoryandlearning.【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出大脑的功能是可以主动提升的，并介绍了两种促进神经通路形成、提升大脑功能的方法。1．【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Twofrequentchangesareadecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontoourdiet,whichhaveanegativeeffectonourbrainandmemory.(两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，体育锻炼减少和不注意自身饮食会对大脑和记忆力产生负面影响。故答案为Adecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontothediet。2．【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段中“Thebestactivitiesaretheonesoutsideofyourcomfortzone.Theypushyouasyoudevelopnewneuralpathways.Theeffortinvolvedinlearningandcommittingtomemoryanewskill,withnewtermsandlanguage,isagreatwaytoexerciseyourbrain.(最好的活动是那些舒适区之外的活动。它们会促使你发展新的神经通路。那些用于学习和致力于记住一项新技能、新术语或是语言所付出的努力，是锻炼大脑的极佳方式)”可知，舒适区之外的活动，也就是新奇的活动和经历可以激励大脑和记忆力，使人发展出新的神经通路，因此是最好的活动。故答案为Becausetheycanstimulateone’sbrainandmemorytodevelopnewneutralpathways。3．【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段“Onesimplewaytostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysistryingsomethingnew.(一种简单的刺激新通路形成的方式是，尝试新鲜的事物)”和第七段中“Anotherwaytostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysisdoingexercise.(另一个刺激新通路形成的方式是体育锻炼)”可知，文中提到的两种促进新的神经通路形成的方式分别是尝试新鲜事物和增加体育锻炼，即所给句子中“exercisingyourbrainbychallengingyourbrainwithdifferenttasks”部分有误，应画线，故答案（所述理由）为Thetwowaysmentionedinthepassagetohelpcreatenewpathwaysaretryingsomethingnewandexercisingyourbrainbychallengingyourbrainwithdifferenttasks.Becausetheotherwaymentionedinthepassagetostimulatetheproductionofnewpathwaysisdoingexercise。4．【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Twofrequentchangesareadecreaseinexerciseandlessattentiontoourdiet,whichhaveanegativeeffectonourbrainandmemory.(两种常见的改变有，体育锻炼的减少和对自身饮食的不加注意，它们对我们的大脑和记忆力都有着消极的影响)”可知，不注意自身饮食会阻碍新的神经通路形成，因此要避免这种行为，此外根据文中已经提到的提高大脑功能的方法还可联想到，适当地进行一些头脑训练，比如阅读、做数学题、练习冥想等。故答案为Toimprovebrainfunction,weshouldpaymoreattentiontothediet.Andweshouldgetenoughmentalexerciselikereadinganddoingmath.Inaddition,mediationisagoodwaytoimprovememoryandlearning。Passage4（2022·北京市十一学校三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetterorworse.What’ssadisthatevenifit’sthelatter,weoftenfollowacertainpathanywaybecausewearesousedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.Psychologistscallthisphenomenonfunctionalfixedness.Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworks–andasenseofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxoftacks(大头钉)andsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallsothatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewallorlightingittofixitwithmeltedwax(石蜡).Thetacksaretooshort,andthecandledoesn’tfastentothewall.Sohowcanyouaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxasacandleholder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.Tothinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox’susualroleasacontainerjustfortacksandreimagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficultbecauseweallsuffer–toonedegreeoranother–fromfunctionalfixedness.Theinabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycornerofsociety.ThepoliticaltheoristHannahArendcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribedeeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt’seyes,thecomplacentrelianceonsuchaccepted“truths”alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthatdidn’tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid,“Itcanbefoundinhighlyintelligentpeople.”Anothercontextinwhichfrozenthinkingcanturntrulydangerousismedicine.Ifyoulandinthehospital,it’snaturaltowanttobetreatedbythemostexperiencedphysiciansonstaff.Butaccordingtoa2014studyintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation(JAMA),you’dbebetteroffbeingtreatedbytherelativenovices.5．Whatdoes“functionalfixedness”mean?6．Howisthecandleattachedtothewall?7．Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.▶FrozenthinkingiscommonamongordinarypeoplebutlessfoundinthosewithhighIQ.8．Howcanyouavoidfrozenthoughtsinyourdailylife?(Inabout40words)【答案】5．Itmeansweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.

Thesuccessfultechniqueistoplaceitintotheemptiedtackboxthatisfastenedtothewall.

7．Frozenthinkingiscommonamongordinarypeopleaswellasthosewithhigh10althoughfrozenthinkinghasmuchtodowithintelligence.Becausefrozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence.

8．Therearetwowaystoavoidfrozenthoughts.Firstly,Icantalktopeoplewhodisagreewithme,whichisgoodformybrain.What’smore,Ialwaysthinkoutsidethebox,whichcanbroadenmythinkingincountlessways.【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了一种心理学家称之为功能固着的现象。5．【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的“What’ssadisthatevenifit’sthelatter,weoftenfollowacertainpathanywaybecauseweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.Psychologistscallthisphenomenonfunctionalfixedness.(可悲的是，即使是后者，我们通常还是会走一条特定的道路，因为我们已经习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。心理学家称这种现象为功能性固着)”可知，功能固着指的习惯了事物本来的样子，甚至没有意识到它们可能是不同的。故答案为Itmeansweareusedtothewaythingsarethatwedon’tevenrecognizethattheycouldbedifferent.6．【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的“Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxasacandleholder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.(成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台。你把它倒空，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面)”可知，成功的方法是把大头钉盒当作烛台，钉在墙上，把蜡烛放在里面。故答案为Thesuccessfultechniqueistoplaceitintotheemptiedtackboxthatisfastenedtothewall.7．【解析】考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段的“Frozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid,“Itcanbefoundinhighlyintelligentpeople.”(她说，思维僵化与智力无关，“它可以在高智商的人身上找到。”)”可知，“Frozenthinkingiscommonamongordinarypeopleaswellasthosewithhighalthoughfrozenthinkinghasmuchtodowithintelligence.”的错误之处是“hasmuchtodowithintelligence”，因为思维僵化和智力无关。故答案为Frozenthinkingiscommonamongordinarypeopleaswellasthosewithhigh10althoughfrozenthinkinghasmuchtodowithintelligence.Becausefrozenthinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence.8．【解析】开放性问题。题干意为“你如何避免日常生活中的思维僵化？”，结合文章内容，答案符合逻辑即可，注意词数限制。例如：Therearetwowaystoavoidfrozenthoughts.Firstly,Icantalktopeoplewhodisagreewithme,whichisgoodformybrain.What’smore,Ialwaysthinkoutsidethebox,whichcanbroadenmythinkingincountlessways.Passage5（2022·北京师大附中三模）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。Almosteverycommunityintheworldhassomeformofrulesandsomewayofcarryingthemout.Acommunityisagroupofpeoplewhoareunitedbyanumberoffactors,includinggeography,language,andvalues.Sowhydowehaverules,andwhatmakespeoplefollowthem?Studieshavesuggestedthatthereasonwedon’tlikecheatingandrule-breakingisthatfairnessisprogrammedintoourbrains.Theyhavefoundthatthebrainreactsinaparticularwaywhenwefeelwearebeingtreatedunfairly.Thefindingsconcludedthatfairnessisabasichumanneedalongwithfoodandsocialcontact.Oursenseoffairnessdependsontheinfluencesinourculture,theimmediatesituationwearein,andourownself-interest.Arrivingatafeelingoffairnessmeansconsideringdifferent,oftenconflicting,pointsofview.Regardlessofthedisagreement,peoplealmostalwaysneedtocompromise.Butitcanbedifficulttoarriveatacompromise(妥协)whenthereareconflictinginterests.Thisiswhycommunitieshaverulesthateveryonemustfollow.Socialcontrolsareanimportantfactorinsettingandfollowingrules.Theyinfluencethewaywebehaveandcanbeinternalorexternal.Internalcontrolscomefromwithinandarebasedonourvaluesandfears.Mostofusdon’tsteal,forexample,becausewebelievethattheftisunfairandwrong.Inotherwords,ourinternalcontrolskeepusfrombehavinginwaysthatcauseconflict.Externalcontrolsincluderewardsandpunishments.Theydonotcomefromwithinbutareimplementedbyanauthority—thiscouldbethegovernment,thepolice,ateacherorparents,dependingonthesituation.Rewards,suchasjobpromotions,awards,andpraise,aredesignedtoencouragepeopletobehaveandactintheinterestofthewholecommunity.Punishments,suchaspublicembarrassment,fines,andevenimprisonmentcanpreventpeoplefromactingagainstthecommunity’sbestinterests.Peopleneedtheircommunitiestofunctionsmoothly.Becauseofthis,humansmostoftenbehaveinorderly,fair,andpredictableways.Iftherewerenorules,themajorityofpeoplewouldprobablycontinuetointeractpositively.However,therewouldalwaysbeaminoritywhowouldnot,withseriousconsequences.Thisiswhyasocietywithoutrulesisunlikelytobecomearealityanytimesoon—atleastnotintherealworld.(390words)9．Whydowehaverulesandfollowthem?10．Howdosocialcontrolsinfluenceourbehavior?11．Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenchangeitandexplainwhy.Ourinternalcontrolcomesfromrewardsandpunishmentsfromanauthoritylikeourschool.12．Ifyoucouldchangearuleatyourschool/home/community,whichonewouldyouliketochange?Why?(Inabout40words)【答案】9．Topromotefairness.

Socialcontrolsinfluencethewaywebehaveandcanbeinternalorexternal.

11．Ourexternalcontrolscomesfromrewardsandpunishmentsfromanauthoritylikeourschool.Becauseexternalcontrolsincluderewardsandpunishments.Theydonotcomefromwithinbutareimplementedbyanauthority—thiscouldbethegovernment,thepolice,ateacherorparents,dependingonthesituation.

12．Inmyhome,allhouseworkisdonebymymom,whichIthinkshouldbechanged.Becauseitisunfairtodoallthehouseworkbymymom.Weshoulddoitwithhertoshowfairness,ourloveandshareofresponsibility.【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述一项研究表明，人们生活的社区和社会都需要有规则来促进公平，没有规则，社会就无法运行。9．【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Oursenseoffairnessdependsontheinfluencesinourculture,theimmediatesituationwearein,andourownself-interest.Arrivingatafeelingoffairnessmeansconsideringdifferent,oftenconflicting,pointsofview.Regardlessofthedisagreement,peoplealmostalwaysneedtocompromise.Butitcanbedifficulttoarriveatacompromise(妥协)whenthereareconflictinginterests.Thisiswhycommunitieshaverulesthateveryonemustfollow.”(我们的公平感取决于我们文化的影响，我们当前的处境，以及我们自身的利益。达到一种公平的感觉意味着考虑不同的，经常是相互矛盾的观点。不管有什么分歧，人们几乎总是需要妥协。但当利益冲突时，可能很难达成妥协。这就是为什么社区有每个人都必须遵守的规则。)可知，我们每个人之所以要遵守规则，原因在于要实现公平。故答案为Topromotefairness。10．【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“Socialcontrolsareanimportantfactorinsettingandfollowingrules.Theyinfluencethewaywebehaveandcanbeinternalorexternal.”(社会控制是制定和遵守规则的一个重要因素。它们影响我们的行为方式，可以是内在的，也可以是外在的。)可知，社会控制从内在和外在影响我们的行为方式。故答案为Socialcontrolsinfluencethewaywebehaveandcanbeinternalorexternal.11．【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“Internalcontrolscomefromwithinandarebasedonourvaluesandfears.”(内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧。)和第四段“Externalcontrolsincluderewardsandpunishments.Theydonotcomefromwithinbutareimplementedbyanauthority—thiscouldbethegovernment,thepolice,ateacherorparents,dependingonthesituation.”(外部控制包括奖励和惩罚。它们不是来自内部，而是由一个权威机构执行——这可能是政府、警察、教师或家长，具体取决于具体情况。)可知，内部控制来自内部，基于我们的价值观和恐惧；而外部控制是来自像学校这样的权威机构执行的奖励和惩罚。所以，这句话“Ourinternalcontrolcomesfromrewardsandpunishmentsfromanauthoritylikeourschool.”(我们的内部控制来自于像我们学校这样的权威机构的奖励和惩罚。)是错误的，主语internalcontrol应该改成externalcontrol。故答案为Ourexternalcontrolscomesfromrewardsandpunishmentsfromanauthoritylikeourschool.Becauseexternalcontrolsincluderewardsandpunishments.Theydonotcomefromwithinbutareimplementedbyanauthority—thiscouldbethegovernment,thepolice,ateacherorparents,dependingonthesituation.12．【解析】开放性试题，答案不唯一，言之有理即可。题干问的是：如果您可以更改学校/家庭/社区的规则，您希望更改哪一条？为什么？可以自选一条更改，注意字数。参考答案为Inmyhome,allhouseworkisdonebymymom,whichIthinkshouldbechanged.Becauseitisunfairtodoallthehouseworkbymymom.Weshoulddoitwithhertoshowfairness,ourloveandshareofresponsibility.Passage6（2022·北京通州·模拟预测）阅读下面的短文和问题，根据短文内容，在相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。答语要结构正确，书写工整，字迹清楚。Somanythingscankeepyoufromseeingyourlovedonesinperson,frombusyschedulestolongdistancestoaratherunexpectedpandemic(流行病).Fortunately,thankstomodemtechnology,thepeoplewemissareoftenonlyaphonecallortextmessageaway.Butifyou’resomeonewhopreferstypedoutmessagestoverbalones,youmaywanttoreconsider.Accordingtoscience,ifyouwanttofeelmoreconnectedtothepeopleyou’retalkingto,youshouldcalltheminsteadoftexting.Anewstudy,publishedintheJournalofExperimentalPsychology,foundthatcommunicationinteractionsthatincludedvoice,likeaphonecallorvideochat,createdstrongersocialbondsthancommunicationthroughtyping,liketextmessagingoremail.Inthestudy,researchersusedvariousexperimentstogaugeconnectedness.Inone,theyasked20peopletomakepredictionsaboutwhatitwouldbeliketoreconnectwithanoldfriendbyemailorbyphoneandthenassigneditonpeopleatrandomtodooneortheother.Althoughpeopleanticipatedthataphonecallwouldbemoreawkward,hearingsomeone’svoiceactuallymadetheexperiencebetter.“Peoplereportedtheydidformasignificantlystrongerbondwiththeiroldfriendonthephoneversusemail,andtheydidnotfeelmoreawkward,”studyco-authorAmitKumar,anassistantprofessorofmarketingattheMcCombsSchoolofBusiness,saidinastatement.Inanotherexperiment,theresearchershadstrangersconnectbyeithertexting,talkingovervideochat,ortalkingusingonlyaudio.Theyfoundthatbothformsofvoicecommunication-whethervideooraudioonly-madethestrangersfeelsignificantlymoreconnectedthanwhentheycommunicatedviatexting.SabrinaRomanoff,aHarvardtrainedclinicalpsychologistbasedinNewYorkCity,sayspeopletendtotextoremailinsteadofcallingbecauseofconvenience,astheyseeitasacontrolledformofcommunicationwheretheycan“correspondinformationexactlyinthewaytheyintendwithoutunexpectedadditionsbytheotherperson”.Romanoffsaysthatinreality,textingcanmakeithardtodeterminethetruemeaningbehindaconversation.“Aphonecallisactuallymoreconvenientwhenconsideringtheneteffectsofthemessage”sheexplains.“Eachpartyismorepresent,andthereforeabletogaugethemeaningbehindthecontentwithoutthinkingabouttheendlesspossiblemeaningsbehindword