英文【世界银行】理解和衡量韧性的框架：社会可持续性和包容性全球实践（英）2024

PublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorized

AUGUST2024

AFrameworkforUnderstandingandMeasuringResiIience

SociaISustainabiIityandlncIusionGIobaIPractice

patrickBarronJosecUesta

JanaEI-Horr

JUIiettewiIson

⑥2024TheworIdBank

1818HStreetNw,washingtonDC20433TeIephone:202-473-1000;Internet:www.worI

AboutthesocialDevelopmentpublicationsseries

ThispaperispartoftheSociaIDeveIopmentPubIications(SDP)Series.TheSDPseriesisfocusedondisseminatingdiversesociaIanaIysestosupportthegIobaIcommunityofsociaIdeveIopmentpractitionersandtokeepcitizensinformed.ItsaimistohighIightmuItipIeperspectives-Bankstaff,IocaIacademics,thinktanks,andciviIsociety-andbringforwardthevoicesofgroupsthatareoftennotheard-IPEMs,PersonswithDisabiIities,women,youth,LGBTQ+.SDPrecognizestheimportanceofdifferentformsofknowIedgeandmakesspacefornotonIy‘formaIreports,,butothermediumstoshareknowIedgeasweII.FinaIIy,anexpIicitgoaIofthisseriesistopromotevoicesandknowIedgefromtheGIobaISouth.ByfosteringactivedebateandincorporatingincIusive,innovativepractices,theseriesaddsvaIuetomainstreamresearchandquickIydeIiversreIevantinformationtoinformnationaIandinternationaIpoIicydebatesanddeveIopmentpractices.

somerightsreserved

ThisworkisaproductofTheworIdBank.Thefindings,interpretations,andconcIusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessariIyrefIecttheviewsoftheExecutiveDirectorsofTheworIdBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.

TheworIdBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy,compIeteness,orcurrencyofthedataincIudedinthisworkanddoesnotassumeresponsibiIityforanyerrors,omissions,ordiscrepanciesintheinformation,orIiabiIitywithrespecttotheuseoforfaiIuretousetheinformation,methods,processes,orconcIusionssetforth.Theboundaries,coIors,denominations,Iinks/footnotesandotherinformationshowninthisworkdonotimpIyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheworIdBankconcerningtheIegaIstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.ThecitationofworksauthoredbyothersdoesnotmeantheworIdBankendorsestheviewsexpressedbythoseauthorsorthecontentoftheirworks.”

NothinghereinshaIIconstituteorbeconstruedorconsideredtobeaIimitationuponorwaiverofthepriviIegesandimmunitiesofTheworIdBank,aIIofwhicharespecificaIIyreserved.

Rightsandpermissions

ThemateriaIinthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecauseTheworIdBankencouragesdisseminationofitsknowIedge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwhoIeorinpart,fornoncommerciaIpurposesasIongasfuIIattributiontothisworkisgiven.

Attribution

PIeasecitetheworkasfoIIows:“Barron,P.,J.Cuesta,J.EI-Horr,andJ.wiIson.2024.AFrameworkforunderstandingandMeasuringResilience.washington,DC:worIdBank.”

AnyqueriesonrightsandIicenses,incIudingsubsidiaryrights,shouIdbeaddressedtoworIdBankPubIications,TheworIdBank,1818HStreetNw,washington,DC20433,USA;

fax:202-522-2625;

e-maiI:pubrights@worI.

Coverphoto:⑥ArneHoeI/worIdBank.Furtherpermissionrequiredforreuse.Coverdesign:AIIaIvanov

Tableofcontents

1.lntroduction4

2.understandingresilienceforssloperations7

·2.1ResiIienceofwho?7

·2.2ResiIiencetowhat?8

·2.3stagesandtypesofresiIienceandtheresiIiencespectrum9

·2.4ReducingvuInerabiIitiesbyenhancingresiIience10

3.pathwaystoresilience:aconceptualframework12

·3.1Economicresources13

·3.2Institutions14

·3.3sociaIcohesion15

4.Linkstothecorporatescorecard16

5.Measuringresilience18

·5.1whymeasureresiIience?18

·5.2ExampIeindicators19

6.conclusions24

Annexes

·AnnexAIsummaryofworIdBankanaIyticworkonresiIience25

·AnnexBIMethodsformeasuringresiIience32

。B.1TypesofdatausedtomeasureresiIience32

。B.2surveys,admindata,andbigdata33

。B.3ImpactevaIuation36

。B.4useofquaIitativemethods36

。B.5seIectionofmethodsandresearchapproach37

References38

Acronyms

ASPIRE

AtIasofSociaIProtectionIndicatorsofResiIienceandEquity

CCA

CountyCIimateAction

CCRI

CountyCIimateResiIienceInvestment

CDD

CommunityDrivenDeveIopment

CLD

CommunityandLocaIDeveIopment

COVID-19

Coronavirus2019

DPL

DeveIopmentPoIicyFinancing

DRM

DisasterRiskManagement

FCV

FragiIity,ConfIict,andVioIence

FGD

Focusgroupdiscussion

FLLoCA

FinancingLocaIIyLedCIimateAction

GBV

Gender-basedvioIence

GCRP

GIobaICrisisRiskPIatform

GFDRR

GIobaIFaciIityforDisasterReductionandRecovery

GRID

Green,ResiIient,andIncIusiveDeveIopment

ICT

InformationandCommunicationTechnoIogy

IFC

InternationaIFinanceCorporation

IP

IndigenousPeopIes

IPCC

IntergovernmentaIPaneIonCIimateChange

IPF

InvestmentProjectFinancing

LGBTQ+

Lesbian,Gay,BisexuaI,Transgender,Queer,pIus

LG

LocaIGovernment

MIGA

MuItiIateraIInvestmentGuaranteeAgency

NBS

Nature-BasedSoIutions

PAD

ProjectAppraisaIDocument

PDO

ProjectDeveIopmentObjectives

RCT

RandomizedControIIedTriaI

RI

ResiIienceIndex

SCCOP

CIimateChangeGroup,sOperationaIizationandImpactunit

SDCC

SociaIDimensionsofCIimateChange

SERSP

Socio-EconomicandResiIienceStrengtheningProject

SSI

SociaISustainabiIityandIncIusiongIobaIpractice

UHI

UrbanHeatIsIand

USAID

UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationaIDeveIopment

WB/WBG

WorIdBank/WorIdBankGroup

4

AFrameworkforunderstandingandMeasuringResilience

lntroduction

overthepastdecade,therehasbeenaprecipitousrisewithintheworldBankineffortstobuildresilience.1ThenumberofBankprojectsthatincIudeafocusonresiIiencehasincreasedrapidIy.In1997,onIy1percentofprojectappraisaIdocumentsreferencedtheneedtosupportresiIience;by2021,thisfigurewas95percent.Inpart,thishasbeendrivenbytheBank,sincreasedoperationaIandanaIyticfocusonfragiIity,confIict,andvioIence(FCV)andcIimatechange.Forinstance,RiskandResiIienceAssessments,theBank,scoreFCVdiagnostictooI,focusnotonIyonthedriversofFCVbutonfactorsthatheIpreducetherisksandimpactsofit(termedresiIience).2Inaddition,therehasbeenawidearrayofworIdBankanaIyticworkonresiIienceinthecontextofnaturaIdisastersandcIimatechangeincIudingshockwaves(HaIIegatteetaI.2016a),GroundsweII(CIementetaI.2021),savingLivesandLiveIihoodswhiIesupportingGreen,ResiIientandIncIusiveDeveIopment(GRID)(worIdBank2021a),andunbreakabIe:BuiIdingtheResiIienceofthepoorintheFaceofNaturaIDisasters(HaIIegatteetaI.2016b).3

Thisincreasedfocusonresilienceisunsurprisinggivenchangesintheworld.Inrecentyears,the‘threeCs,ofCOVID-19,cIimatechange,andrisingIeveIsofconfIicthaveenfIamedtheIong-standingchaIIengesofpersistentpoverty,risinginequaIity,andsociaIexcIusion,andconstrainedeffortstoaddress them.Thenumber,frequency,anddurationofvioIentconfIictshaveaIIincreasedinrecentdecades (Besan§on2005;⑦stby2013;stewart2000;unitedNationsandworIdBank2018;worIdBank2021b,2022a).ThemanifestationsofcIimatechangearegrowingincreasingIyseverewithatypicaIweatherpatternsIeadingtobothdroughtsandfIoodingandsevereweathereventssuchascycIonesincreasinginnumberandintensity(IPCC2022).ThedegreetowhichexternaIshocks—whethereconomic,environmentaI,orsociaI—canundermineprogresshasbecomeevercIearer.BuiIdingresiIiencecanIimit thenegativeconsequencesofsuchshocksandchaIIengeswhiIepreparingpeopIe,communities,and societiesfortheshocksandchaIIengesthatIieahead.

Theparamountimportanceofbuildingresiliencehasledtotheinclusionofaresilience-relatedindicatorinthenewworldBankcorporatescorecard.ThescorecardhasatotaIof22indicatorswithonefocusedonresiIience:“miIIionsofbeneficiarieswithenhancedresiIiencetocIimaterisks”(seesection4beIow).whiIetheindicatorfocusesoncIimate,itpresentsacataIystfortheworIdBanktostartsystematicaIIymeasuringandaggregatingresiIiencebuiIdingacrosstheportfoIio.ManyoftheothercorporatescorecardindicatorsaIsoreIatetoaspectsofresiIience.ThiswiIIhaveanimpIicationforhowprogramsaredesignedaIongwithhowimpactsareconceivedandmeasured.

1SubstantivecontributionstothispaperwereprovidedbyPaolaMarcelaBallonFernandez,MarineGassier,MeltemIkindji,SanaIkramSharif,andStephenWinkler.AllaIvanovhelpedwiththegraphicsanddesign.ManythankstoSaraBatmanglich,SamClark,GillianCerbu,andEmcetTasfortheirexcellentpeerreviewcomments.

2AnFCV-ledstudyiscurrentlyongoingwiththeaimofdevelopingaconceptualizationofresiliencethatismorerelevanttothe

specificchallengesofFCV,toarticulatetheimplicationsforWorldBankoperations,andtosupporttheanalysisofresilienceinRiskandResilienceAssessments.

3AnnexAprovidesaseIectoverviewoftheBank,sanaIyticaIworkonresiIience.

5

FortheSocialSustainabilityandInclusion(SSI)globalpractice,buildingresilienceiskeytoouranalyticalandoperationalwork.MuchofSSI,sworkfocusesonthemostvuInerabIeandmarginaIizedandthosewhoaremorefrequentIyexposedtoshocksandwhohaveIessexternaIsupport.ThesociaIsustainabiIityinDeveIopmentbook,whichprovidesastrategicframeworkforSSI,swork,identifiesresiIienceasoneofthefourconstituenteIementsofsociaIIysustainabIedeveIopment(BarronetaI.2023).

yet,withinandbeyondSSI,resilienceisdefinedandunderstoodindifferentways,leadingtosometimesunclearandunsystematicoperationalapproaches.ResiIienceistheabiIity,capacity,andfIexibiIitytopreparefor,copewith,recoverfrom,andadapttoshocksandfuturechaIIenges.4However,itisoftennotcIearwhoprojectsareaimingtobuiIdtheresiIienceof,towhatshocksandfuturechaIIenges,andhowprojectspIantodothis.AsaresuIt,therearenotaIwayscIeartheoriesofchangeinpIaceIinkingdiagnosisoftheprobIem,totheactivitiestobeundertaken,todesiredoutcomes.AfurtherconsequenceisthatthereisIittIeconsensusonhowresiIienceshouIdbemeasuredinresuItsframeworks.

Thisimpedesthedesignofeffectiveactivitiestosupportresilience,aswellasmeasuringtheiroutcomes,andassessingtheirimpacts.AvastIiterature—academicbutaIsopoIicy-focused,incIudingsomefromwithintheworIdBank—hasemergedgeneratingcompetingdefinitions,conceptuaIizations,andmetricsofresiIience(seeAnnexA).TherichnessofthisIiteraturehasmadeitdifficuIttogenerateconsensusonwhatresiIienceis,howorganizationsIiketheworIdBankcanbuiIdit,andhowtomeasureit.Furthermore,measuresofresiIienceareoftennotincIudedinresuItsframeworksdespiteprojects,ostensibIeaimstoboIsterresiIience.

ThepaperprovidespracticalguidanceonhowtheconceptofresiliencecanbeappliedtoSSIprogrammingaswellasCommunityandLocalDevelopment(CLD)workledbyotherglobalpractices.TargetedprimariIyatSSItaskteams,thepaperaimstodothreethings:

.First,itaimstohelpprojectteamsthinkthroughhowtheirworkcanbuildresilience.Itdoessobyprovidingaframeworkforunderstandingresilience(Section2)andbyoutliningthreedifferentpathwaysbywhichSSIworkmaypromoteresilience(Section3).

.Second,itaimstolinkSSI,sworkonresiliencetobroaderworldBank-wideworkonresilience.ItprovidesinputfromSSIonhowdataonimpactscanbeaggregatedforthepurposeoftrackingprogressonrelevantcorporatescorecardmeasures(Section4).5

.Third,itaimstohelpteamsmeasuretheimpactofprojectsonresilience.Itprovidesexamplesofindicatorsthatcanbeusedtomeasurethedifferentelementsofresilienceinresultsframeworksandprovidesguidanceonhowtocollectsuchdata(Section5).

Theaimsofthepapershapeitsscope.ItdoesnotprovideadeepoverviewofthemuItitudeofIiteraturesaroundresiIience.Itaimstobeashortprimerfortasksteams,simpIifyingframeworksaroundresiIiencetoheIpteams,incIudingthroughtheprovisionofpracticaIindicatorsandmeasurementstrategies.ItishopedthatthepapercanaIsoheIpteamsinarticuIatinganarrativearoundtheworkofSSI,andCLDprojects,onresiIienceinacrowdedspace.

Thepaperisfocusedonprovidingguidanceonbuildingresiliencetoawiderangeofshocksandchallenges,notonlythosedirectlyclimaterelated.ManyofthebuiIdingbIocksneededtoensure

4AdaptedfromBarronetal.(2023).

5FutureiterationsofthispaperwiIIprovidefurtherguidanceonhowSSIoperationscanfeedintocorporatescorecardmeasures.

MostnotabIy,thisreIatestotheproject-IeveIcIimateresiIientindicator,whichwiIIprovideamenuofgIobaIpractice-specificindicatoroptions.NotethatmanyoftheotherindicatorsinthecorporatescorecardreIatetoeIementsofresiIience,inparticuIarthosereIatedtoeconomicresources.AsecondversionofthispaperwiIIbedistributedoncewehavemorecIarityonthemethodoIogyfor

transIatingthecorporatescorecardintoindicatorstobeusedbyprojects.

6

AFrameworkforunderstandingandMeasuringResilience

resiIiencetocIimatechangeareaIsorequiredforsupportingresiIiencetoconfIictoreconomicshocksandchaIIenges.Inthediscussionofindicators,thepaperprovidesexampIesthatcanbeusedforunderstandingandassessingresiIiencetoaIIkindsofshocksandchaIIengesandothersthatmaybetaiIoredtospecifictypesofshocksandchaIIenges

7

understandingresilienceforssIoperations

Resilienceisamultifacetedconceptthatappliesacrossvarioussectors,fundamentallyreferringtotheabilitytoadapteffectivelyinthefaceofchallengessuchasadversity,trauma,tragedy,threats,orsubstantialstress(adaptedfromAmericanPsychoIogicaIAssociation2014).ItcanbeandisusedregardingarangeofissuesincIudingcIimatechange,financiaIstabiIity,heaIth,resiIiencetoconfIictandwars,andsoon.AIthoughtherehasbeenanincreasedemphasisoncIimateresiIience6inrecentyears,therearedifferenttypesofresiIiencewhichareinterconnectedandessentiaIforpovertyreductionstrategies.

TheSociaISustainabiIityinDeveIopmentbookdefinesresilienceas“theability,capacity,andflexibilitytopreparefor,copewith,recoverfrom,andadapttoshocksandfuturechallenges”

(BarronetaI.2023).7withthisdefinitioninmind,itisimportanttoidentifytheresiIienceofwho,towhatshocksandchaIIenges,andhowtodesignprojectsforbuiIdingresiIience.

2.1Resilienceofwho?

Theconceptofresiliencehasbeenusedinavastrangeofways.

oneapproachhasbeentoapplyittosystemssuchaseconomiesorsocieties.Here,resiIienceistheinternaIcapacityofasystemtomaintainacertainstandardorIeveIoffunctioning,throughordespiteofenvironmentaIvoIatiIity.ItinvoIvesmaintainingthe“statusquo”IeveIoffunctioningoroutputdespitechangingconditions.Assuch,wecantaIkoftheIeveIofresiIienceofaneconomy(HaIIegatte2014)orasociety(Pagett2021)toashocksuchasanaturaIhazard,confIict,orfinanciaIcrisis.

Anotheristoapplyittoorganizationsorinstitutions.wecanthink,forexampIe,abouttheresiIienceofaschooIwhenfacingadversitysuchaseconomicfIuctuations(cutstofunding),sociaIchanges(shiftsindemographicmake-upsofattendees),ornaturaIhazards(suchasafIood).Insuchcases,theIeveIofresiIiencecouIdbemeasured,forexampIe,byIookingatthenumberofstudenthourswhenteachingofagivenstandardwasconducted.

Theconceptofresiliencehasalsobeenappliedtodevelopmentprojects.TheworIdBank,sResiIienceRatingsystem,forexampIe,seekstoidentifyboththeextenttowhichprojectsboIsterresiIience(‘resiIiencethroughtheproject,)butaIsotheconfidencethattheexpectedprojectoutcomeswiIIbeachieved(‘resiIienceoftheproject,)(HaIIegatteetaI.2021).

6TheIntergovernmentaIPaneIonCIimateChange,sdefinitionofresiIienceis:“TheabiIityofasystemanditscomponentpartstoanticipate,absorb,accommodate,orrecoverfromtheeffectsofahazardouseventinatimelyandefficientmanner,including

throughensuringthepreservation,restoration,orimprovementofitsessentiaIbasicstructuresandfunctions”(IPCC2012).

7Forthosewishingtoexploresomeofthebroaderliteraturesaroundresilience,theSocialSustainabilitybookprovidesanoverviewwithreferencestoprominentsources.

8

AFrameworkforunderstandingandMeasuringResilience

Eachoftheseapproachesprovidesusefulinsights一butweuseadifferentwayofthinkingaboutresilienceinSSI,swork.SSIisprimarilyconcernedwithbuildingtheresilienceofdistinctactors一peopleorgroupsofpeople(suchashouseholdsorcommunities).weareuItimateIyconcernedwithhowpeopIeareabIetorespondtoshocksandchaIIenges.ourinterestinthefunctioningofinstitutions(suchasgovernmentagenciesorschooIs),Bankprojects,orbroaderfactors(suchastheeconomyorsociaIreIations)iswiththepurposeofunderstandinghowthesefactorsaffecttheIivesofpeopIeandthecommunitiestheyIivein.

ForSSI,giventhepractice,sfocusoninclusion,theresilienceof‘who,oftencorrespondstotheresilienceofsub-populations,especiallyvulnerablegroups.PeopIearevuInerabIenotonIybecauseofpovertyandexposuretoshocks,butaIsobecauseofstructuraIbarriersandinequaIitiesattachedtotheireconomic,sociaI,identity,Iocation,gender,andpoIiticaIstatus.ExampIesofvuInerabIegroupsincIudewomen,youth,ruraIcommunities,peopIebeIongingtonationaI,ethnicreIigiousandIinguisticminorities,IndigenousPeopIes,theLBGTQ+popuIation,peopIewithdisabiIities,refugees,andotherdispIacedpeopIe.

2.2Resiliencetowhat?

Thereareawiderangeofshocksandchallengesforwhichpeopleneedtoberesilientto.AnumberofareasofparticuIarinterestforourprojectsare:

.Climatechangeimpacts:largeshocks(suchasdroughts,cyclones,etc.),aswellaslonger-run,slowmovingchallenges(e.g.,desertification).

.Othernaturalhazards:suchasearthquakes,tsunamis,andpandemics.

.Conflictandviolence:includinglarge-scalecivilwar,inter-stateconflictandaggression,localconflicts,andinter-personalformsofviolencesuchasgender-basedviolence(GBV).

.Economicdownturns:bothatamacrolevel(e.g.,financialcrises)ormorelocalized.

Formanyoftheseshocksandchallenges,thebuildingblocksofresiliencewillbethesameorsimilar.ForexampIe,havingahighIeveIofweaIthcanheIppeopIeavoidorIimittheimpactsofdifferenttypesofshocks:bymovingoutofaffectedareas;byfinancingrebuiIdingifhitbyconfIictorhazards;etc.strongfunctioninginstitutionsshouIdsupportcIimatechangeadaptation,preventtheincidenceofIocaIconfIict,andprovideservicestothoseaffectedbyeconomicshocks.Indeed,anaIysis,forexampIeundertheGIobaICrisisRiskPIatform(GCRP),showsthatfactorsthatdriveonesourceofvuInerabiIity(e.g.,tocIimatechangeimpacts)oftendrivethoseofothers(suchasstatefragiIity);effectiveresponsestoonecanaIsoheIptheother(worIdBank2018a).

Atthesametime,differentaspectsofresiliencemaybemoreimportantforsomeshocksandchallengesthanothers.ForexampIe,thestrengthofIocaIinstitutionsisimportantforaIItypesofshocksandchaIIenges.However,thespecificcapacityofIocaIinstitutionstohaveinpIaceresponsepIansfornaturaIhazards,andanabiIitytoeffectiveIyimpIementthatresponse,wiIIbemoreimportantforensuringpeopIeareresiIienttothattypeofshockthantovioIenceoreconomiccrisis.Likewise,whiIestrongsociaIreIationsareacomponentofresiIiencetoaIItypesofchaIIengesandshocks,theywiIIbeparticuIarIyimportantforpreventingandrespondingtoIocaIconfIicts.

Thepaperthusconsidersresiliencewidely,beyondonlyresiliencetoclimatechangeorFCV,whilealsoidentifyinghowtheattributesofresiliencemaydifferacrossdifferentshocksandchallenges.

9

2.3stagesandtypesofresilienceandtheresiliencespectrum

Resiliencecanbeseenasacontinuumthatcanbebroadlydividedintothreecategories:(i)prevention;(ii)copingmeasures;and(iii)transformativestrategies.Thesebroadlyrelatetotheopportunitiestoaddressshocksandchallengesbefore,during,andaftershocksorchallengeshit(Figure1below).Projectdesigns,andmeasurestoassessprogress,mayfocusononeormoreoftheseresiliencetypes(oftentheymayworkonmultipleapproachesatthesametime).

Preventionisaboutriskreductionandmitigation.Thesearepreparationmeasuresthataimtolowertheprobabilitythatshockswilloccurortomitigatetheirnegativeimpactsiftheydo(Obrist2010;WorldBank2001,2013).Thistranslatesintotheabilityofcountries,communities,households,andindividualstoprepareforandmitigateanyshocks,large-scaleimpactsfromthem,andtheabilitytorecoverandrestorebasicstructuresandfunctionsinarelativelyquickmanner.Examplescanbeattheindividualorhouseholdlevel(diggingwells,diversifyingassets,gettingvaccinated),thecommunitylevel(settingupsecurityposts,buildinglocalfloodinfrastructure),orathigherlevels(establishingsafetynets,large-scalevaccinationcampaigns,etc.)

copingmeasures,bycontrast,aimtodiminishandrelievetheimpactofshockswhentheyoccur.

copingcapacitiesreIatetohowquickIyandeffectiveIycommunitiesandhousehoIdsadjust,modify,orchangecharacteristicsandactionswhenprobIemshitsotheycancontinuetofunctionwithoutmajornegativechangestotheirIives.copingstrategiescanaIsobenegativeandcounterproductiveintheIongerrun,forexampIewhereafamiIysavesmoneybytakingtheirchiIdrenoutofschooIorbyskippingmeaIs,orwhereafamiIytakesonunsustainabIedebtfromamoneyIender(Garschagen,Renaud,andBirkmann2011;Tawodzera2012).8

Transformativestrategies一themostdifficultandraretype9一reflecteffortsbysocietytostrengthen,reform,orcreatenewinstitutionsthatimprovecitizens,welfareandbetterpreparesocietytoweatherfuturecrises.10ExampIescouIdincIudetheestabIishmentofneworganizationstocoordinatepreventionorrecoverywork,stepstowardsgreeningtheeconomy,orotherIegaI,institutionaI,ornormativechanges(forexampIe,normsorIawsaroundgender-basedvioIence).

Figure1:TypesofresiIience

8InthecIimatechangespace,thisincIudes‘maIadaptation9一actionsorstrategiesintendedtomitigatetheeffectsofclimatechange,butwhichendupexacerbatingtheproblemorcreatingnewissues(Watson2022).

9Moshy,Bryceson,andMwaipopo2015;Mozumderetal.2018;Solórzano2016.

10Bénéetal.2012;KeckandSakdapolrak2013;SmithandFrankenberger2018;Voss2008.

10

AFrameworkforunderstandingandMeasuringResilience

Dependingonthecontext,itispossibletoworkonresilienceatdifferentstages一acrossthespectrumofresilience.CoIIectiveIy,measUresarenecessaryaIongacontinUUmofassistance.11

Figure2adaptsideasfromaMyanmarproject,focusingprimarilyontheeconomicdimensionsofresilience.Atoneend,thisincludesdirectcashorin-kindtransferstocoverimmediateneeds.Withoutthese,vulnerablehouseholdsmaybeforcedtoadoptunsustainablecopingmeasures,suchasreducingfoodintake,sellinglandorassets,ortakingchildrenoutofschool,allofwhichcanhavelong-termcostsandconsequences.Manystudieshaveshownthatcashtransferscanleadtothedevelopmentofpositivecopingstrategies(e.g.,Barrettetal.2021;PremandandStoeffler2020).Atthesametime,providingonlyimmediatecashorin-kindsupportmaybeinsufficientonitsowntoenablepeopletodevelopmoresustainable,longer-term‘transformative,copingstrategies