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第09讲:阅读理解C篇与长难句剖析

知识梳理

【考情链接】

高考阅读文章均选自外刊,“原汁原味”,尤其阅读c篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外.就是

文中句子结构较为复杂,搀杂了大量的长难句,对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读成绩。那么如何破

解阅读理解中的长难句?长难句构成特征如下:

⑥带有较多成分的简单句

⑥含有多个从句的复合句

⑥含有插入成份的句子

⑥含有省略成份的句子

⑥含有倒装句、强调句

【要点梳理】

>破解长难句方法

1.找谓语,定主语

一般情况下,一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者(主语),我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定

其主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词,则该句可以是并列句或复合句(并

列谓语动词的情况除外)。如

Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heordered

thatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedan

independentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein

90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.

【简析】此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有:wasopposed—he;ordered—he;(should)notbe

usedfederal—funds;hadproposed—noone;asked—he(asked前面有and,说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并

列,根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为“heordered...asked“Declaringthat...”作状

语。

句意:他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类,并下令不准联邦政府基金用于

做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长HaroldShapiro为首的独立专

家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。

2.提主干,去枝叶(从句等)

•般情况下,•个句了中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息,从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的

主干提炼不出来,就不能完全把握句子的核心意义,从而导致思维混乱,主次不分。如:

FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFormatinthe17thcentury,thetheoremhad

baffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvance

inworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEco-labPoly

technique.

【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。“FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematician

PierredeFormatinthe17thcentury”为过去分词短语作状语;"including...”为介词短语作状语;"whomade...and

whohadto...”为两个并列的定语从句,修饰aFrenchwomanscientisto所以句子的主干为thetheoremhad

baffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds止匕为主要信息。

句意:这个定理,先是由十七世纪法国数学家PierredeFormat提出,曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难,

其中包括一个法国女科学家,她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在氏o-labPolytechnique

理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。

3.寻关联,辨逻辑

一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连

接。如果我们找准这些关联词,就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系,分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义,

则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。

Whereasawoman'sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn't

unusualtohearamansayhedidn'tknowhisfiriend'smarriagewasinserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenight

askingifhecouldsleeponthesofa.

【简析】"whereas”提示前后对比;notunusual=usual;not...until…直至U.......才...。

句意:一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说,

直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上,他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕,这是很平常

的事。

4.看搭配,防隔离

有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成,而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现

象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目,则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如:

Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts,tosomedegree,theirmainselling

pointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.

【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”,即“使……成为……”,

只不过宾语和宾补被“tosomedegree”隔开而已。

句意:一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品,从某种程度上说,当作他们的卖点,并在广告中强调

这一点。

5.关键词,抓线索

有时某些句子句意模糊,读者理不清头绪,这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓,从而在大体上搞清楚句意。

总之,在碰到长句和难句时,要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法,在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句

的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如:

Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefood,meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthe

fieldsorathomereadytobecooked,whichshowsthefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,while

theupperclassNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.

【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构,而且包含对比。句子的主干为“Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsome

foods,meatinparticular";"dependingon...”为分词短语作状语;"whetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathome

readytobecooked”作dependingon的宾语厂which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“thefact”后为其同位

语,即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。

句意:我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达,特别是肉类,这取决于它是长在田野时,还是在家里

准备煮着吃,这就表明一个事实,即萨克森农民在农田干活,而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。

>阅读理解答题技巧(以C篇说明文或议论文为例)

高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有:词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同,

答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。

1、词义猜测题技巧

在高考阅读题中,考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个:一是被己认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二

是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍,从而出现理解偏差或理解困难,影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个

困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念,要学会“顺藤摸瓜”,通过构词,语法,定义,同位,

对比,因果,常识,上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语

的准确含义。一般提问方式如下:

1)Theword"ABC"inthepassageprobablymeans.

2)Theunderlinedword"ABC"inthepassagerefersto/means.

3)Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph?

4)Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans.

5)Theword"it(them)"inthefirstparagraphrefersto.

【例题】

(2024金山一模C篇)It'snotunheardofforoneeventtokickoffawholenewfieldofscientificinquiry.Stillifs

rare.WhenLorimer'spapercameoutinthejournal,itwasnotsurprisingthatmanywereskeptical."Sometimes,

whatseemslikearemarkablescientificdiscoveryturnsouttobeanerrorinthedata,“somecommented.

63.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinparagraph3?

A.Optimistic.B.Curious.C.Supportive.D.Doubtful.

【答案】63.D

【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Sometimes,whatseemslikearemarkablescientificdiscoveryturnsoutto

beanerrorinthedata(有时候,看似了不起的科学发现,其实是数据上的错误)”可知,许多人对洛里默的论文

持怀疑态度,认为是数据上的错误。故划线词意思是“怀疑的”。故选D。

【例题】

(2024年普陀区一模C篇)Whatisthepointoflookin干decadesintospaceandstrugglingtoexplorethevastness

oftheuniverse?Thedevelopmentofthespaceindustryhasbroughthumansmanybenefits,themostimportantof

whichisthespreadofinformation.ThecellphonesignalandTVsignalpeopleusenowareallbenefitingfromthe

developmentofthespaceindustry.Theultimategoalofmankindistogodeeperintospace,andtoexploremore

unknownworlds,thatis,theMoon,Marsandbeyond,andwhathumanityiseagertoachieveisacommonhomeof

freedomandequality.

66.Whatdoestheunderlinedphraseinthelastparagraphmean?

A.Studyingspaceforcountlessyears.B.Livinginspaceformanyyears.

C.Exploringspaceforsometenyears.D.Observingspaceforseveraltenyears.

【答案】66.A

【66题详解】

词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“andstrugglingtoexplorethevastnessoftheuniverse”可知,此处指研究太空很

多年,努力探索浩瀚的宇宙,故划线词意思是“研究太空很多年”。故选A。

2、细节题技巧

细节题的破解一般采用寻读法,即先看试题,再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位,再将相关信息进

行整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性,提高了

做题的准确率,节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要

特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节,一般提问方式如下:

1)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage?

2)Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrectaccordingtothepassage?

3)Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

4)Choosetherightorderofthispassage.

5)Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)...

6)Fromthispassageweknowthat.

7)Inthepassage,theauthorstatesthat.

【例题】

(2024黄埔一模C篇)①Agroupof41statesandtheDistrictofColumbiabeganalegalcaseagainstMeta,the

parentcompanyofFacebook,Instagram,WhatsAppandMessenger,insistingthatthecompanyknowinglyused

featuresonitsplatformstocausechildrentooverusethem.Theaccusationsinthelawsuitraiseadeeperquestion

aboutbehavior:Areyoungpeoplebecomingaddictedtosocialmediaandtheinternet?Here'swhattheresearchhas

found.

63.WhatwasMetaaccusedof?

A.Itaddedproblematicfeaturestoitsplatform.

B.Itstartedadiscussiontomisleadyoungpeople.

C.Ittemptedchildrentousesocialmediatoomuch.

D.Itconductedillegalresearchonitsparentcompany.

【答案】63.C

【解析】细节理解题。文章第一段讲到"Agroupof41statesandtheDistrictofColumbiabeganalegalcase

againstMeta,theparentcompanyofFacebook,Instagram,WhatsAppandMessenger,insistingthatthecompany

knowinglyusedfeaturesonitsplatformstocausechildrentooverusethem.(41个州和哥伦比亚特区开始对

Facebook、Instagram>WhatsApp和Messenger的母公司Meta提起诉讼,坚称该公司故意使用其平台上的功

能,导致儿童过度使用这些功能。)”可知,Meta被指控使用平台上的功能引起儿童过度使用它们,因此选

择C。

3、推断题技巧

推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义,即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述,而

寓意在文章的字里行间,要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断

则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析,推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否,

很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生

应有的常识,文章中虽然没有明确的答案,但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般

提问方式如下:

1)Theauthorimplied(suggested)that...

2)Wecaninferfromthetextthat.

3)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat.

4)Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat...

5)Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?

6)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybe_.

【例题】

(2024闵行一模C篇)Undeniably,peoplemaysucceedinfakingtheirwaythroughtheprocess.Andthere

maybemoreroomforinterviewers9prejudicetoemerge.Findingsomeoneannoyingmaybeasignalthatsomeone

lackssocialskills.Butitmayalsomeanthattheyarenervousorthatinterviewersarebad-tempered.Recruitmentis

settochangeandisunlikelytobecomelesschallenging.

66.Whatcanbeimpliedfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.Integratingsoftskillsassessmentintoahiringprocesswon'tintroducesideeffects.

B.Employeesinlowerpositionsmayprovideuselessinsightsintoapplicants9softskills.

C.Interviewers5prejudicemayinfluencetheirfairassessmentsandperceptionsofcandidates.

D.Thereisnopossibilityofindividualssuccessfullydeceivingothersduringtheinterview.

【答案】66.C

【解析】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Undeniably,peoplemaysucceedinfakingtheirwaythroughtheprocess.

Andtheremaybemoreroomforinterviewers5prejudicetoemerge.Findingsomeoneannoyingmaybeasignal

thatsomeonelackssocialskills.Butitmayalsomeanthattheyarenervousorthatinterviewersarebad-tempered.

Recruitmentissettochangeandisunlikelytobecomelesschallenging.(不可否认的是,人们可能会通过欺骗的

方式成功地通过这个过程。而且面试官的偏见可能会有更大的空间出现。发现某人令人讨厌可能是一个缺

乏社交技巧的信号。但这也可能意味着他们很紧张,或者面试官脾气不好。招聘势必会发生变化,而且不

太可能变得不那么具有挑战性。)”可知,面试官的偏见可能会影响他们对候选人的公正评价和看法。故选Co

4、作者态度题技巧

这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断,如作者对所陈述的观点是赞

同、反对,还是犹豫不定,对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠,还是厌恶。作者的这种

思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来,而往往隐含在字里行间。因此,进行这种推断时,我们既要

依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提,又要注意作者的措辞,尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目

的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下:

1)Whafsthewriter*s/author'sattitudeto/towards...?

2)Theauthor'stonewouldbebestdescribedas.

3)Theattitudeof...to/towards...is.

【例题】

(2024奉贤一模C篇)Deepoceansamplesrevealedsignificantclimatechangearound66.3millionyearsago.

ButthisalsocoincideswithalargevolcaniceruptioninIndiacalledtheDeccanvolcanism,whichproducedsomeof

thelongestlava(熔岩)flowsonEarth."We'vealwaysowedthattransitiontothecarbondioxidereleasedbythe

Deccanvolcanismandtheincreaseofgreenhousegases/9saysJohnson."Therearetwothingshappening:The

magneticfieldischanging,theDeccanvolcanismishappening,andthere5sclimatewarming.Sothatwouldbean

exampleofcoincidentalclimatechange.^^

66.WhichofthefollowingstatementsdoesKirkJohnsonmostprobablyagreewith?

A.Amagneticreversaldoesn'tnecessarilycauseclimatechange.

B.Amagneticreversalisaccompaniedwithsignificantclimatechange

C.Theextinctionofthedinosaursisduetothemagneticreversal.

D.Climatechangeisnotrelevanttothecarbondioxideemission.

【答案】66.A

【解析】情感态度推断题。根据最后一段"‘We'vealwaysowedthattransitiontothecarbondioxidereleasedbythe

Deccanvolcanismandtheincreaseofgreenhousegases,'saysJohnson."Therearetwothingshappening:The

magneticfieldischanging,theDeccanvolcanismishappening,andthere'sclimatewarming.Sothatwouldbean

exampleofcoincidentalclimatechange.',我们一直把这种转变归功于德干火山活动释放的二氧化碳和温室气

体的增加,’约翰逊说。’有两件事正在发生:磁场正在变化,德干火山活动正在发生,气候正在变暖。所以

这将是巧合气候变化的一个例子。’)”可知,柯克・约翰逊认为磁场正在变化、德干火山活动正在发生与气候

正在变暖只是巧合;由此可知,他最可能同意的观点是磁倒转并不一定会导致气候变化。故选A。

附:阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇

1.positive肯定的,积极的10.subjective主观的

2.passive被动的,消极的11.objective客观的

3.negative消极的12.neutral中立的

4.supportive支持的13.concerned关心的,有关的

5.disapproving不赞成的14.optimistic乐观的

6.critical批评的15.pessimistic悲观的

7.conservative保守的16.indifferent漠不关心的

8.suspicious可疑的,怀疑的17.unconcerned不关心的

9.puzzled/confused困惑的

5、主旨大意题技巧

这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体,并真正理解主题和中心;要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归

纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题,难度较大,属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类:1.确定文章的

标题和主题(titleortopic);2.主题句(topicsentence)及主旨大意(mainidea)的概括。

常见的标题型题干:

1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe.

2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled.

3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

4)Whafsthetopicofthearticle?

常见的主题句和主旨型题干:

1)Whatisthetopicsentenceofthepassage?

2)Thisarticle/text/passagemainlytellsthat.

3)Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

4)Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthepassage?

【例题】

(2024年松江区^模C篇)Antibiotics,whichcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcureinfections,are

vitaltomodemmedicine.Theirabilitytokillbacteriawithoutharmingthepatienthassavedbillionsoflivesand

madesurgicalproceduresmuchsafer.Butafterdecadesofoveruse,theirpowersarefading.Somebacteriahave

evolvedresistance,creatingagrowingarmyofsuperbugs,againstwhichthereislittleeffectivetreatment.

Antimicrobial(抗菌的)resistance,expectedtokill10millionpeopleayearby2050upfromaround1millionin

2019,hasbeenseenasacrisisbymany.

66.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Governmentsfailtostoptheuseofantibiotics.

B.Phagescouldhelppreventanantibioticscrisis.

C.Developmentofantibioticsislimitedbyphages.

D.Antimicrobialresistancecallsfornewantibiotics.

【答案】66.B

【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Antibiotics,whichcandestroyorpreventthegrowthofbacteriaandcure

infections,arevitaltomodernmedicine.Theirabilitytokillbacteriawithoutharmingthepatienthassavedbillionsof

livesandmadesurgicalproceduresmuchsafer.Butafterdecadesofoveruse,theirpowersarefading.Somebacteria

haveevolvedresistance,creating...........hasbeenseenasacrisisbymany.(抗生素对现代医学至关重要,它可以

消灭或阻止细菌的生长,并治愈感染。它们在不伤害病人的情况下杀死细菌的能力挽救了数十亿人的生命,

并使外科手术更加安全。但经过几十年的过度使用,它们的力量正在减弱。一些细菌已经进化出了耐药性,

产生了越来越多的超级细菌,而目前几乎没有有效的治疗方法。抗微生物药物耐药性被许多人视为一场危

机。预计到2050年,每年将导致1000万人死亡,而2019年约为100万人)”以及文章内容可知,文章主要

解释了噬菌体可以替代问题多多的抗生素,有许多优点,建议政府多方面采取措施推动推广,所以本文的

主旨是噬菌体可以帮助预防抗生素危机。故选B。

⑥课堂精练—

(市西中学2024学年第一学期期中考试)

Afewweeksago,awell-meaningprofessortriedtoexplainthephysiologicalprocessbehindvirusesandthe

humanbodyinatweetandwasimmediatelycriticizedforamistakeinhisinformation.Hethenissuedanapology

anddeletedhiserroneoustweet.

Communicatingsciencebeyondtheacademicbubbleisnecessarytoaugmenting(增力口)publicunderstandingof

healthandenvironmentalissuesandhelpingindividualsmakewell-informedpersonaldecisions.

However,scientistswhoengageinsciencecommunicationmustacknowledgethatevenintheirarea,their

expertiseisdeepbutnarrow.Theyneedtorecognizetheconstraintsintheirownknowledge.Thatisnottosuggest

thattheyonlywriteorpresentontheirownresearch,butrather,thattheyconsultwithanexpertifthetopicisoutside

oftheirdiscipline.Fact-checkingwithascientistwhoworksinthespecialtywillpreventtheunintentionalspreadof

misinformation,andtheprocessofdoingsomayyieldtinypiecesofinterestingnewinformationthatcanbe

incorporated.

Somehavearguedthatthepublicisnoteducatedenoughtounderstandscientificinformation,especiallyforany

complexphenomena,butthisisabsurd.Scienceinstructioncanbefoundatalllevelsofpubliceducationwithmost

secondaryschoolsofferingclassesonbiology,physics,andchemistry.Ifanything,socialmediahasshownthatthe

publiccravesknowledgebasedonasolidscientificfoundation.Eventhepublicdiscourse(话语)thatfollowsmost

scientificarticlesshowsthatonlinereaderscanunderstandeventhemostpuzzlingofscientificprinciples.

Itisequallynecessarytoemphasizethatbeinganexpertonatopicdoesnotautomaticallymakeascholar

qualifiedtocommunicateittoanonscientificaudience.Anumberofscientistsrecentlyhavebeenoffering

public-aimedexplanationsofscientificphenomena.Eventhoughtheyhaveappropriatecredentials,theyoftendo

verylittleinthewayofexplaining.Onebiologistsharedacomplexanalogy(类比)involvingalibrary,books,paper,a

recipe,ingredients,andacaketoexplaintheprocessbehindvaccines.Anyexplanationthatrequiresawrittenkeyto

keeptrackofwhateachitemrepresentsisnotaclearexampleforpublicconsumption.

Sciencecommunicationisascienceinandofitself.Itrequiresrigoroustrainingandinstruction.Ascientist

shouldtakecommunicationcoursesthatcanteachapersonhowtoidentifyandeliminatejargon(术语)andhowto

developeffectiveanalogiestoexplaincomplexconcepts.Onecannotassumecommunicationexpertise-imagineif

someonejustdecidedthattheywereaphysicistandstartedtryingtocontributetothefieldwithoutthenecessary

background.Doingapoorjobcommunicatingsciencetothepublicwillonlycreateconfusionandwidenthegap

betweenscienceandsociety,agapthatscientistsaretryingtoclose.

43.Whatdoestheauthoradvisescientistsdotodealwithtopicsoutsideoftheirspecialty?

A.Writeorpresentonthemfromnewangles.

B.Utilizeinformationfromdiversesources.

C.Turntoaspecialistforprofessionalhelp.

D.Fact-checkwithcolleaguesin-theirfield.

44.WhatcanbelearnedfromParagraph4?

A.Asolidacademicfoundationisessentialtounderstandingpuzzlingscientificprinciples.

B.Moderntechnologyhasfacilitatedcommunicationbetweenscientistsandthepublic.

C.Scientificarticleshavegainedincreasingpopularityamongthegeneralpublic.

D.Thepublic'sunderstandingofscienceismuchbetterthansomehaveclaimed.

45.Whatdoestheexampleofthebiologistwhosharedanintricateanalogyshow?

A.Itishelpfultouseillustrationsinexplainingscientificphenomena.

B.Itisimperativetohaveappropriatetitlestoexplainscientificissues.

C.Alearnedscholarisnotnecessarilyaqualifiedsciencecommunicator.

D.Anonscientificaudiencecannotcorrectlyunderstandprinciplesofscience.

46.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestscientistsdotoclosethegapbetweenscienceandsociety?

A.Developcommunicationskills.

B.Makeappropriateuseofscientificterms.

C.Takecoursesinpublicspeaking.

D.Explaincomplexconceptsscientifically.

【答案】43.C44.D45.C46.A

【解析】

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了科学家在向公众传播科学知识时面临的挑战、必要性以及如

何提高传播效果,提出了科学家需要认识到自己知识的局限性、公众对科学知识的渴望、科学家需要具备

有效的传播技巧等观点。

【43题详解】

细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Theyneedtorecognizetheconstraintsintheirownknowledge.Thatisnotto

suggestthattheyonlywriteorpresentontheirownresearch,butrather,thattheyconsultwithanexpertifthetopic

isoutsideoftheirdiscipline.(他们需要认识到自己知识的局限性。这并不是说他们只能撰写或介绍自己的研究

成果,而是说,如果话题超出了他们的学科范围,他们应该咨询相关专家)”可知,作者认为当科学家遇到超

出了他们的学科范围的话题时,他们应该咨询相关专家。故选C。

【44题详解】

推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Somehavearguedthatthepublicisnoteducatedenoughtounderstandscientific

information,especiallyforanycomplexphenomena,butthisisabsurd.Scienceinstructioncanbefoundatall

levelsofpubliceducationwithmostsecondaryschoolsofferingclassesonbiology,physics,andchemistry.If

anything,socialmediahasshownthatthepubliccravesknowledgebasedonasolidscientificfoundation.Eventhe

publicdiscourse(话语)thatfollowsmostscientificarticlesshowsthatonlinereaderscanunderstandeventhemost

puzzlingofscientificprinciples.(有人认为,公众受教育程度不够,无法理解科学信息,尤其是复杂的科学现

象,但这种观点是荒谬的。各级公共教育中都可以找到科学教学的内容,大多数中学都开设了生物、物理

和化学等课程。如果说有什么不同的话,那就是社交媒体表明,公众渴望获得基于坚实科学基础的知识。

甚至大多数科学文章后的公众讨论也表明,在线读者能够理解甚至最令人困惑的科学原理)”可推知,公众对

科学的理解比一些人声称的要好得多。故选D。

[45题详解】

推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Itisequallynecessarytoemphasizethatbeinganexpertonatopicdoesnot

automaticallymakeascholarqualifiedtocommunicateittoanonscientificaudience.Anumberofscientists

recentlyhavebeenofferingpublic-aimedexplanationsofscientificphenomena.Eventhoughtheyhaveappropriate

credentials,theyoftendoverylittleinthewayofexplaining.Onebiologistsharedacomplexanalogy(类比)

involvingalibrary,books,paper,arecipe,ingredients,andacaketoexplaintheprocessbehindvaccines.Any

explanationthatrequiresawrittenkeytokeeptrackofwhateachitemrepresentsisnotaclearexampleforpublic

consumption.(有人认为,公众受教育程度不够,无法理解科学信息,尤其是复杂的科学现象,但这种观点是

荒谬的。各级公共教育中都可以找到科学教学的内容,大多数中学都开设了生物、物理和化学等课程。如

果说有什么不同的话,那就是社交媒体表明,公众渴望获得基于坚实科学基础的知识。甚至大多数科学文

章后的公众讨论也表明,在线读者能够理解甚至最令人困惑的科学原理)”可知,这个例子是为了强调,即使

是一位在生物学领域有深厚学识的学者,也可能在尝试向非专业听众解释复杂的科学概念时遇到困难。这

个例子突显了科学传播的挑战,并指出,仅仅因为某人在其专业领域内知识渊博,并不意味着他们就能有

效地将这些知识传达给非专业听众。由此推知,这个例子说明了学识渊博并不等同于具备科学传播的能力。

故选C。

[46题详解】

细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Sciencecommunicationisascienceinandofitself.Itrequiresrigoroustraining

andinstruction.Ascientistshouldtakecommunicationcoursesthatcanteachapersonhowtoidentifyand

eliminatejargon(术语)andhowtodevelopeffectiveanalogiestoexplaincomplexconcepts.(科学传播本身就是一

门科学。它需要严格的培训和指导。科学家应该参加沟通课程,这些课程可以教授如何识别和消除术语,

以及如何发展有效的类比来解释复杂的概念)”可知,作者建议科学家为了缩小科学与社会之间的鸿沟应该接

受沟通技巧。故选A。

④课后反馈

模拟基础练I

(2024年宝山区二模)

Prettymucheveryonehas,atsomepoint,madeexcusestoavoidworkingonatasktheyfear.Butsomepeopledo

thismoreoftenthanothers,whichcanresultindisastrousconsequences.Regularlyputtingoffdifficultorunpleasant

taskscanleadtolowgradesatschool,poorperformanceatworkandfinancialconsequences,suchaslatefees.

Procrastinationcanalsoharmrelationshipsandevenaffectyourhealth,asitincreasesstresslevels,sometimes

resultinginillness.

It'spossibletoprocrastinatebybinge-watching(大量观看)yourfavoriteshowordoingothermindless

activities,butprocrastinationdoesn'talwayslooklikelaziness.Somepeopleprocrastinatetoavoiddifficulttasksby

workingoneasierbutlessimportanttasks.Thiscanmakethemfeelproductiveevenastheyneglectthemost

importantitemsontheirto-dolists.

Inordertoovercomeprocrastination,youmustfirstunderstandwhyyouprocrastinate.Perhapsyouarea

perfectionist,soyoufindnotcompletingatasklessupsettingthandoingitbadly.Perhapsthetaskiscomplicatedor

confusing,andyoudon'tknowwheretobegin.Orperhapsyouarewaitingtofeelinspiredtocompletethetaskor

believethatyoubecomebetterunderpressure.

Correctingyourthinkingcanaidyouinovercomingprocrastination.Youprobablytendtooverestimatehow

quicklyyoucanfinishtasksandhowmotivatedyouwillfeellater.Mostworkdoesnotneedtowaituntilyoufeel

inspired,andifyoubeginthetask,feelingsofinspirationmayfollow.Further,researchshowsthatdespitesome

people'sperceptions(感矢口),mostindividualsdonotactuallyproducebetterworkunderpressure.

Ifyouareprocrastinatingbecauseataskseemstoooverwhelmingortoocomplicated,breakitupintosmaller

piecesthatfeelmoremanageable.Thiscanmeandoingapartofthetask,ordedicatingasetamountoftime-say,15

minutes-toworkingonit.

Itmayhelptothinkaboutwhythetaskisimportant.Howwillitcontributetoyourgoals?Howwillitaffect

otherpeople?Whatnegativeconsequencescouldcomefromnotdoingitinatimelymanner?

Schedulingwhenyouwillworkontaskscanbehelpfulaswell,andsocanruthlesslyeliminatingdistractions.

Youmayneedtoputawayyourphoneorgotoaquietroom.

Overcomingprocrastinationisachallenge,butdoingsoleadstobenefitsinmanyareasoflife.

63.Thewordprocrastinateinthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans.

A.keepoffB.getoffC.putoffD.takeoff

64.Accordingtothepassage,howmanykindsofconsequencesmayresultfromprocrastination?

A.5.B,2.C.6.D.7.

65.Whatcanweconcludefromthepassage?

A.Nobodycanentirelyavoidprocrastinationinhispersonallife.

B.Doingeasierorunimportanttaskscanmakeusmoreproductive.

C.Themorepressurewehave,themoreproductivewewillbecome.

D.It'sgenerallymoresubjectivethanobjectivetoprocrastinateinlife.

66.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe.

A.Thechallengesofprocrastinationandstrategiestosolveit

B.Thereasonsofprocrastinationandthewaysofavoidingit

C.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofprocrastinationinlife

D.Thecausesandprocessofprocrastinationincommunication

【答案】63.C64.A65.D66.B

【解析】

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了导致拖延症的原因和避免它的方法。

[63题详解】

词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“Somepeopleprocrastinatetoavoiddifficulttasksbyworkingoneasierbutless

importanttasks.Thiscanmakethemfeelproductiveevenastheyneglectthemostimportantitemsontheirto-do

lists.(有些人拖延是为了逃避困难的任务,而去做更容易但不那么重要的任务。这会让他们觉得自己很有效

率,即使他们忽略了待办事项清单上最重要的事情)”可知,人们为了避免困难任务而去做其他无关紧要的事

情,这是在“拖延”,与putoff这个短语的含义非常匹配,故选C。

[64题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段的"Butsomepeopledothismoreoftenthanothers,whichcanresultindisastrous

consequences.Regularlyputtingoffdifficultorunpleasanttaskscanleadtolowgradesatschool,poorperformance

atworkandfinancialconsequences,suchaslatefees.Procrastinationcanalsoharmrelationshipsandevenaffect

yourhealth,asit

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