中考英语外研版总复习课件：题型(一)　阅读理解

题型(一)

阅读理解阅读理解语篇类型既包括连续性文本,如记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文等,也包括非连续性文本,如图表、网页、广告等。阅读理解选用主题围绕“人与自我、人与社会、人与自然”三个方面。阅读理解主要考查学生综合运用语言知识的能力,包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力及对语篇材料的评估能力等。《义务教育英语课程标准(2022年版)》对初中生阅读能力要求如下:1.分析和梳理常见书面语篇的基本结构特征和内容的主次关系;2.从书面语篇中判断和归纳作者的观点及语篇的主旨要义;能力要求3.辨别语篇中的衔接手段,判断语篇中句子、段落之间的逻辑关系;4.根据上下文和构词法推断书面语篇中生词的含义;5.在读和看的过程中,针对语篇的内容有选择地记录信息和要点;6.根据不同目的,运用各种阅读策略有效获取语篇信息;7.阅读名人传记和报刊文章时,整体理解和简要概括所读内容;8.建立语篇与个人、语篇与语篇、语篇与世界的关联,探究和发现语篇的现实意义;9.课外阅读量累计达到15万词以上。阅读能力是学生应具备的基本能力。要想提高阅读能力,学生平时需要进行大量的阅读,以培养语感,提高阅读速度及逻辑推理等能力,还需要在阅读中掌握必要的方法和技巧。1.题目领先,问题驱动。先看题目,再读短文,这样可以做到有的放矢,节省时间。2.抓纲带目,阅读全文。抓主题句是快速获取文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。要善于抓住各自然段的主题句来探究作者想要表达的主题意义。方法指导3.微宏结合,缜密推断。从“微观角度”进行判断,如从词法判断词义,从句法、惯用法及动词的时态、语态、词类转换去判断句意及段意。从“宏观角度”加以判断、推理,得出合乎逻辑的结论。4.厘清文脉,精析文本。从行文条理入手,弄清文章的结构层次和段落之间的内在联系。可以围绕“what,how,why”三方面阅读语篇,弄清文章基本内容、语篇结构及主题意义。5.通观全篇,前后呼应。解答完所有题目后再读一遍短文,逐一校对答案,检查各题答案是否相互照应,意义完整,合乎逻辑,确保理解无误。一、获取具体信息学生需要通过阅读全文,了解文章中所叙述的重要事实或细节,如:时间、地点、人物、事件等。这类题目比较简单,属于浅层理解,学生可以通过跳读、略读、扫读等快速阅读技巧来寻找和收集所需信息,直接(或稍加推理)就能得出答案。例题解析A

(2023·杭州)

Ilikegoingtostores,buthowdoyouknowifastorehaswhatyouwant?Thegreatthingaboutshoppingonlineissavingtime!Therearesomanychoices,anditdoesn’ttakemuchtimetofindwhatyouwant!(Jake,Sydney,Australia)(续表)

ThefirsttimeIboughtsomethingonline,Iwasalittlenervous.Ididn’tknowhowtheyweregoingtoshipit.ButitarrivedOK.NowtheonlyproblemisthatIdotoomuchshoppingonline.AndbecauseIdon’thavetogooutmuchanymore,I’mnotveryfit!(Mari,Lima,Peru)(续表)

Iwantedtobuyanewpairofsunglasses,butIwastoobusytogotothestoresinthecitycenter.SoIdecidedtoorderthemonline.Theyarrivedquickly,buttheywerebrokenandthecaselookedused!SoIhadtogotothestoretochangethem.Whatawasteoftime!(Troy,Jersey

City,USA)(续表)

Iboughtalotofelectronicsonlinelastyear,andeverythingwasagooddeal.Theproblemisthatsomeonestolemycreditcard(信用卡)informationandwentshopping.Myadviceis:Beverycarefulwhenyoushoponline!(Eric,Ottawa,Canada)(续表)

Ibuyallmythingsonline—it’ssocool!Ineverhavetogotothemallorwaitinlinetopay.AndIdon’thavetogoaroundtodifferentstorestocompareprices.TheonlyproblemisthatIusuallyspendtoomuchmoney!I’mbroke!(Nancy,Seattle,USA)1.HowdidMarifeelwhenshefirstshoppedonline? (

)A.Disappointed. B.Excited.C.Worried. D.Interested.2.WhatwasTroy’sopiniononhisonlineshoppingexperience?(

)A.Itwastedtime. B.Itsavedmoney.C.Itharmedhealth. D.Itprovidedchoices.3.Whodoesalltheshoppingonline? (

)A.Jake. B.Mari. C.Eric. D.Nancy.[语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文,属于“人与社会”主题范畴,涉及“网络购物”,是生活中常见的社会现象之一。语篇主要介绍了5个不同地区的人对网络购物的看法。[解析]1.C根据第二栏中的“ThefirsttimeIboughtsomethingonline,Iwasalittlenervous.”可知,Mari第一次在网上购物时有点担心。nervous意为“担忧的”,与C项同义。故选C。2.A根据第三栏中的“Whatawasteoftime!”可知,Troy认为网上购物浪费时间。故选A。3.D根据最后一栏中的“Ibuyallmythingsonline—it’ssocool!”可知,Nancy所有的东西都是在网上买的。故选D。二、推测词义学生需要根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义。大部分新词意思或熟词生义可以通过上下文逻辑关系和构词法知识推测出,这就需要学生利用上下文猜测词义,从已知中推求未知。B

(2023·宁波节选)

⑤So,let’srethinkwhat’sreallyimportant.Isitfashionorisitourwell-being?Clothesorhairstylesdon’ttellusanythingaboutaperson’scharacter.Insteadofspendingalotoftimechoosingclothes,wecouldusethattimetodofunthingswithfriends.Andinsteadoffollowingextremediets,let’seatproperlyandexerciseregularly.Remember,yourworthisnotdecidedbyyourappearance,butbywhoyouareasaperson.Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedword“well-being”inParagraph5mean? (

)A.Growth. B.Health.C.Warmth. D.Wealth.[解析]B根据本段开头两句“So,let’srethinkwhat’sreallyimportant.Isitfashionorisitourwell-being?”可知,作者是在比较fashion与well-being哪一个更重要。又根据下文“Clothesorhairstyles”讲的是“时尚”,对应fashion;而“Andinsteadoffollowingextremediets,let’seatproperlyandexerciseregularly.”讲的则是“保持健康”,对应well-being。故well-being意为“健康”。故选B。三、理解主旨和要义考查学生对文章中心思想的概括和归纳能力。学生需要在通读全文的基础上,理解文章大意,并注意区分主旨和用于支撑主旨的事实、细节之间的区别。C

(2024·东营改编)We’veallseenpicturesofcamelscarryingheavyloads(负载物)acrossthesandydesert.Theywalkwithoutstoppingforfoodorwaterforseveraldays.Haveyoueverwonderedhowtheydoit?Foryouranswer,takealookatthebigroundhumpwhichisonacamel’sback.Camelsaretheonlyanimalswithhumps.Andit’sthehumpthatgivescamelstheamazingabilitytogoforlongperiodsoftimewithoutfoodorwater.Thehumpislikeasparecupboard(食物柜)wherethecamelstoresfoodandwaterfordayswhenthere’snothingtoeatordrink.Whenlifeisgood,andthereisplentytoeatanddrink.acamel’shumpcangrowtoasbigas40kilograms.Thefoodischangedintofat(脂肪)andstoredinthecamel’shump.Whenthereisnothingtoeatordrink,camelsbegintousethestoredfatintheirhumps.That’swhytheycancontinuetoliveforweekswithoutfoodandupto10dayswithoutwater.Camelsarelikesponges.Theycantakeinmorethan130litresofwaterinoneshortdrink.Inonlyafewminutes,allofthiswatergoesdirectlytothecamel’sbloodcells(细胞).Camelssavewatertoo.Theyneverknowwhenthey’llfindthenextwateringhole.Astheybreatheout,theirnosesclosequickly.Thewaterinthebreathstaysintheirbodies.Afteralongtrekacrossthedesertcarrying100kilogramsormore,acamelcanloseupto150kilogramsofweight.Thecamel’shumpwillbecomeverysmall.Assoonasthiscamelgetstoanoasis(绿洲),itwilltakeinhundredsoflitresofwater.Inaday,itwillgetbackmostofitsweight.Naturereallyhasgivencamelstheperfectsystemforlivingtheharddesertlife.1.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout? (

)A.Theshapeofthehump.B.Thehabitofthecamel.C.Theadvantageofthehump.D.Theabilityofthecamel.2.Whatdoesthewritermainlywanttotellus? (

)A.Camelshavesomeamazingabilities.B.Camelsaregoodhelpersfordesertpeople.C.Camelshaveagreatqualityofneverwastingwater.D.Camelshaveaperfectsystemforlivinginthedesert.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文,属于“人与自然”主题范畴,涉及“常见的动物,动物的特征与生活环境”。语篇主要介绍了沙漠之舟——骆驼的相关情况。[解析]1.C段落大意题。第三段主要讲述了骆驼驼峰的功能和优点。故选C。2.D主旨大意题。通读全篇可知,语篇描述了一些关于骆驼异于其他动物的功能,再结合语篇最后一段“Naturereallyhasgivencamelstheperfectsystemforlivingtheharddesertlife.”可知,作者想要告诉我们:骆驼有一套在沙漠中生存的完美系统。故选D。四、推理判断所谓推理,就是根据思考加以分析判断来掌握问题的核心,从而进行合理正确的选择,从已知的信息推断出未知的信息。推理判断题要求学生在阅读过程中连接外在的和内含的、已述的和未述的含义,以文章提供的事实为依据,经过分析、思考形成相关的观点。D

(2024·绍兴模拟)Pakistani(巴基斯坦人)HidayatUllah,29,isstudyingforhisPhDdegreeinbiochemistryatDalianMedicalUniversityinDalian,LiaoningProvince,andhasfoundstudyingandlivinginChinatobepleasant.“Chinaislikeoursecondhomeland.Peopleherearequitefriendlyandsupportive,”hesaid.InthefirstyearworkinginalabinDalian,UllahpublishedaresearchpaperinthefamousinternationalbiochemistrymagazineMolecules.Hisarticlehasbeencited(引用)manytimes,whichmakeshimwell-knowninhisfield.Hissecondresearchpaperwillcomeoutsoon.Ullahattributes(把……归因于)hisachievementstothehighly-developedskillshegetsatthelabandgreatsupportfromtheteachers,hisChinesepartners,andinternationalclassmateshehasevermet.“DalianMedicalUniversityisfamousinmycountryformedicalstudies.IamverythankfulthattheChinagovernmentscholarshiphelpedmetorealizemydreamofstudyinghere,”hesaid.TheuniversitybeganreceivinginternationalstudentsinEnglishmedicaleducationin2004.Nowover1,200internationalstudentsfrom81countriesarestudyinghere,including97fromPakistan.Withagrowingnumberofgraduatesfrom119countries,theuniversitycontinuestoreceivestudentswhoaretryingtoachieveahigh-qualitymedicaleducationinEnglish.UllaharrivedinDalianin2019.DuringaconnectingflightthroughUrumqi,XinjiangProvince,hefeltthehospitalityoftheChinesepeople.“Icouldn’timaginethatastrangerattheairportwouldbuywaterforme,eveninvitemeforlunch,whenheknewIcouldn’tpaybymobilephone,”herecalled.“MyfirstfeelingofChinawasreallygreat.”Ullahplanstocontinuehisacademicjourneyasapostdoctoral(博士后的)studentinChinatogetmoreresearchexperience.HealsoencouragesinternationalstudentstoconsidercomingtoChinafortheirstudies,citingthesupporthehasreceivedthroughouthistimethere.1.Whatcanweinferfromthefirsttwoparagraphs? (

)A.UllahstudiedbiologyinPakistan.B.UllahhasbeeninChinasince2004.C.UllahenjoyshisstayinChina.D.Ullahisgoodatwritingstories.2.WhatisUllahprobablygoingtodoaccordingtothepassage?(

)A.GoondoingmedicalresearchinChina.B.WorkasateacherinDalianMedicalUniversity.C.Travelaroundtheworldtogetmoreexperience.D.EncouragehiswholefamilytomovetoChina.[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文,属于“人与社会”主题范畴,涉及“身份认同与文化自信”。语篇主要介绍了巴基斯坦人HidayatUllah在中国的求学与生活情况。[解析]1.C推理判断题。第一段讲述了HidayatUllah觉得在中国学习和工作非常快乐。第二段讲述了他在医学专业方面取得了优异成绩。由此可见,HidayatUllah很享受在中国的居住时光。故选C。2.A推理判断题。从最后一段第一句“UllahplanstocontinuehisacademicjourneyasapostdoctoralstudentinChinatogetmoreresearchexperience.”可以推断,HidayatUllah将继续在中国学习医学。故选A。五、理解篇章的基本结构理解和掌握语篇内部句子之间的逻辑关系和文章的框架是一种高阶阅读行为。这就要求学生具有识别语篇衔接手段和语篇标记的能力,从而有助于学生顺利完成阅读。E

(2024·温州模拟)①HaveyoueverheardofPiDay?Youmaythinkitisallabouthavingpies.That’sonlypartlyright.PiDayisactuallyaboutmaths!EveryyearonMarch14th,mathsloversandscientistscelebratePiDaytohonourthespecialnumberπ(3.14159…).②▲.Itwasfoundedin1988byLarryShaw.HeworkedattheExploratorium,amuseumofscienceandtechnology.Helinked(联系)March14thwithπandcelebratedhisveryfirstPiDaywithapieparty.Later,thecelebrationbecameayearlytraditionatthemuseumandmorevisitorsjoinedin.InNovember2019,PiDaywasdesignated(指定)astheInternationalDayofMathematicsbyUNESCO,aninternationalorganisation.

③TherearemanykindsofcelebrationsofPiDay.Somepeoplechoosetomemorizeasmanydigits(数字)astheycan,whilesometakepartinaPiparade,enjoyingdeliciouspiesanddancingtomusic.Besides,peopleuseawritingstylecalledPilishtocelebratePiDay.InaPilishsentence,thenumberoflettersineachwordmatchesthedigitofπ.Thefirstwordhasthreeletters,thesecondhasoneletter,thethirdhasfourletters,andsoon.Anengineer,MichaelKeith,evenwroteabookcalledNot

a

WakebyusingPilish.④PiDayisadayofdiscoveryandjoy,remindingusoftheimportanceandbeautyofmathematicsinourlives.Let’scelebratethemathematicalwonderofπ!Q:What’sthestructureofthepassage? (

)[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文,属于“人与社会”主题范畴,涉及“世界主要国家的文化习俗与文化景观”。语篇主要介绍了“国际圆周率日”的由来及各种庆祝活动。[解析]D语篇第一段通过提问导入主题——“国际圆周率日”;第二段阐述了“国际圆周率日”的起源;第三段介绍了人们庆祝“国际圆周率日”的活动;第四段呼吁人们一起庆祝“国际圆周率日”。语篇采用“总—分—总”的结构。故选D。六、理解作者的意图和态度理解作者的意图、观点和态度,是一种深层理解技能,属于推理判断题范畴,考查学生是否拥有准确评估阅读材料的能力。F

(2023·杭州节选)

Teamworkcanbehard,butworkingalonehasitschallenges,too.Whenmycomputerdoesn’twork,Idon’thaveanITpersontoturnto.WhenIhaveagreatidea,Idon’thaveanyonetoshareitwithtoseeifitisreallyagreatidea.Don’tgetmewrong—Istilllikemyteamofoneandenjoymakingalloftheimportantdecisionsmyself.ButnowIrealizewhatwaswrongwiththeteamworkIdidinthepastandhowgoodteamworkcouldbeifdonecorrectly.Andthat’susefulinformation—becauseonedayImightwanttoturnmyMETEAMintoaWETEAM.Q:Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?(

)A.AWETEAMhashardlyanyadvantages.B.AMETEAMneedsalotofITengineers.C.AMETEAMhasnochallengesforthewriter.D.AWETEAMmaybethewriter’schoiceoneday.[解析]D根据段落最后一句“Andthat’susefulinformation—becauseonedayImightwanttoturnmyMETEAMintoaWETEAM.”可知,作者将来可能会选择团队合作。故选D。Peoplewhohavetroublewalkingormovingaroundoftenhaveahardtimeenjoyingthebeach.ButhundredsofbeachesinGreecenowofferanewwayforpeopleinwheelchairstogetintothewaterbythemselves.It’scalledSeatrac.Seatracisachaironamovingramp(坡道).Itcancarryadisabledpersonintothesea.Onceinthesea,thepersoncaneitherstayinthechair,enjoyingthewater,orgoforaswim.Whenthepersonwantstogetoutofthewater,hecanusetheremotecontrol(遥控器)tobringthechairbacktothetopoftheramp.实战演练It’sevenpossibleforhimorhertotakeashowerinthechairafteraswim.SeatracwasinventedanddevelopedinGreece.Theideaforitcamewhenoneoftheinventors,IgnatiosFotiou,wastalkingwithafriendwhousedawheelchair.Thefriendsaidheenjoyedthesea,butdidn’tlikehavingtobecarriedintotheocean.MrFotiouwantedtofindane