中国古代科技zhōngguógǔdàik课件讲解

中国古代科技zhōngguógǔdàikējì

ScienceandTechnologyofAncientChina指南针

zhǐnánzhēnTheCompass

在指南针发明以前，人们在茫茫大海上航行，只能靠太阳和星星的位置辨认方向，如果遇上阴雨天，就会迷失方向。是中国人发明的指南针，帮助人们解决了这个难题。zàizhǐnánzhēnfāmíngyǐqián,rénmēnzàimángmángdàhǎishànghángxíng,zhǐnéngkàotàiyánghéxīngxīngdewèizhìbiànrènfangxiàng,rúguǒyùshàngyīnyǔtiān,jiùhuìmíshīfangxiàng.shìzhōngguórénfāmíngdezhǐnánzhēn,bāngzhùrénměnjiějuélezhègènántí.Beforethecompasswasin-vented,mostpeopleidentifiedthedirectionatsea,onlydependinguponthepositionofthesunandstars.Ifitwascloudyorrainy,peoplewouldlosethedirectioninthisway.Itwasthecompass,inventedbytheChinesepeople,thatsolvedthisproblem.

指南针是指示方向的仪器。早在战国时期，中国人就发现了磁石指示南北的特性，并根据这种特性制成了指示方向的仪器——司南。司南由一把光滑的磁勺和刻有方位的铜盘组成，勺把指示的方向是南方，勺头指示的方向是北方。zhǐnánzhēnshìzhǐshìfangxiàngdeyíqì.zǎozàizhànguóshíqī,zhōngguórénjiùfāxiànlecíshízhǐshìnánběidetèxìng,bìnggēnjùzhèzhǒngtèxìngzhìchénglezhǐshìfangxiàngdeyíqì–sīnán.sīnányóuyībǎguānghuádecísháohékèyǒufangwèidetóngpánzǔchéng,sháobǎzhǐshìdefangxiàngshìnánfāng,sháotóuzhǐshìdefangxiàngshìběifāng.Thecompassistheinstrumentusedforindicatingdirection.AsearlyastheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC),theChinesediscoveredthatamagnetcouldbeappliedtoindicatethesouthorthenorth,andadirection-indicatinginstrumentsinanwasmadeonthebasisofthisfeature.Theinstrumentcomprisedasmoothmagneticspoonandacopperplatecarvedwithdirections;thehandleofthespoonpointedsouth,andtheheadnorth.到了宋代，人们把经过人工磁化的指南针和方位盘结合起来，制成了“罗盘”。有了罗盘，无论在什么情况下，人们都能准确地辨认方向了。dàolesongdài,rénmēnbǎjīngguòréngōngcíhuàdezhǐnánzhēnhéfangwèipánjiéhéqǐlái,zhìchéngleluópán.yǒuleluópán,wúlùnzàishénmēqíngkuàngxià,rénmēndōunéngzhǔnquèdebiànrènfāngxiàngle.IntheSongDynasty,peoplecombinedanartificiallymagnetizedcompasswithanazimuthplatetocreateapropercompasscalledluopan,which,inanycases,couldtellsailorstheaccuratedirection.

北宋时，指南针已开始应用于航海事业。南宋时，指南针经由阿拉伯传到欧洲，当时的阿拉伯人亲切地称指南针为“水手之眼”。běisòngshí,zhǐnánzhēnyǐkāishǐyìngyòngyúhanghǎishìyè.nánsòngshí,zhǐnánzhēnjīngyóuālābóchuándàoōuzhōu,dāngshídeālābórénqīnqièdechēngzhǐnánzhēnwéi“shuǐshǒuzhīyǎn”.IntheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127),thecompasswasbeingappliedtonavigation.IntheSouthernSongDynasty,theinstrumentwasintroducedtoEuropeviaArabia,andArabsatthattimecalleditaffectionately“theEyesofSailor”.

指南针的发明，给航海事业带来了划时代的影响，世界航运史也由此翻开了新的一页。明朝初期郑和率领船队七下西洋，15世纪哥伦布发现新大陆和麦哲伦环绕地球航行等壮举，都是指南针用于航海事业的成果。zhǐnánzhēndefāmíng,gěihánghǎishìyèdàiláilehuàshídàideyǐngxiǎng,shìjièhángyùnshìyèyóucǐfānkāilěxīndeyíyè.míngcháochūqīzhènghéshuàilǐngchuánduìqīxiàxīyáng,shíwǔshìjìgēlúnbùfāxiànxīndàlùhémàizhélúnhuánràodìqiúhángxíngděngzhuàngjǔ,dōushìzhǐnnánzhēnyòngyúhánghǎishìyèdechéngguǒ.Theinventionofthecompasshadanepoch-makinginfluenceonnavigation,therebyopeningupanewerainthehistoryofinternationalnavigation.ZhengHe'sfleetsmadesevenvoyagesacrossseastoSoutheastAsiaandaroundIndianOceanintheearlyMingDynasty,ChristopherColum