（高考英语作文炼句）第24篇译文老师笔记

PAGEPAGE11.尽管在空间探索上的投资绝不能被视为是草率的、不必要的,我仍认为政府应该往减少贫困和饥饿这些手头上的事情投入更多的财政资金,而不是将资金投入到探索宇宙偏远角落上.Whilemoneyinvestedinexploringspace

bynomeans

(1.绝不)constitutes

(2.被视为)frivolous

(3.草率的)orunnecessaryspending,Ibelievethatgovernmentsshoulddevotemoreoftheirfinancialresourcestoalleviatingpovertyandhunger

closeathand

(4.手头上的,在时间或距离上接近的)thantoexploringthefarcornersoftheuniverse.

1-bynomeans

词典释义：bynomeans

phrase

usedas

awayofemphasizinganegativestatement

Itwasbynomeansexcellentbutstillbetterthanlast

year.

Iwouldn’tsayIwasanexpert,notbyanymeans.

[mi：nz]

pluralnoun

bynomeans

(also

notbyanymeans)

■notatall

决不,一点都不

•Itisbyno

means

certainthatwe'llfinish

theprojectbyJune.我们能否在六月份前完成这项工程还很难确定.•Thisisn'tthelastwe'llhearofitbyany

means.这绝对不会是我们最后一次听到此事.

外刊例句：Thesenew-oldbooksareshortbut

bynomeans

slight.Noraretheyonlyforhard-coreMurakami

fans.

()这些再版的旧作篇幅不长但绝非空洞之作.它们也并非单纯为村上的铁杆粉而作.

替换表达：innoway/notatall/notbyanymeans

2-constitute注意虽然译为"被视为”,但constitute是主动语态.

词典释义：constitute

UK

['kɒn.stɪ.tju：t]

US

['kɑ：n.stɪ.tu：t]

verb

BECONSIDERED

AS

被视作

ADVANCED

[Lonly+

noun][notcontinuous]

formal

■tobeorbeconsideredassomething

是;被看作,被视为•Thislatestdefeat

constitutes

amajorsetbackfor

thegovernment.最近的这次失败是对政府的一次重挫.

外刊例句：Justlastmonth,theMayoClinicProceedingspublisheda

studyarguingthattheresultsofnationaldietarysurveys,suchasthose

thatlinksugarydrinkstotype-2diabetes,aresoflawedthatthey

constitute

amajormisuseofpublic

funds.

()Mayo医学杂志就在上月刊登了一则关于全国饮食调查的研究,该研究认为这个调查错误百出,简直是严重浪费公共基金.而那些把糖分饮料与2型糖料病相联系的调查内容便是其一.

替换表达：beconsidered/viewed/seenas

学生错误表达：(1)

Bedefinedas点评：bedefinedas含义是"被定义为……”,例如：Abudgetisdefinedas'aplanofactionexpressedinmoney

terms'."预算”一词定义为"以金钱来表述的行动计划”.Bedefinedas用在此处不合适.

3-frivolous

词典释义：frivolous['frɪv.əl.əs]

adjective

■behavinginasillyandthoughtlesswaywhenyoushould

beserious

愚蠢轻浮的,不严肃的•Ithinkheseesherasa

frivolous

youngwoman.我想他把她看成了轻浮的姑娘.■describesanactivityorobjectwhichissillyornot

importantratherthanusefulorserious

无聊的;不重要的

•Ifeellikedoingsomethingcompletely

frivolous

today.今天我只想做点儿琐事.

外刊例句：Buther

frivolous

spending—onmultiplestatuesofherself,amongotherthings—pavedthewayfor

acomebackin2012bytheSP.

()但她总花钱在些无聊事情上,比如像其各种雕像等,而这也就导致了SP在2012的卷土重来.

替换表达：reckless

学生错误表达：(1)

cursory点评：cursory的常见搭配是cursoryexamination/inspection草率的检查,例如：a

cursoryexaminationoftheevidence对证据草草的审查,一般不能与spending搭配.(2)

impetuous点评：impetuous更多指行动或语言冲动草率,例如：Shemightlivetoregretthisimpetuousdecision.她可能会一辈子为这个鲁莽的决定感到后悔.Impetuous不能用来修饰spending

4-closeathand

词典释义：athand

phrase

close

toyouandeasytoreach

Helpisalwaysathandifyouneedit.

close/nearathand：

Ialwayskeepmycalculatorcloseathand.

Thesaurus：

nextto,neartoandnotfarawaysynonym

Main

entry：

hand

12.PHRASE

短语

(空间或时间上)接近的,不远的

Ifsomething

is

athand

,nearathand,or

closeat

hand,itisverynearinplaceortime.

【搭配模式】：PHRafterv•Havingtherightequipmentat

hand

willbeenormouslyhelpful...手头上有合适的设备将会帮上大忙.

•Realizingthathisretirementwasnearat

hand,helookedforsomeadditionalincome.意识到自己快要退休了,他想要挣些外快.

外刊例句：Iceland’spopularitywithtouristsdoesn’tmeanthat

solitudeishardtofind.Headwesttoitsfjordsandsplendidisolationand

natureare

closeathand.()冰岛极受旅游者欢迎,但这并不意味着无法在此感受到清静.往冰岛西面峡湾走去,你就会发现自然的清静近在咫尺.

替换表达：withinreach

Q：老师,请问我的表达"cannotabsolutelybetreatedas”中的副词absolutely所在的位置正确吗,而且这能修饰cannot表达出"绝不能”的意思吗?谢谢!A：cannot表达的语气已经很绝对了,再加上absolutely不太合适.建议把absolutely去掉,改为cannotbetreatedas

Q：关于moreof,than与more,

ratherthan的区别?本翻译的后半句我用的是putmorefinancialcapital

in...ratherthanputmoneyin...,用的是ratherthan句型,与译文相比是有点啰嗦,译文用的是devotemoreoftheirfinancialresourcesto...thanto...这种比较级的结构,译文用的是moreof,我不知道这是一种什么用法?两种用法的than与ratherthan可以互换吗?

A：原句还原后是governmentsshoulddevotemoreoftheir

financialresourcestoalleviatingpovertyandhungercloseathandthan

(devotetheirfinancialresources)toexploringthefarcornersofthe

universe.

句子本质上是more…than…的比较结构,中间的moreofsomething只是一种常见用法,含义是"更多的……”,例如：Perhapsnextyear

moreof

us

willbeabletoaffordholidaysabroad.也许到明年我们中会有更多的人有钱出国度假了.

不建议将句子写成putmorefinancialresourcesin...ratherthanputmoneyin...因为很少有more…ratherthan…的结构.

Whilemoneyinvestedinexploringspacebynomeans

constitutesfrivolousorunnecessaryspending,Ibelievethatgovernments

shoulddevotemoreoftheirfinancialresourcestoalleviatingpovertyand

hungercloseathandthantoexploringthefarcornersoftheuniverse.

[分析]本句的主干部分为Ibelievethat…,这是一个主谓宾结构,由that引导的名词性从句作谓语believe的宾语,该宾语从句也是一个主谓宾结构,其主语是governments,谓语是shoulddevote,宾语是moreoftheirfinancialresources,状语是to

alleviatingpovertyandhungercloseathand,表明financial

resources投入的对象,其后是由than引导的比较状语从句.逗号之前是由While引导的让步状语从句,这是一个主谓宾结构,moneyinvestedin

exploringspace是主语,其中investedinexploringspace是过去分词短语作定语,修饰money,bynomeans作状语,constitutes作谓语,frivolousorunnecessary

spending作宾语.

2.在过去十年左右的时间里,几乎计算机技术的每一个领域都有巨大的进步.与机器翻译相关的领域比如人工智能和语音识别以前是被嘲笑的对象,现在已经被应用在突破性项目的核心部分里面了.Therehavebeenenormousstepsmadeinalmosteveryfieldofcomputingtechnologyinthelastdecadeorso.Fieldsrelatedtomachinetranslationsuchasartificialintelligenceandvoicerecognitionhavegonefrom

subjectsofmockery

(1.被嘲笑的对象)tobeingutilized

attheheartof

(2.处于……的核心)ground-breaking

(3.有突破性的)projects.

1-subjectsofmockery

词典释义：subject2.N-COUNT

可数名词

(批评、学习、调查的)对象

Someoneorsomethingthatis

the

subjectof

criticism,study,oraninvestigationisbeingcriticized,

studied,orinvestigated.

【搭配模式】：Nofn•Overthepastfewyears,someofthepositionsMr.

Meredithhasadoptedhavemadehimthe

subject

ofcriticism...在过去的几年里,梅雷迪思先生所采取的某些立场使他成为了批评的对象.

•He'snowthe

subject

ofanofficialinquiry.他现在是官方调查的对象.

mockeryUK

['mɒk.ər.i]

US

['mɑ：.kɚ-]

noun

uncountable

■whenyoumocksomeoneorsomething

嘲笑,讥笑;模仿•Bill's

mockery

ofhisdad'stwitchwasabitcruel,

butitmadeuslaugh.比尔模仿他爸爸肌肉抽搐的做法有点残忍,不过我们都被逗笑了.

外刊例句：His

useofhigh-flowneconomicjargonintelevisioninterviewsmadehima

subjectofmockery.()他在电视采访中使用高大上的经济学术语,却让自己沦为笑柄.

替换表达：amockery,asubject/objectofridicule

2-attheheartof

词典释义：heartUK

[hɑ：t]

US

[hɑ：rt]

noun

CENTRE

中心

ESSENTIAL

onlysingular

■thecentralor

mostimportantpart

中心;中央;重点;要点•Thedemonstratorswillmarchthrough

the

heart

of

thecapital.示威者将游行穿过首都的中心地区.•Adisagreementaboutboundariesis

atthe

heart

of

thedispute.争议的焦点就是边界问题.•Let'sgettothe

heart

ofthematter.让我们考虑一下最关键的事情.

外刊例句：Promisestoputvictims

attheheartof

thejusticesystemsoundgoodbutcanhavea

hollowring.()承诺把对受害者的考虑作为司法系统的核心听起来很好,不过却缺乏实际可能.

替换表达：atthecoreof

学生错误表达：(1)

Intheheart

of点评：intheheartof一般指处于地理位置上的最中心,而不是抽象含义上的"处于某事物中心”,例如：ahouseintheheartofLondon伦敦市中心的房子,句子里面应该使用attheheartofsomething(2)

inthecore

partof点评：没有inthecore

partof的搭配,应该改为atthecoreof

3-ground-breaking

词典释义：groundbreaking

1.ADJ

形容词

开创性的;创新的;革新的

Youuse

groundbreaking

todescribe

thingswhichyouthinkaresignificantbecausetheyprovidenewandpositive

ideas,andinfluencethewaypeoplethinkaboutthings.

【搭配模式】：usuADJn•...his

groundbreaking

novelonhomosexuality.他关于同性恋题材的开创性小说•...groundbreaking

research.创新研究

外刊例句：Haringwasa

ground-breaking

streetartistinspiredbysocialactivismandprogressivepolitics,asmuch

ashisidentityasanopenlygaymaninthe1980s.()哈林是位极富创新精神的街头艺术家,他深受政治运动者和进步政治家鼓舞,而且他还于80年代公开了自己的同性恋身份.

替换表达：pioneering

Q：请问老师,同样在表达形容人作为"对象”这个含义时,subjects和objects是否可以互换呢?A：可以互换.另外在本句中使用subjects/objectsofmockery都可以.

Q：mockery本身就可以表示为嘲笑的对象,笑柄,再用subject就重复了吧,直接说mockery,可以吧?A：subjectofmockery是一个常见固定表达,可以记起来.这里直接用amockery也是可以的.

Therehavebeenenormousstepsmadeinalmosteveryfield

ofcomputingtechnologyinthelastdecadeorso.

[分析]本句是一个therebe结构,其主语是enormousstepsmadeinalmosteveryfieldofcomputingtechnology

inthelastdecadeorso,其中,madeinalmostevery

fieldofcomputingtechnologyinthelastdecadeorso是过去分词短语作定语,修饰steps,其前enormous是形容词作定语,修饰steps.其谓语是havebeen.注意在therebe结构中,there是一个引导词,它占据了原来主语的位置,从而是真正的主语退居其后,承担了大量的信息,成为信息的核心.

Fieldsrelatedtomachinetranslationsuchasartificial

intelligenceandvoicerecognitionhavegonefromsubjectsofmockeryto

beingutilizedattheheartofground-breakingprojects.

[分析]本句是一个主谓结构,其主干是Fields…havegonefrom…to…,主语是Fieldsrelatedtomachinetranslationsuchasartificial

intelligenceandvoicerecognition,其中relatedto

machinetranslationsuchasartificialintelligenceandvoicerecognition是过去分词短语作定语,修饰Fields,这里面又有suchas引导artificialintelligenceandvoicerecognition作hasartificialintelligenceandvoicerecognition,其中relatedtomachinetranslation的同位语,本句的谓语是have

gone,其后是from…to…结构作状语,表明与机器翻译相关的领域发展的变化.

3.目前的机器翻译仍然处于很低的水平,甚至达不到能威胁人类翻译工作的程度.即使电脑程序能设法给出优质的翻译,读者仍然缺乏能够完全理解其含义的必要的文化知识.Currentmachinetranslationisstill

ataverylowlevel

(1.处于很低的水平)andhasnoteven

comecloseto

(2.接近)threateningthejobsofhumantranslators.Evenifacomputerprogramcouldsomehowproducea

quality

(3.优质的)translation,thereaderwouldstilllackthenecessaryculturalknowledgetobeabletounderstanditfully.

1-beataverylowlevel

词典释义：level['lev.əl]

noun

countable

ABILITY

能力

ESSENTIAL

■someone'sability

comparedtootherpeople

(与他人相比的)能力,水准,级别

•acourseforadvanced

level

students面向高级别学生的课程•Studentsatthis

level

requirealotof

help.处于这种程度的学生需要大量的帮助.•Theexamcanbetakenatthree

levels.这种考试分为三个级别.

外刊例句：Butinpoorercountries,wheremostruralpeopleconsume

andtravelverylittle,therelationshipisoftenreversed.Onlywhenthey

movetotownsandcitiesdothepoorcometorelyonfossilfuelsandjoin

theconsumereconomy,albeitoften

ataverylowlevel.(TheGuardian)然而,这种关系在更为贫困的国家则经常颠倒了,因为那里的乡村地区人群大多很少消费和游玩.这些穷人只有搬到了城镇才会依赖化石燃料和成为消费者经济的一员,不过其程度仍然很低.

替换表达：beoflowquality

学生错误表达：(1)

remainsto

thelowerlevel点评：搭配不当,这里应该改为remain

atalowlevel(2)

under/inthe

lowlevel点评：介词使用不当,under/in应该改为at,此外the应该改为a(3)

atarather

lowstandard点评：应该改为ofarather

lowstandard,即machinetranslationisstillofa

ratherlowstandard

2-comecloseto

词典释义：comeclose(to)

phrase

tobe

similartooralmostasgoodassomeoneorsomething

He’s

notasgoodasAmis,buthecomesclose.

外刊例句：How

complexcellsevolvedisamystery.Anewideamay

comecloseto

thetruth()细胞复杂的演变仍然迷雾重重.此新想法或许能让我们更接近真相.

替换表达：comenearto

学生错误表达：(1)

taketheplace

of点评：taketheplaceof是"替代……”的意思,用在这里不合适.

3-quality

词典释义：qualityUK

['kwɒl.ɪ.ti]

US

['kwɑ：.lə.tˌi]

adjective

[beforenoun]

■ofahighstandard

优质的,优良的,高级的

•Thisisa

quality

product.这是高级产品.•mainlyUKThestoryreceivedlittlecoverageinthe

quality

papers

(=moreseriousnewspapers).内容严肃的报纸几乎没有报导这一则新闻.[afterverb]

informal

■verygood

很好的•Thatgigwas

quality.那场演奏会很精彩.

外刊例句：However,asthisisbuiltupon,a

quality

psychologicalconnectionorattachmentrelationship

conducivetolearningandattunedinteractionisdevelopedandstrengthened.

()然而,随着其确立起来,一种有利于学习和适应人际关系的良好心理联系或亲密关系就此发展和壮大起来.

替换表达：extremelygood,high-quality

Q：老师,请问remaintothelowerlevel,remainthelower

level和remaintobethelowerlevel正确吗?A：remain的常见搭配是remaintobedone或者remainadj.但不可以写成remaintosomething,因此这里remainthelowerlevel和remaintobethe

lowerlevel都是有问题的.可以参考朗文词典中对于remain词条的解释和例句.

4.翻译通常只能表达出接近原意的大概,因此对有些人来说,学习外语总是必要的.一般人可能会发现优质的机器翻译很有用,但这种翻译机器不太可能会替代语言学习.Atranslationisoftenjustarough

approximation

(1.大概,近似值)of

theoriginalmeaning(2.原意)andsoitwillalwaysbenecessaryforsomepeopletolearnforeignlanguages.

Theaverageperson

(3.一般人)might

findaqualitymachinetranslatorratheruseful(4.发现优质的机器翻译很有用),butitisunlikelythatsuchtranslatorswilleverreplacelanguagelearning.

1-approximation

词典释义：approximation

UK

[əˌprɒk.sɪ'meɪ.ʃən]

US

[-ˌprɑ：k-]

formal

noun

countable

■aguessofanumberthatisnotexactbutthatisclose

粗略估计;近似值•Couldyougivemea

rough

approximation

of

howmanypeoplewillbecoming?

你能告诉我要来的大概人数吗?•Whathesaidboreno

approximation

whatsoever

to

thetruth(=wasnotatalllikethetruth).他的说法跟实际情况风马牛不相及.

外刊例句：Morethananyotherman,BorisYeltsinmovedtheRussian

peoplefromtyrannyto

arough

approximation

offreedom.Forthathewasoneoftheauthenticheroesof

the20thcentury.(TheGuardian)鲍里斯·叶利钦比其他人都更大程度地让俄罗斯人民脱离了极权统治,享受到了粗略的自由.因此,他可以说是一位百分百的20世纪英雄.

学生错误表达：(1)

drawarough

outlineof点评：outline是指"要点,纲要”,例如：abroadoutlineofthecommittee'splans委员会计划的一个粗略纲要,drawaroughoutlineof用在这里不准确.(2)

skeleton点评：skeleton指"框架,架构”,例如：Theskeletonofmybookiswritten/Mybookisinskeletonform-

nowIjusthavetoaddthedetails.我的书已经有了架构——现在我只需要添加细节了.Skeleton用在此处不恰当.

2-theoriginalmeaning

词典释义：original[ə'rɪdʒ.ɪ.nəl]

adjective

FIRSTMADE

原先的

ESSENTIAL

[before

noun]

■existingsincethebeginning,orbeingtheearliestform

ofsomething

起初的;原先的;最早的•Isthisthe

original

fireplace?

这是原先的壁炉吗?•Thegardenshaverecentlybeenrestoredtotheir

original

glory.这些园林最近恢复了原先的辉煌.

外刊例句：But

theoriginal

meaning

ofMayDayreappearedatthedarkestmomentsoftheNaziera,as

whenitwascelebratedintheWarsawghettowhichlaunchedanuprising

againsttheregime.

()但国际劳动节的原始意义再次于最黑暗的纳粹统治时期体现出来,华沙犹太人区在那时庆祝了这个节日,发动了一场反抗纳粹政权的暴动.

学生错误表达：(1)

realmean点评：mean做名词时没有"含义”的意思,这里应该改为originalmeaning

3-Theaverageperson

词典释义：averageUK

['æv.ər.ɪdʒ]

US

[-ɚ-]

adjective

USUAL

一般标准

ESSENTIAL

■typicalandusual

普通的;平常的;中等的;一般的

•The

average

personinthestreetisalot

betteroffthantheywerefortyyearsago.再普通再一般的人也要比40年前富裕多了.•astudentof

average

ability才智平平的学生•Thefoodwasfairly

average

(=not

excellent,althoughnotbad).那里的食物很一般.

外刊例句：Thissurveyshows64%ofGuardianreadersarein

employment,whichis20%morelikelythan

theaverageperson

intheUKandinlinewiththelevelamongreadersof

otherqualitynewspapers.(TheGuardian)该研究表明,64%的卫报读者有工作做,比平均英国人高20%,与其他同样高质量的报刊读者持平.

替换表达：ordinarypeople

学生错误表达：(1)

ordinary

person点评：person是可数名词单数,使用时前面一般要加限定词,这里可以改为ordinarypeople(2)

normalpeople

点评：normalpeople是指身体和心理上没有健康问题的正常人,例如：Statisticsindicatethatdepressedpatientsaremorelikelyto