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考研英语-947

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Americansuffersfromanoverdoseofwork.(1)whotheyareorwhattheydo,they

spend(2)timeatworkthanatanytimesinceWorldWarII.In1950,theUShadfewerworking

hoursthananyother(3)countryToday,it(4)everycountrybutJapan,whereindustrial

employeeslog2,155hoursa**pared(5)1,951intheUSand1,603(6)Westemployees.

Between1969and1989,employedAmerican(7)anaverageof138hourstotheiryearlywork

schedules.Thework-week(8)atabout40hours,butpeopleareworkingmoreweekseach

year.(9),paidtimeoff—holidays,vacations,sickleave—(10)15percentinthe1990s.

AsCorporationshave(11)**petitionandslowergrowthinproductivity,they

would(12)employeestoworklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s(13)theprofessional

andmanagerialranks,leavingfewerpeopletogelthejobdone.Inlower-paid

occupations,(14)wageshavebeenreduced,workershaveaddedhours(15)overtimeorextra

jobsto(16)theirlivingstandard.TheGovernmentestimatesthatmorethansevenmillion

peopleholdasecondjob.

Forthefirsttime,large(17)ofpeoplesaytheywanttocut(18)onworkinghours,evenif

itmeansearninglessmoney.Butmostemployersare(19)toletthemdoso.Thegovernment

whichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional(20)asaregulatorofworktime,shouldtakestepsto

makeshorterhourspossible.

1.A.AsregardstoB.RegardlessofC.WithregardtoD.Inregardto

2.A.muchlessB.abundantC.alotmoreD.surplus

3.A.advancedB.industrializedC.developedD.mechanized

4.A.exceedsB.outnumbersC.overtakesD.outstrips

5.A.withB.toC.inD.on

6.A.intheformerB.ofthepastC.intheearlyD.intheearlier

7.A.addedB.increasedC.broughtD.totaled

8.A.arrivedB.stoppedC.setD.remained

9.A.HoweverB.NeverthelessC.MoreoverD.And

10.A.lessenedtoB.shrankbyC.deducedD.restrainedin

11.A.sufferedB.experiencedC.undertakenD.endured

12.A.squashB.squeezeC.urgeD.oblige

13.A.minimizedB.reducedC.lessenedD.relieved

14.A.becauseB.thoughC.asD.where

15.A.byB.forCtoD.in

16.A.preserveB.conserveC.improveD.protect

17.A.numbersB.amountsC.figuresD.quantities

18.A.offB.outC.backD.down

19.A.discouragedB.unwillingC.forbiddenD.inclined

20.A.positionB.functionC.taskD.role

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Text1

Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhome,re-assessingtheir'work-lifebalance"and

capitalisingonwhatindustrycalls"remoteworking".Arecentsurveyof**paniesshowedthat

eightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.The

objectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreater

levelsofefficiency.During2003/2004,some900,000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunder

anewGovernmentschemeand800,000oftheapplicationsweregranted.Furthermore,sevenout

oftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfrom

otherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme.

Oneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleisthe

AsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLine(ADSL),broadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataat

high-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnectto**pany'sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthrough

DigitalSubscriberLine(DSL)internet,whichispermanentlyconnected,orthroughaRemote

AccessService(RAS),whichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime."Peoplestartedthinkingabout

remoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsiderita

possibility,"saysMeyrickVevers,CommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadband,oneofUK's

communicationandmediagroups."However,nowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSL

tohomeusers,remoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease."Ofcourse,securityisveryimportant

andITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeel**fortableabout

allowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome.

TelewestBusiness'sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedon**pany's

focusonunderstandingtheircustomers'needs.Becausecustomers'needsarediverseandTelewest

Business'spossiblesolutionsarewide-ranging,**panyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurther

informationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkers,mobilestaff,suchassales

executivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathome,areamongthoseforwhom

remoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive.

"PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworld,"says

Vevers.nDoingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeofthe

individualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.""Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonal

choiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusiness,we

aimtotryandhelpplayapartin**paniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibilityA

21.Thephrase"capitalisingon"(Line2,Para.1)canbesubstitutedby

A.investingmoneyin.

B.specializingin.

C.insistingupon.

D.makinguseof.

22.Accordingtothepassage,remoteworking

A.ridspeopleoftheworkwhichisrequiredof(hemin(heoffice.

B.requirestheuserstodialinto**pany'sVirtualPrivateNetwork.

C.mightbeavailablefbrthosenotincludedinthegovernmentscheme.

D.wasbroughttopeople'smindsbyadvancementofbroadwidthtech.

23.ITdirectors**fortablebecause

A.safeguardsarenolongerreallynecessary.

B.theremoteworkforceisexpandingrapidly.

C.theyaremoreconfidentoftheirnetwork'ssafety.

D.theirstaffgeteasieraccesstotheinternet.

24.TheexampleofTelewestismentionedtoshowthat

A.theBusinesseliminatestheunbalanceofpeople'slife.

B.it'shardtopleasepeople'svariousdesires.

C.theBusinessissophisticatedinluringcustomers.

D.thediversedemandsfbrremoteworkingarcbeingmet.

25.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe

A.RemoteWorkingIsIn.

B.**municationTechIsEverImproving.

C.Work-LifeBalanceNeedstoBeKept.

D.TechnologyMakesRemoteWorkingaReality.

Text2

Naturalismistheviewthatthe"natural'1universe,theuniverseofmatterandenergy,isallthat

therereallyis.Byrulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmightsurvivedeathanda

Godwhomightresurrectthebody,naturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inaddition,

naturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryeventmustbeexplainableby

deterministicnaturallaws.Itdeniesanyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsfbrsuch

valuesinaworldmadeuponlyofmauerandenergy.Andfinally,naturalismdeniesthatthe

universehasanymeaningorpurposebecausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurpose,and

nothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose.

Anyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenials,ofGod,spiritualbeings,andimmortality,mightbe

calledanaturalistinthebroadsense,andanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedom,values,

andpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrictsense,orastrictnaturalist.Someopponents

ofnaturalismwouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleastsomewhatinconsistent

andthatnaturalisminthebroadsenseleadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.Manystrictnaturalists

wouldagreewiththis.

Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsensedosoforavarietyofmasons.

Theymayhavepositiveargumentsfbrtheexistenceof.someofwhatnaturalistsdeny,orthey

mayhavewhatseemtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeoralloftheargumentsfbrnaturalism.But,

inadditiontoparticularargumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbelief,some

opponentsofnaturalismbelievetha:thereisageneralargumentwhichholdsagainstanyformof

naturalism.Theseopponentsholdthatnaturalismhasa"fatalflaw"or,toputitmorestrongly,that

naturalismisself-destroying.Ifnaturalismistrue,thenhumanreasonmustbetheresultofnatural

forces.

Thesenaturalforcesarenot,onthenaturalisticview,rationalthemselves,norcantheybethe

resultofarationalcause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.This,itcan

beargued,givesusastrongreasontodistrusthumanreach,especiallyinitslesspracticaland

moretheoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitselfsuchanexerciseoftheoretical

reason.Ifnaturalismistrue,wewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.Ifwe

distrusttheoreticalreasoning,wedistrustparticularapplicationsofit,suchasthetheoryof

naturalism.Thus,ifnaturalismistrue,wehavestrongreasonstodistrustnaturalism.

26.Naturalismbelievesthat

A.humancandothingswiththeirfreewill.

B.deterministicnaturallawscanexplaineverything.

C.absolutevaluesshouldbebasedonamorereasonableground.

D.universeisdependentonsubjectiveexperience.

27.Manystrictnaturalists'attitudestowardsthecategorizingofnaturalistsmightbe

A.disapproving,B.puzzled.

C.content.D.appreciative.

28.Whichofthefollowingconcerningthosewhorejectnaturalismaretrue?

A.theyacceptsomeofthenaturalists'denials.

B.theirretortonnaturalismistoosharptobeconvincing.

C.alltheirargumentsagainstnaturalismarenotuniversal.

D.thereexistmortaldefectsintheirownarguments.

29.Inthelastparagraph,theauthortriestojustifyhisconclusionby

A.reducingtoabsurdity.

B.makingancomparison.

C.givinganexample.

D.explainingaphenomenon.

30.Thegeneralargumentagainstnaturalismfocusesonits

A.inherentimpracticability.

B.wrongassumption.

C.innercontradiction.

D.illogicalreasoning.

Text3

Whenyouaresmall,allambitionsfallintoonegrandcategory:whenI'mgrownup.WhenI'm

grownup,yousay,I*11goupinspace.I'mgoingtobeanauthor.I*IIkillthemallandthenthey'11

besorry.V11bemarriedinacathedralwithsixteenbridesmaidsinpinklace.I'11haveapuppyof

myownandnoonewillbeabletotakehimaway.

Noneofiteverhappens,ofcourse—ordarnlittle,butthefantasiesgiveyoutheideathatthere

issomethingtogrowupfor.Indeedoneofthesaddestthingsaboutgildedadolescenceisthe

feelingthatfromeighteenon,it'salldownhill;IreadwithhorrorofanAmericanhippiewedding

wheresomeonesaidtothegroom(agedtwenty)"youseemsokindagrownupsomehow”,andthe

ladhadtogoroundseekingassurancethathewasn't.No,reallyhewasn't.Adeterminationtobe

betteradultsthanthepresentincumbentsisfine,buttorefusetogrowupatallisjustplain

unrealism.

Whenmychildrenaregrownup,I'IIlearntoflyanairplane.Iwillcareerroundthesky,

knowingthatifIdo"gopop",therewillbenolittleonestosuffershockandmaladjustment;that

eveniftheworst**etotheworst,Iwillatleastdodgethegeriatricwardandallthatlookforyour

glassesinordertoseewhereyou'veleftyourteeth.Whenmychildrenaregrownup,I'11have

fragilelovelythingsonlowtables;I11haveawhitecarpet;I'11gotothepicturesintheafternoons.

Whenthechildrenaregrownup,I11actuallybeabletodoaday'sworkinaflay,insteadof

spreadingoverthree,andgoawayforaweekendwithoutplanningasifforatriptotheMoon.

WhenI1mgrownup—Imeanwhenthey*regrownup—I'11befree.

Ofcourse,Iknowit'sgottogelworsebeforeitgetsbetter.Twelve-year-old,I'mtold,don'

tgotobedatseven,soyoudon'tevengetyourevening.Oncethey'repasttenyouhavetostart

worryingabouttheirfriendsinsteadofsimplyshootingtheintrudersoffthsdoorstep,andtosettle

downtoasteadytenyearsofcriticismofeverythingyou'veeverthoughtordoneorwon.Boys,it

seems,maybelessofatrialthangirls,sincetheycan'tgetpregnantandtheydon11borrowyour

clothes—iftheydoborrowyourclothes,ofcourse,you'yegotevenmoretoworryabout.

Theyoungdon'trespecttheirparentsanymore.Goodness,howsad.Still,likeeatingsnails,it

mightbeallrightonceyou'vegotovertheidea;itmightletusoffhavingtobotherquitesomuch

withthemwhenthe**es.Butoneissimplynotgoingtobeabletodroneawayone'sdays,

toothlessbythefire,broodingonthepast.

31.Whatintereststhewriteraboutyoungchildrenisthatthey.

A.havesomanyunselfishambitionsB.don'twanttobeaspaceman

C.alllongfor**fbrtsD.havesuchlongtermambitions

32.Thewriterholds(heopinionthatfantasies.

A.satisfyambitionsB.lessenambitionsC.stimulateambitionsD.frustrateambitions

33.Ybungpeopleoftenfeelsthattheageofeighteenisthe.

A.besttimeoflifeB.rightagetogetmarriedC.hardestpartoflifeD.

gatewaytohappiness

34.Thewriterseemstothinkthatasanadultonemust.

A.achieveone'sambitionsatallcostsB.continuetobeambitious

C.findacompromisebetweenambitionandrealityD.giveupallone'searlierambitions

35.Whatdothewriterthinkabouthisorherchildren?

A.Theirbehaviorisimproving.B.Theydon'tspendenoughtimeathome.

C.Theyareapproachingadifficultage.D.Theyarechoosingstrangefriends.

Text4

Machinesand**petitionwillreplacemillionsofAmericanjobs.Butworkwillbeplentifulfor

peopletrainedintheoccupationsofthefuture.TheLaborDepartmentpredictsanetincreaseof25

millionnewjobsintheUnitedStatesin1995withservice-industryjobsgrowingthreetimesas

rapidlyasfactoryjobs."Workwillshiftitsemphasisfromthefatigueandmonotonyofthe

productionlineandthetypingpooltothemoreinterestingchallengeoftheelectronicservice

center,thedesignstudio,theresearchlaboratory,theeducationinstituteandthetrainingschool,"

predictsCanadianeconomistCalven.

Jobsinhigh-techfieldswillmultiplyfastest,butfromalowbase.Intermsofactualnumbers,

moremundaneoccupationswillexperiencethebiggestsurge:custodians,cashiers,secretaries,

waitersandclerks.Yetmuchofthedrudgeworkwillbetakenonbyrobots.

Thenumberofrobotsperformingblue-collartaskswillincreasefrom3,000in1981to40,000

in1990,saysJohnE.TayloroftheHumanResourcesResearchOrganizationinAlexandria,Va.

Robotsmightalsobefoundonwarzones,inspace-evenintheoffice,perhapsmakingcoffee,

openingmailanddeliveringmessages.

Oneunsolvedproblem,whattodowithworkersdisplacedbyhightechnologyand**petition.

Aroundtheworld"thelikelihoodofgrowingpermanentunemploymentisbecomingmore

acceptedasarealityamongsocialplanners,"notesDavidMacarov,associateprofessorofthe

HebrewUniversityinJerusalem.Meantimeatthepercentageoftimepeoplespendonthejobis

likelytocontinuetofall.RobertTheobald,authorofAvoidingin1984,fearsthatjoblessnesswill

leadtoincreasingdepression,bitternessandunrest."Thedramaticconsequencesofsuchashifton

theWesternpsyche,whichhasmadethejobthewaywevaluehumanbeings,arealmost

incalculable,"hecomments.

Becauseoftheconstantlychangingdemandforjobskills,RonKutschner,**missionerofthe

BureauofLaborStatistics,offersthisadvicefortoday'shighschoolstudents:"Bepreparedwitha

broadeducation,likethekindpre-collegestudentsgel-basicmath,scienceandEnglish.Prepare

yourselftohandleeachnewtechnology,asitcomesdowntheroad.Thengeltechnologytraining

fbryourfirstjob.Thatisthebeststeppingstonetothesecondandthirdjobs.\

36.Accordingtothepassage,jobsontheproductionslineareusually.

A.interestingandchallenging

B.dullanddangerous

C.boringandtiring

D.unpleasantbutrewarding

37.Thesentence"moremundaneoccupationswillexperiencethebiggestsurge"inParagraph2

means.

A.therewillbeagreatincreaseinhumblejobs

B.therewillbeagreatincreaseinordinaryjobs

C.tlierewillbeagreatincreaseinofficejobs

D.therewillbeagreatincreaseinfull-timejobs

38.Whatwillhappenwhenmoreandmoreworkersarereplacedbymachinesand""petition?

A.Permanentunemploymentislikelytobemounting.

B.Workersarelikelytoreducetheirworkinghours.

C.Unemployedworkerswillfeelmoreandmorebitter,depressedanddiscontented.

D.Alloftheabove.

39.RobertTheobaldbelievesthatpermanentunemploymentwillbehardonWesternersbecause

A.Westernersusuallyusejobsasacriteriontoappraisepeople

B.Westernersareaddictedtowork

C.Westernersarenotusedtostayinghomeunemployed

D.Westernersusuallytakepleasureinworking

40.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatpeoplemusthaveabroadeducationandtechnology

traininginorderto.

A.meetceaselesslychangingdemandfbrjobskills

B.getmanygoodjobs

C.applyfbrpermanentjobs

D.getpromotedfromonejobtoanother

PartB

TheU.S.spaceagency,NASA,isplanningtolaunchasatellitethatscientistshopewillanswer

fundamentalquestionsabouttheoriginanddestinyofouruniverse.(41).

Theprevailingtheoryoftheuniverse'sorigin,the"BigBang"theory,saysallmatterand

energywere**pressedintoatinypoint.Thedensityandresultingtemperatureweresoenormous

that,about13-to-15-billionyearsagobycurrentestimates,amightyexplosionflungthematter

hurtlingoutwardinalldirections.(42).Theyalsoask,istheexpansion

accelerating?Willtheuniversecollapse?Whatisitsshape?Scientistswillseekexplanationswith

NASA'snewMicrowaveAnisotropyProbe,abbreviatedasMAP.(43).

"MAPwilltaketheultimatebabypicture,animageoftheinfantuniversetakeninthefossillight

thatisstillpresentfromtheBigBang,"hesays."Thisglow,thisradiation,istheoldestlightinthe

universe.Imprintedonthisbackground,physicistsknew,wouldbethesecretsoftheBigBang

itself."

Thisbackgroundradiationisthelightandheatthattheearlycosmicsoupofmatteremitted.

Onceroilinghot,ithascooledovertheeonstojustafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero.Itwasonce

thoughttobedistributedevenly.Butin1992,ahighlysensitiveNASAsatellitenamedCOBE

detectednearlyimperceptiblevariationsintemperatureastinyas30-millionthsofadegree.

(44)."Thesepatternsresultfromtinyconcentrationsthatwereinthe

veryearlyuniversethatweretheseedsthatgrewiobecomethestarsandthegalaxiesthatwesee

today,"hesays."Thetinypatternsinthelightholdthekeysforunderstandingthehistory,the

content,theshape,andtheultimatefateofouruniverse."

(45).PrincetonUniversityscientistDavidSpergelsaysMAPwillgiveus

amuchmoreaccuratemattercountthanwehavenow."Rightnow,wewanttomeasuresomething

likethematter-densityoftheuniverse,"hesays."Today,wecanestimatethattoafactoroftwo.

That'sprettygood.Whatwewanttodoisbeabletomeasureittoaboutthethree-percentlevel,

whichiswhatMAPwillbecapableofdoing."

Todoitsjob,the$145millionMAPspacecraftwillsettleintoanorbit1.5million

kilometersfromtheEarth.ThisiswheretheEarth'sandSun'sgravitationalpullareequal,and

wellpasttherangeoftheEarth'sownobscuringmicrowaveradiation.

WhiletheolderCOBEsatellitemeasuredjustasmallpartofthesky,ChalrlesBennettsays

MAPwillscantheentireskyat1,000timesbetterresolution."ThepatternsthatMAPmeasures

areextremelydifficulttomeasure,"hesays,"MAPwillbemeasuringmillionthsofadegree

temperatureaccuracies,andthat'shardtodo.That'slikemeasuringthedifferencebetweentwo

cupsofsandtotheaccuracyofasinglegrainofsand."

[A]TheprincipalNASAscientistfortheNewMAPspacecraft,CharlesBennett,saystheheat

patternsrepresentslightdifferencesinthedensityoftheyounguniverse,wheredenserregions

evolvedintothepresentwebofstructures.

[B]NASAsaysthefirstresultsfromtheMAPmissionwillbereadyinabout18monthsafter

launch.

[C]ThespacecraftwillorbittheEarthseekinganswersfromanextremelyfaintglowof

microwavesthathaveexistedsincethebeginningoftime.

[D]Scientistsaretryingtolearnhowitclumpedtogethertoproducestars,clustersofstars

calledgalaxies,andclustersofgalaxies.

[EJAstronomersarereportingevidencethatpointstoamassivestar-eatingblackholeatthe

centerofourMilkyWaygalaxy.

[F]Oneofthosekeysistheamountofmatteranditsdensity.Morematterwithahigher

densityme,finsmolegravitationalpull,suggestingaslowingoftheuniverse'sexpansion,and

perhapsevenitscollapse.

[G]TheheadofNASA'sEvolutionoftheUniverseprogram,AlanBunner,saysMAPwill

measurewhatisthoughthremnantoftheBigBang-anafterglowofmicrowavesbathingthe

universethatwasemittedbytheancientcosmicmatter.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

PartC

Weallknowthatscienceplaysanimportantroleinthesocietiesinwhichwelive.Manypeople

believe,however,thatourprogressdependsontwoaspectsofscience.Thefirstofwhichisthe

machines,productsandsystemsofappliedknowledgethatscientistsandtechnologistsdevelop.

Throughtechnology,scienceimprovesthatstructureofsocietyandhelpsmantogainincreasing

controloverhisenvironment.46)Thesecondaspectistheapplicationbyallmembersofsociety

fromthegovernmentofficialtotheordinarycitizen,ofthespecialmethodsofthoughtandaction

thatscientistsuseintheirwork.

47)Humanbeingshavedistinguishedthemselvesfromotheranimals,andindoingsoensured

theirsurvival,bytheabilitytoobserveandun