英国经济经典案例

2024/12/1311EconomyoftheUK

2024/12/1322

Historicalorigin

GreatCharter

Time:

InJune15,1215Purpose:Toprotectthepoliticalindependenceandeconomicinterestsofthefeudalaristocracy保障封建贵族的政治独立与经济权益primarycoverage:1.Tolimitkingship2.Toprotectthepolitical、economicandjudicialprivileges〔司法特权〕ofthechurchandtheseculararistocracy〔世俗贵族〕arenotinfringed3.Toprotectknights,freefarmersandcitizens'interests2024/12/1333Itmakesthebudwhichbredintradeandindustrialstructureoffeudalsocietycangrowupinincompatiblemother(母体〕,andhasafar-reachinginfluenceontheemergenceanddevelopmentoffutureBritishcapitalism2024/12/1344ForteenthCentury——theplague

〔黑死病〕

PlagueYersiniapestis〔鼠疫耶尔森氏菌〕isainfectiousdisease〔感染性疾病〕whichspreadbyfleas,arewidelypopularamongwildrodents，isa

naturalfocusinfectiondisease〔自然疫源性疾病〕.2024/12/1355***GreatdisasterfortheUK***PromotethetransformationofBritisheconomytomodernmodeDuetopopulationdecline,resultinginadropindemandforfood,fallingprices,andthelackoflaborleadstorisingwagecosts.Allofthesemaketraditionalaristocraticlandowners(传统贵族〕faceseriousdifficultiesintheireconomicdevelopment.Partofaristocraticlandownersmakeadjustmentsintimeandchangethemodeofoperation,renttheirmanortoindividualfarmersandgiveuprentservitude(劳役制地租),Englandestatedevelopmenthascometoanend2024/12/1366MiddleofthefifthcenturyThesystemoftheslavesandWhelanserfs(维兰农奴)botharedisappearSomefarmerscontractmoreland,managemoreagriculturalwiththetendencyofcapitalism,andhaveexcesscashtolendoutotherpovertyfarmers,graduallyformedyeomanfarmer(约曼农〕.1.Yeoman‘smeaninginMiddleEnglish(中古英语)istheyoungpeopleandtheattendants2.Itistheadvancedpeasantclass(农民阶级〕2024/12/1377LatefifteenthCentury——

Enclosuremovement〔圈地运动〕Duringthe14thand15thcenturies,intheprocessofdisintegrationoftheserfsystem,theBritishemergingbourgeoisie〔新兴的资产阶级〕andnewnobility〔新贵族〕throughviolencetodrivepeasantsfromtheland,occupyingpeasantlandandpublicland,deprivedoffarmerslanduserightsandownership,restrictionorcancellationoftheoriginalcommoncultivatedland〔共同耕地权〕andlivestockright〔畜牧权〕,toforciblyseizeandoccupyland,intoaprivateranchandlargefarm.Thisisthe"enclosuremovement"inBritishhistory.2024/12/1388Politicalimpact1.Theownershipoflandhaschanged.2.Britishclassrelationshiphaschanged3.Promotethedevelopmentoftheindustrialrevolution〔工业革命〕2024/12/131010In1584,theBritishestablishedthefirstcolonyinNorthAmerica-Virginia(accordingto:Virginiaforthevirginmeaning,becauseQueenElizabethunmarried〕In1588,theBritishdefeatedHollandInvinciblefleet〔荷兰无敌舰队〕,expandingtheroadforoverseasexpansionIn1600,theUnitedKingdomestablishedEastIndiaCompanyIn1607,theBritishoccupiedthefirstcolonyinIndiaIn1609,1610,1619,Britainsetupit’sownbusinessstationinGambia,SuratandMadras(苏拉特、冈比亚、马德拉斯)In1619,DutchEastIndiaCompanybeatBritishEastIndiaCompany2024/12/131111CharlieThi查理一世wasexecutedin1649,theUnitedKingdomannouncedtheoccasionoftheRepublic,thesituationhaschanged.Thebourgeoisieurgently资产阶级demandstoopenupnewoverseascoloniesandbroadenoverseasmarketsTheBritish“protectorate〞duringtheperiodofCromwell〔克伦威尔〕madetheseacontrolstrategyBritishnavalpowerfarmorethanHolland航海条例〔NavigationActs〕1651ThisisdoneinBritainforHolland‘sdefianceofcombatreadiness,butalsoaproductoftypicalmercantilism重商主义ThisOrdinance条例inthevariousmodelsareclearlyaimedatalargenumberofintermediariesandmaritimeHolland,itisaseriouschallengetoHolland2024/12/131212ThefirstAngloDutchwar(1652~1654)ThesecondAngloDutchwar(1665~1667)ThethirdAngloDutchwar(1672~1674)Waroutcome：Britainbegantobecomethedominantmaritime海上霸主2024/12/131313Britishslavetrade英国黑奴贸易

——Britainistheworld'slargestslavetradecountry大海的深处，泥泞的沙里，躺着被人遗忘了的，锁着铁链的人骸，在死沉沉的黑暗里，闪烁这不幸的奴隶的白骨，他们从漆黑的巨浪里，大声呼唤“我们是证人〞！2024/12/131414BackgroundAftertheopeningofthenewroute〔新航路开辟〕,thefirstPortugal,Spainembarkedonthepathoftheexpansionofthecolony,theUnitedKingdom,FranceandHollandalsotooktheroadofcolonialplunder.Triangulartrade三角贸易SlavetradersfromEurope,sailedtoAfrica,inAfricathroughvariousdirtywaytocaptureblack,theyputslavestransportedtotheAmericas,theblackslavessoldtoAmericanplantationowners,thenthegoldintheAmericasandindustrialrawmaterialsshippedbacktoEurope.Thisiscalled"triangulartrade",thefirstoftheslavetradewerethePortuguese,buttheBritishcamefrombehindtobecometheexecutivesofthe"triangulartrade".2024/12/1315152024/12/131616

Britainisthefirstcountrytobanblackslavetrade.BroughtalotofwealthtotheUK,thepowerofthebourgeoisie资产阶级

expandedquickly,andacceleratedtheoutbreakofBritishbourgeoisrevolution英国资产阶级革命andindustrialrevolution工业革命Impact2024/12/131717EighteenthCentury——

TheBritishIndustrialRevolution

英国工业革命

Paraphrase释义：ReplacingmanuallaborwithmachineproductionBackground：1.Establishmentofconstitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制inBritain2.Enclosuremovement3.Overseastradeandcolonydevelopment4.Theoreticalinnovationofclassicalmechanicsandthermodynamics经典力学与热力学的理论创新2024/12/131818ThefirstindustrialrevolutionMark：ThesteamengineasapowermachineandwidelyusedTime：EighteenthCentury40's~19century60'sMajorcountries：UnitedKingdom,France,UnitedStates,etc.Relatedperson：Stephensun,WattNewenergy：engineandmodifiedsteamengine动力机和改进蒸汽机Characteristic：SteamageMajorinventions：SteamlocomotiveandJeannetextilemachine珍妮纺织机和蒸汽机车2024/12/131919TheprocessofrevolutionIn1733,themechanicKeayinventedthe“shuttle〞飞梭,greatlyimprovingthespeedoftheweaving,inshortsupply.In1765,Hargreavesinventedthe"Jeannetextilemachine"In1785,Wattinventedthemodifiedsteamengine改进型蒸汽机,humanenteredtheeraofsteamIn1807,AmericanFultoninventedasteampoweredsteamer

蒸汽汽船andtrailedsuccessfulIn1814,theBritishStephensuninventedthesteamlocomotive蒸汽机车In1825,Stephensundroveatrainwith34smallcarsandsuccessfullytestdriveBeforeandafter1840,theBritishlargemachineproductionbasicallyreplacedthetraditionalfactoryhandindustry，Theindustrialrevolutionbasicallycompleted2024/12/1320202024/12/132121SecondindustrialrevolutionTime：NineteenthCenturyseventy'sMajorcountries：America,Germany,Britain,France,Japan,Russia,etc.Relatedperson：SIEMENS,Edison,Baer,etc.Characteristic

：Electricalage2024/12/132222TheprocessofrevolutionIn1866,theGermanSIEMENSinventedthegenerator.Inthe80‘s,theGermanKarlFriedrich

Benz,successfullyproducedacardrivenbyanengine内燃机驱动的汽车Inthe70's,BaerinventedthephoneInthe90‘sItalianMarconiinventedwirelesstelegraphy无线电报2024/12/1323232024/12/132424WhataretheIndustrialRevolutionconsequences？1.Replacedmanuallaborwithmachineproduction大机器生产代替手工劳动2.Createdtremendousproductivity创造了巨大的生产力3.LetBritainbecametheworld'sfactory2024/12/132525TwentiethCentury----

economicdeclineandEconomicadjustment2024/12/132626TheadjustmentandinterventionofgovernmenttoeconomyafterthewarTheoccurrenceofthegreatcrisisofthecapitalisminthe1930s，Marshalleconomictheorywashit〔Advocate“laissez-faire〞主张自由放任〕，Keynesianism凯恩斯主义cameintobeing〔Advocatestateintervention〔主张国家干预〕.Thestatemonopolycapitalism国家垄断资本主义wasgreatlydeveloped.2024/12/132727Between1950and1973,Britain’sGDPgrewatanaverageannualrateof3%.Growthwashamperedbychronicbalanceofpaymentdeficits.Theterm“Britaindisease〞英国病isnowusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.2024/12/132828Theendof1973witnessedthefirstoilshock石油危机.Asaresulttherateofinflationroseto16%in1974.Inthe1970samongthedevelopedcountriesBritainmaintainedthelowestgrowthrateandthehighestinflationrate.2024/12/132929Fivemajoreconomicdisastersofthe20thcentury2024/12/1330302024/12/1331312.Thedevaluationof1949

1949年，英镑大幅贬值Britainpaidahigheconomicpriceforvictoryinthesecondworldwar.Thecountrywasflatbrokeanditsindustrialbase,batteredbysixyearsofconflict,neededtobeconvertedbackintocivilianuse.TheAttleegovernment(艾德礼政府)negotiatedaloanwiththeAmericans,butwasforcedbyWashingtontomakesterlingconvertiblewiththedollarinreturn.BritainwasunabletocompetewiththemuchmoreproductiveUSeconomy,andthisresultedfirstinthecrisisof1947,followedbythedevaluationofthepoundfrom$4.03to$2.80twoyearslater.Labourwonageneralelectionin1950,butonlyjust,andwasoustedfrompowerin1951.2024/12/1332323.Thedevaluationof19671967年英镑再次贬值TheUKperformedlesswellthanitsmainrivalsintheso-calledGoldenAgeofthe1950sand1960s.Growthwasstrongandjobsplentiful,butBritainfoundithardtocompetewiththeUnitedStates,FranceandGermany.TheLabourgovernmentofHaroldWilson(哈罗德·威尔逊)cametopowerin1964withanambitiousNationalPlandesignedtoaccelerateBritain'sgrowthrate,butmadetheblueprintstillbornbyrefusingtodevaluethepoundimmediately.Instead,Wilsonandhischancellor,JamesCallaghan(威尔逊和首相詹姆斯·卡拉汉),imposedausteritymeasurestokeepthepound'sexchangerateat$2.80beforegivingupthefightinNovember1967.Consumersweresqueezedsothatresourcescouldbedivertedtoexports,andWilson–tohissurprise–lostthe1970election.2024/12/1333332024/12/1334342024/12/133535ThefeatureineconomyoftheUK----privatization(私有化〕

MainpointA.SocialsituationbeforetheprogramB.PrivatizationprogramwascarriedoutC.Theresultoftheprogram2024/12/1336361.Beforetheprivatizationpolicy…..(before1979)Manyenterprisesandbusinesswerestate-owned国有,suchassteel钢,telecom,gas,aerospace航空航天工业，bankofEngland,oilbusiness,transportservice……2024/12/133737However,problemsappeared…..a.Greatlosses(亏损〕b.Highcostofproductionc.Highratesofinflation(通货膨胀〕d.Lowlaborproductivity(劳动生产率〕〔thelaborproductivitywas40%lowerthanitwasinprivateenterprisethen)e.Slowgrowthineconomy…

Atthattime,awomancameontothestage,whichbroughtaturningpointintheUK’shistory.2024/12/133838steeltelecomTheywerestate-owned2024/12/133939MargaretHildaThatcher

Bornin1925ThefirstfemaleprimeministerinUK’shistoryThefirstfemaleprimeministerinEurope2024/12/134040Shecarriedoutanextensiveprogramofprivatizationthroughoutthe1980s.Manystate-ownedenterprisesbecameprivatelyownedunderthispolicy.State-ownedprivatelyowned2024/12/134141TheneweconomicprogrammedadoptedbyMrs.Thatcherwasbasedonthenewclassicalschoolofthought新的古典思想学派理论.Privatizationderegulationandmarketliberalizationreplacedpricesandincomescontrolandstateinterventionism政府的干预主义.2024/12/134242State-ownedprivatelyownedMainreason1.Needsoftaxcuttopromoteeconomicdevelopmentandincreasetheefficiencyofcompany需要减税促进经济开展和提高企业的效率2.Difficultyinfinanceofthegovernment3.Otherpeoplethinkthatithadsomerelationwiththefightamongtheparties.2024/12/134343TheeffectofThatcherismTheBritisheconomygraduallyrestorevitality,basicrestrainthedeclineoftheeconomy,getridoftheimageofthe“sickmanofEurope〞“欧洲病夫〞(fromtheyearof1979to1989,Britain'seconomicgrowthratehasmorethantheGerman,French,Italian,andlatermorethanJapan,afterenteringthe1990s,theBritisheconomyisdoingbetter,thelevelofemploymentthanotherEuropeancountries,TheunemploymentrateismuchlowerthanGermanyandFrance,andtheinflationrateiswithin2.5%,andthefiscalpositionishealthierthanothermajorEuropeancountries.BritainjoinedtheEuropeancommunites欧洲共同体inJanuary1,1973.2024/12/134444Britishsocialsecuritysystem2024/12/134545In1601,“poorlaw〞济贫法marksthepromulgationofBritainbegantoestablishthesocialsecuritysystemTheBeveridgereport贝弗里奇报告of1942laidtheideologicalfoundationfortheestablishmentoftheBritishwelfaresocialsecuritysystem.2024/12/1346ThehistoryoftheUKwelfaresystemActfortheReliefofthePoor,1601?济贫法?AmendmentofthePoorLaw,1834?新济贫法?PensionsAct1908?养老金法案?ActfortheUnemployed,1934?失业法?Thefirst“welfarestate〞,1950Thehistoryofwelfaresystem2024/12/1347ThepresentoftheUKwelfaresystem1.Childrenandpregnant

womenwelfare2.Disabilityandsickbenefits3.Retirementbenefits4.Widowwelfare5.Unemploymentbenefits6.low-incomeearnerswelfare7SocialFund2024/12/1348Childrenandpregnant

womenwelfare

2024/12/1349Bigfamily2024/12/1350Disabilityandsickbenefits1)Thecareallowance〔照料津贴)

2)accidentaldisabilitybenefits〔工作意外伤残福利〕

3)disabilitylivingallowance〔伤残生活津贴〕

4)DisabilityWorkingAllowance〔伤残工作津贴〕

5)SevereDisabilityAllowance〔严重伤残津贴〕

6)invalidcareallowance〔伤残照料者津贴〕

7)shouldnotwork-relatedbenefits〔不宜工作福利〕

8)Statutorysickseriesoffourdaysormoreofthewage〔法定患病福利〕2024/12/1351Retirementbenefits

Basicretirementbenefits,morethantheretirementage,(femaleover60,male65)andinlinewiththeNationalInsuranceconditionstoset.Peopletotakecareofminorchildrencangetotherbenefits.2024/12/1352Widowwelfare

Thewidowofgold,herhusband'sdeath,noteligibleforpensionwidow,thewidowofthelowageof60yearsofage,theamountof£1,000.(寡妇金，丈夫去世时没有资格领取退休金的寡妇，寡妇的年龄低过60岁，金额为1000英镑)

2)