英语语法教材讲义

第一章英语动词的时态英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异英语动词的形式动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成，见下也与名词复数相同)举例一般加-s以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再举例词尾读音清辅音之后读[t][t],[d]之后读[id]元音和浊辅音([d]除外)之后读[d]以不发音的“e”结尾的结尾是辅音字母+y时，结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写清辅音之后读[t]如weep→wept,sleep→slept现在分词一律由动词原形加-ing构成，规则举例以不发音的e结尾的词，去掉e,再加以一个辅音字母(x除外)结尾的重读闭begin→beginning,swim→sw以-ie结尾的词，变ie为y,再加-ing一般完成进行现在时过去时was/were+doing时(一)构成动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为：否定疑问式否定回答动词have(表示“拥有”)的否定疑问式否定疑问式否定回答.注意：have作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词行为动词(以work为例)一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加助动词do/does)否定式否定疑问式简单回答(肯定/否定)(二)用法这些动词可与often,usually,Whenthecurtainrises,Juliet(三)练习1)见到你我很高兴。2)李华只懂一点英语。3)他们每天晚上看电视。5)我父亲很少去看戏。6)你多久给你的母亲写一封信?7)你的朋友看起来很年轻。8)我预料你赶得上公共汽车。二、现在进行时否定式否定疑问式简单回答(肯定/否定)Areyounot(Aren'tyou)studyin.(二)用法：3.有些动词，如come,go,leave,return,arrive,begin,start等，它们的现在(三)练习1)新生下星期到。2)那边出了什么事?3)那辆汽车怎么停在门外?5)他老爱开玩笑。三、现在完成时(一)构成到主语之前。以study为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如否定式否定疑问式简单回答(肯定/否定)Yes,Ihave.No,Ihaven状语连用，如today,thesedays,recently,now,lately,for..,since...,inthe状语，如already,yet,sometimes,always,often,befWherehashebeen?他刚才到哪里去了?(已经回来了)大)1)他们已经答复了我们的信。3)他刚把他的名字告诉我。4)你到过杭州吗?-一到过。我一个月以前去过那里。我去过两三次。HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou?-5)他在海外住了很长时间了。四、现在完成进行时+动词的现在分词。(二)用法I'vebeenwaitingforyousinceeighto'clockinthemorning.我从早上8点钟We'vebeencleaningtheclassroom,butwehaven'tfi1)你整个早晨在学习什么?2)你已经参加过期末考试了吗?Thestudentshavebeenpreparingtheirlessonsfort4)我们从小就认识。6)雨一直下了一个星期。五、一般过去时study为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如否定式否定疑问式简单回答(肯定/否定)(二)用法2)你昨天早上是什么时候醒来的?—一我六点钟醒的，可是到七点才起Whattimedidyouwakeupyesterdaymorning?-Iwokeupatsixo'clock,but4)我上中学的时候总是六点钟起床。5)周总理曾经常在这里办公。六、过去进行时第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were.2.过去进行时动词常用always,contiThetwobrotherswerefrequentlyquar6)她给你打电话的时候，你在干什么?七、过去完成时(一)构成：一律用had+过去分词构成。(二)用法：SaddamhadhardlyrealHardlyhadSaddamrealizedwhatwasHehadtoldmethatthemeetingwasat2,butwhenIarrivedIha八、过去完成进行时(一)构成Theroadsweredangerous.其余用will.其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：否定式否定疑问式简单回答(肯定/否定)Willyounot(Won'tyou)study.Willhenot(Won'the)study.shallnot的缩写形式为shan't;willnot的缩写形式为won't.ShallIopenthewindow?我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)诺)令)Iwon't(amnotgoingto)tellyoumyage.我不(愿意)告诉你我的年龄。Cansomebodyhelpme?-Iwill.谁能帮我一些吗?——我来。(不能goingto替换)Ifyouaregoingtogototheci用begoingto或will.填空：3)I'veleftmywatchupstairs.4)Whowillpostthislette十、将来进行时(三)练习3)你会见到我的兄弟吗?4)下学期你教我们吗?十一、过去将来时(二)用法(三)其他表示过去将来时的结构十二、将来完成时关于动词时态的几点说明forget,hate,know,like,love,mean,mind,need,remember,respect,understand,want,wish等。还有admit,permit,如be,belong,to,remain,see,seem,smell,sound在makesure(certain)后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时：getonetoday.这场音乐会剩下的座位不多了，你最好今天订妥一个位我现在走了。你务必把窗户关上。3.将来时常用的表达方式(1)单纯将来时用shall/will+动词原形表示。TomorrowwillbeSeptember(2)“begoingto+动词原型”这种形式用于人时表示打算，意图，也表示Mr.Brownsaysheisgoingtobuy(3)“beto+动词原形”表示命令，安排，疑问句中表示征求意见。Youaretocleanthewindow.你要擦窗。AmItosettowork?要着手工作吗?(4)“beaboutto+动词原形”表示即刻就要发生的动作。Theywereabouttogoo(6)现在进行时可表示将来。主要是表示“来，去，留，住，开始，结WearegoingtoParisonFriday.WeareleaviThepoordogisdying.那条可怜的狗快要死了。4.现在完成时的用法表示过去某个时间的状语连用；常与already,ever,lately,just,now,在),uptothepresent(直到现在)等包括现在在内的时间状态语连用。Uptothepresent,greatchangeshavetakenplace.到现在已经发生了巨大5.过去完成时的用法两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般ItisfiveyearssinceIleftmiddleschool.(Bytheendoflastmonththeyhadalreadymade25mThefilmhadbeenonforminuteswhen注意：动词expect,hope,mean,plaIhadthoughttomeeth我想过(或我本想)在那里见她。几个常用时态的比较Jennylikesthisgreencoat.珍妮喜欢这件绿大衣。(Ifeel(=think,belieI'mseeing(=consulting)adoctor.我正在看某些表示身体感觉的词(如hurt,ache,feel等),用一般现在时和现在(3)一般现在时说明事实，一般不带感情色彩；现在进行时与always,了解)事实)Ihavelostmypen.我把钢笔丢了。(还没有找到)说明)(2)有些时间状语，如thismorning,tonight,thismonth等，既可以用于时表示包括“现在”而用于一般过去时则与“现在”无关。例如：是四月)Ioftenwentswimming第二章助动词和情态动词第一部分助动词语，在句子中只起语法作用，和实意动词一起构成谓语(叫复合谓语),表达否定，疑问，时态，语态和其他语法关系。其基本形式和作用如下表：原形过去分词现在分词作用构成各种进行时态和被动语态构成各种完成时态构成疑问句和否定句、加强语气、代替前面相同的动词构成各种将来时态一、助动词be的用法Weweretaughthowtouseacomputerlastyear.去年我教过我们怎样用计二、助动词have的用法四、助动词shall和will的用法第二部分情态动词Couldyoulendme$55?你能借给我5Willyouanswerthephone?Itcouldbeyourmother.你去接电话好吗?可吗?直截了当礼貌客气(虚礼)尊重婉转Can/Couldtherebeamistake?可能会有错吗?Can/Couldhebeoversixtynow?他现在会有六十多岁吗?Ifyoudarespeaktomelikethatagain,you'llbesorYououghtnotto/shouldn'tbesleepingnow.ItIfthetrainisuptotime,Johnshould/oughtto一个站岗。What'shappenedtothatmoney?—HowshouldIknow?那些钱怎么了?一我怎么知道?WecouldhavestartedTheresultcouldhavebeenbetter.结果本可以更好一些。晚的时候本不一该一个人来这里的。(实际是一个人来的)际上不是)Youshouldhavecomeheretenminutesearlier.你本应该早10分钟来才Theboyshouldn'thavebeenplayingpianoItmightraintomorrow.(将Hemayhavesomethingimportanttodo.(现在)他可能有更重要的事要第四部分几个用法的区别拜。(客观因素，如教规等)Youdon'thavetotellJenny=Youcanifyoulikebutitisn'tnecessary.你Yes,hemust/oughtto/should/hasto.No,heneedn'Doesheneedtotakethemedicinefourtimesaday?他需吗?意义，如果是不定式的被动形式，来表示被动意义。类似need的这种用Thedinningroomneedscleaningeveryday.=ThedinningroomnSheusedtoworkintothenight.过去她常工作到深夜。(现在不了)阳是围绕地球转的。(现在不这样认为了)第三章被动语态动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变作的执行者；被动语态(passivevoice)表示主语是动作的承受者。TheIraqigovernmentistryingSaddam.伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。Moreandmorepeopleusecomputernow.(主动语态)Computersaremoreandmorewidelyusednow.(被动语态)被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词助动词(没有词汇意义),有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与系动词be完全一样。英语主动语态有16个时态；被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：时态一般现在时一般过去时was/weregiven一般将来时现在进行时过去进行时was/werebeinggiven过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时“Duringtheinterview,wereyouaskedquestionsinEnglish?”“No,Iwasn'taskedquestionsinEnglish.”“面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗?”“没有，没有用英语问我问题。”Theoriginoftheuniversewillprobablyneverbeexplained.Istherestaurantbeingdecorated?那家餐馆正在装修吗?Therestaurantisnotbeingde1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知IfeltalittlienervouswhenIwasbeinginterviewThatplacehasbeenturnedintoaswimmingpool.那个地方已被变成2.说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态。还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子):7.Itisbeendecidedthat已经决定的主语；主动语态的主语放在by的后面，组成介词短语，再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调TheywillopenanewsAnewsupermarketwillbeopenedthereThedoctorgavetwolectTwolecturesweregivenbythedoctorWehavebeenwarnedtobecarefulofrats如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),变为被动语态时，可将ThereportersaskedthepresidentsomeThepresidentwasaskedsomequestionsbythereporters.(变间接宾语为主语)SomequestionswereaskedthepresidentbytherepHehasbeengivenajob。(变间接宾语为主语)Ajobhasbeengiven(to)him.(变直接宾语为主语)Thetimetablecanbechangedanytime.时间表随时可以改变。Thisbookmaynotbetakenoutofthereadingroom.1.不及物动词不能用于被动语2.表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如breakour,belongto,cost,EverybodywantedDoristobethemanager.大家都想让多里斯来当经WelikeeverybodytosaywhattheythiWillyouhelpme(to)dothework?你可以帮助我做干活吗?Thewarbrokeoutin1937.战争爆发在1937年。穿着不合适。(不说Thoughthedressislikedbyme,I'mnotfittedbyWelackmanpoweratthemoment.我们现在缺少人手。(不说Mycomputercostmesevenhundredandninetydollars。我花了790美IwasverywelllookedafterwhenIwasworkAnoverpassisbeingputupatthecornerofthestreet.不能说Iwasagreedwithbyeverybody.不能说Thehousewaswalkedinto。却可以说Thehousewasbrokenintobyme.4.反身代词和eachother,oneanother作宾语时不能变为被动。七、关于被动语态的几点说明5)Thepolicewillsurelyar6)Mybrotherwillrepairmybikeforme.7)Youmustcleanyourwatcho8)Ididn'ttellyouXiaoWangcoulddothejob.9)Icannotfindmydictionary.12)TheA16)Theworkersthemselvesinvent20)Theydonotmakethiskindo21)Peoplecallhim23)Thefarmerwasploug24)PeoplespeakEnglishinalmostallthecountriesofthewor25)Thewindblew26)Weshallp29)Everyoneexpectst30)Didyoufinishyour31)Doyouwashyourclothe32)Havetheypaid34)Hetoldhisbro8)Youwerenottold(that)thejobcould23)Thefieldwasbeingploughedbythefarme24)Englishisspokeninalmostallth2.用被动语态翻译以下句子(做翻译时，首先要看用什么句型和结构，再1)没有人强迫你去做那项工作。2)这个班由布朗先生教英语。3)那棵大树被风刮倒了。4)这间教室靠两个火炉取暖。5)这篇文章是汤姆写的吗?6)你会得到老师们的帮助。7)恐怕你要挨批评了。8)那封信已由王林写好。9)电影放映之前，票已全部售出。10)试卷上所有的题目都必须做吗?10)Mustallthe12)Thetelevisionhasbeenturnedoff.13)Atomic/Nuclearenergycanbemadegooduseofinproduction.(MatterisknowntobeinconstantmotionandcwaselectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates.18)HisfatherhasbeensenttoNanj19)--Hasthe--Thenextstepwillbetakenwhenthenewprogramisworkedo20)—Whenwasthetelephonecallmade?--Ithinkitwasmade第四章虚拟语气英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异用法和介绍Itisunlikelythatshecould,might)+动词原形。见下表：If十主语十动词过去式(be的过中，I,he,she,it等后面也可用w不能用was.I(we)should+动词原形形Ifhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.(fact:Hedoesnothavetime,soheIftheydidn'ttakephysicalexercisIfIdyedmyhairblue,everybodywouldlaugha见下表：If十主语+had+过去分词I(we)should+have+过去分词去分词Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedintheexamination.(fact:IwouldhavecheckedmypaperagainiHewouldhavealreadyrecoveredfromhisillnessifhehadseenthedoctorinIfwehadknownthatshewastoarriveyesterday,wecouldhavestation.(fact:Wedidn'tknowthatshewastoarriveyestYoudidn'tletmedrive.Ifwehaddriveninturn,youIfyouhadtakentheoldexperiencedworker'sadvice,youwouldn'thavefailedIfmylawyerhadbeenherelasIdidn'tseeyouryoungersisteratthemeeting.Ifsheh现时，条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式：(见表)条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)的过去式用were),通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连should十动词原形wereto十动词原形I(we)should+动词原形主语+would(might,could)+动词原形的野餐就推迟)。条件状语从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形，说明下雨4)Ifitweretoraintomorrow,ourpicnicwouldIfIsawhimtomorrow,Iwouldpassyournotetohim.Ifsheweretomissthetraintomorrow,shemightcomeb万一你失败了，你准备怎么办?Ifyoushouldfail,whatwouldyoudo?IfIweretoseehertomorrow,Iwouldtellherthetruth.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.IbetBrazilwillwintheWorldCup.Ifitshouldlose,Iwouldtreatyouameal.4.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldbeverytired.(从句说是现在。)Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor'sadvice,hewouldbequiteallrightnow.主句指的是现在的情况)(Fact:Shehastrainedveryhard,sosheisabletorunIfshehadn'ttrainedsohard,如果你当初每天都练习说英语的话，你的英语就会说得很好。(从句动作指的是过去，主句指的是现在的情况)(fact:Youdidn'tpracticespeakingIfyouhadpracticedspeakingEng1)条件状语从句省略if:在书面语中，如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were,if的条件状语从句相同。当然，如果从句没有were,had,或should,就不能Ifyoushouldfail,tryagIfyouhadbeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseHadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.Wereitnotfortheexpense,IWeren'titfortheexpense,IWereIyou,IwouldgetupearlyeverymoHadyouarrivedatthestationtenminutesearlieryesterShouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,IwoulWithoutair,therewouldbenolivingthingWithoutelectricityhumanlifewouldbequitediffereWithoutpropermeansofcontrol,anuclearreactorwouldexplode.3)用其他方式代替条件状语从句(可以改写为条件状语从句。)Itwouldproducebadresultstodothat.用动词不定式=Ifyoudidthat/shoulddothat,itwouldproduwouldhavecome,ifshehadbeeninformedorinvited.Amoreresponsiblepersonwouldnothavelefttheworkhalfdone一个更负责的人是不会把工作做到一半就不管的。(用比较级)=Ifyou(he,she)weremoreresponsible,you(he,she)wouldnothavelefttheworkhalfNowlet'sdosometran1)聪明一点的人是不会干出这等蠢事的。AwisermanwouldnothavedonesuchaIshouldhavewrittentheletterearlier.ButIhavebeenverybu3)要能登上珠穆朗玛峰，那经历该多棒!Itwouldbeafantasticexperiencetoclimbupt1)省略条件从句，如：Itwouldbeverynice.YoucouldhavedoneityoursYoudidn'twantto.)(Fact:Youdidn'tdotheworkyour委婉的表达法。(Fact:Yousmokeveryofte2)省略主句：在强调条件从句时，常省略主句，这种句子常表示一种“已不能实现”的愿望，主要用于Ifonly引导的感叹句中。FoIfonlyhewerehere!IfonlyIknewmore!Ifonlyhehadstayedwithus!Nowlet'sdosometran要是我听了他的建议就好了!IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice!我如果是一只鸟就好了!IfonlyIwereabird.指的时现在的状况，则用过去式(be用were);指将来则用would(should,Helookedasifhewereanartist.HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEWhenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasEvenifhewerehere,hecouldnotsolvetheproblemNowlet'sdosometranHewalksasifhewereaking.Hewouldnotresigneveniftheheavenshouldcollapse.的意思是“(现在)该.”。Forexample:ItishightimethatyougotItishightimethaItistimethatIbo4.在Iwouldrather(that)...句型中，后面的从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可...”,表示说话人的意愿。ForI'dratheryoudidnotte5.用在suppose开头的祈使句中，从句的谓语动词变化与asif后面的动词desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest,beg,move(提议)后面Oursuggestionisthateducationnotbeindustrialized.==Thepresidentdecidedthatthewaragainstterrorismbelaunchedattheright9.上述动词在Itissuggestedthat.,Itisrequiredthat..,It'sreqa.mustfinishb.wouldbefa.leaveb.leavesc.l3.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhea.hadbeenb.hasbeenC.wasa.shouldwashb.bewashedc.wouldwasha.toputb.beputc.shouldputd.beputting8.Thesuggestionhasbeenmadehebasketballgameputoff.a.for;tob.that;bec.a.spokeb.speaksc.speaka.willprotectb.shouldprotectc.shallprotectda.solves15.Hadyoulistenedtothea.areb.werec.wouldbed.wouldhavebeena.Couldb.Shoulda.Wouldheleaveb.Washeleavingc.Were19.yourletter,Iwouldhavewria.IfIreceivedb.ShouldIreceivec.HadIreceivedd.IfIc20.,hewoulda.Ifheweretostudyb.Ifhestudiedharda.wouldbesavedb.woua.wouldcomeb.shouldhavecomec.maa.readb.wasreadingc.hadreadd.hasreada.wouldlendb.wouldhavelentc.ca.canfindb.willfindc.a.wasb.werec.hadbee31.IfIyou,Iwoulda.Iftheteacherhadspokenlouderb.Iftheteacherwillspec.Hadtheteacherspokenlouder34.Ifyou5minuteseara.shouldcome;hadseenb.came;woul35.IfonlyImywatch.36.Yousuchasera.maynotmakeb.mighthavec.shouldn'thavemaded.mightnothavemaa.couldhavepassedb.wereabletopc.musthavepassedd.mia.hadn'tfinisheda.hadstudiedhard;wouldhavc.hadstudiedhard;wouldbed.wouldstudyhard;musthavebeena.beingb.amcaabbbbbbccbcacb二、改错3.Sheinsiststhattheymustg4.Billwishedthatheismoreinterestedinhiswork.5.Hewouldbeagoodsportsmannowifhetrainedregularly.7.Iwishthatyousawthecharmingope8.Thisisnotmydictionary.IfitismineIwil9.Ifmywatchwerenotslowyesterday,Iwouldnothavebeenlate.12.Whatwouldbehappened,iftherewerenosun,ai1.is改为were2.will改为should,或去掉will3.must改为should,或去掉must4.is改为were6.teaches改为taught9.werenot改为hadnot14.rain前面加上to,went改为go第五章非谓语动词2)学英语不容易。—Itisnoteasytol变成了seen.动词形式发生了变化，而且必须发生变化，因为这些句子有另外的谓语动词。这是英汉动词的巨大差别，也是中国人学英语的一个难点，动词，这些动词就要改变形式。我们再比较“Ilikecooking.”与“Helikescooking.”这两句话主语不再看“IisnoteasyformetolearnEnglish.”和“Itisnoteasyforhimtolearn(1)动词不定式tostudy(to+动词原形)(2)分词studying(现在分词)动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化(以write为例):态主动被动现在分词和动名词过去分词一、动词不定式(一)构成和用法放在后面).的主语)ForhisbrotherJohntogotoseaseemsnaturaIthasnotyetbeendecidedwhenandwheretodiwrong错误的，等等。为什么这些词要用of引出不It'sverykindofyoutocometoseeusoff.=You'rekindtocomMydaughterpreferredtohaveeggsandmilkforbreakfast(2)不定式可以和how,which,what,who,whom,whose,when,where还有在hadbetter(最好),wouldrather(宁愿),wouldsooner(宁愿),would(just)assoon(宁愿),cannotbut(不能不，不由得不),cannothelpbut(不能不，ThemanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryRatherthanJohndoit,I'dprefertodothejobmyself.与其让John干这件事呢?呢?吗?错对对切的答复。PerhapsthemostpopularwayofrelaxingistoparticMyadviceisforyoutoapologizTorespectothersi5.不定式短语和疑问词连用(who,whom,whose,what,which,when,wherhow,还包括whether)(1)做主语。(2)做表语。Whatremainsforyoutoexplainishowtoputtheplanintopracti(3)作宾语，常用这一结构作宾语的动词有ask,consider,decidediscuss,explain,forget,findout,guess,inquire,know,learn,remember,see(=understand),show,settle(=decide),tell(=know),think,u吗?Howcanyoutellwhichbuttontopress?你怎么知道按哪个按钮?有些双宾语及物动词，也可用这个结构做直接Willyouadvisemewhichtobuy?你建议我买哪个?Pleaseinformmewheretoget(4)做定语。Nobelbegantoseekwaysinwhichtomakethe为了强调，有时用inorderto(为了)或soasto(以便)加动词原形，放(2)表示原因。HereturnedhomefromhAnexplosionisreportedkilled.=It'sreportedhavebeenkilled.(二)不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式，即一般式、进行式(1)一般式(to+动词原形):表示与主句谓语动词动作同时(或几乎同时)Ihopetoseeyouagain.我希望再见到你(tosee发生在hope之后)(2)进行式(tobe+现在分词):表示主句谓Whenhecamein,IhappenedtobeslThepresidentwasreportedtobevisitingthehospital.据报道总统正在访问那家(3)完成式(tohave+过去分词):表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。:I'mgladtohavemetyourparentshere.我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母(已见过)久。(已经等过了)I'dliketohavebeenofferedthejoband(tohavebprovemyself.我真想(当时)把这个工作给了我，给我个机会让我证明我自Ihadhopedtovisitthegreatpyramid.=Ihopedtohavevisitedthegreatpyramid.TheywouldhavelikedtohaveWhat'stobedonenext?下一步做什么?Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.为了避免重复，不定式可省略，但to有时保留，有时不保留。例如：Youwillmakeitifyoutry(to).如果你努力，你会成功的。George说要离开上海，但是我不认为他真的愿意走。Someofthemretired,andotherswe意。”“Didyoupasstheexam?”“No,Itried(to),butIfailed.”“你考试及格了meanto打算oughtto应该儿?(三)练习2)Iamgoing(问问题).→toask6)Sheisafraid(独自去).→togoalone7)Ipretended(睡着了).→tobeasleep10)Mr.Greenseemed(越来越不喜欢他).25)Theteacherwantedthecompo2.汉译英1)学生们要求进来。2)我希望不久可以见到我奶奶。3)我刚才设法把门打开了。JustnowImanagedto4)我答应等他。Ihavepromisedtowaitforhim5)那位官员拒绝见我。6)他们似乎误了火车。Theyseemtohavemissedth7)你想要和我一起走吗?Doyouwanttogowi8)他没答应走开。9)他答应不走开。Hepromisednottog10)记住不要和那个阿飞(teddyboy)说话。Remembernottospeakto(talkwith)thatteddyboy.11)我希望不久接到他们的来信。12)比尔好像并不明白。13)你一定要记住，到七点钟你才能离开。Youmustremembernottoleaveuntilseveno14)那些人不愿意留在这里。20)为什么你不让她帮助你?22)你要我干什么呢?36)工人们太累了(betiredenough),立刻就睡着了。在It'snouse;It's(no)good;It'suseless;It(should)besoldtopa指)但他不喜欢和你跳。(特制)做)过我吗?(已见过面)情2)谢谢你给我写信。5)你要吃点什么,别不好意思说。14)光线够好的，可以看书。 5)Wedecided(put)offthemeetinguntil8)Hemadeher(14)Heremembers(go)toShanghaiwithhis16)Thethiefkept(say)hehadn'ttakenthep17)Thepolicemansawhim20)Letme(know)ifyouhaddecided(go).→know;to21)Hepromised(come)23)Don'tforget(see)yourgrandmatMr.RobinsonhasdrunkfiveHavingfailedthreetimes,hedidn'twanttotryagain.(=AshehadfaThequestionbeingdiscusseds(1)在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物的行为；众afrighteningdog一条让人害怕的狗/afrighteneddog一条被吓坏了的狗drivinggears主动齿轮/drivengears从动齿轮(2)在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完thefallingrain(正在下的雨)/thefallenleaves(落下的树叶)ahigh-flyingkite(高飞的风筝)developingcountriestheinspiredsoldiers受到鼓舞的士兵aboxcontainingtea装茶叶theteacontainedinabfallingsnow正在下的雪fallensnow落在地上的雪amusing/amused,astonishing/astonished,disappointingexciting/excited,frightening/frightenedmoving/moved,relaxing/relaxed,satisfying/satshocking/shockedsurprising/surprised,terrifying/terrified,tiring/tired,家，她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义，几乎同时)同时)窗户关上。(被动意义，在谓语之前)再三谢我。(被动意义，在谓语之前)Persuadebymymother,shegladlywenttherealone.在我母亲劝说下，她才高兴地独自去那里。(被动意义，在谓语之前)Havingwateredthevegetables,theybegantopickuptheapples.=After分词的用法Mostofthestudentssingingweregirls.(现在分词动名词sleeping)正在睡觉的孩子车鸟飞行课程swimming)游泳的女孩swimming)游泳池现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读，动名词所修饰的名词则不必TheteacherwantstotalktothestudentswhSeeingtheteacherenteringtheroom,thestudentsstoodup.Heated,themetalexpands.(=Themetalexpandsiphysicsharder.(=AsthThechildrenwentawaylaughing.(=ThechildrenwentawayTheprofessorstoodthere,surroundedbymanystudents.(=TheLookingoutofthewindow,Isawlotsofpeoplethere.(=WhenIlookedWesattwohoursandwatchedtheteachermaketheexperimen(3)在“have+宾语+分词”的结构中，用现在分词或过去分词表Fatherhadmeswimmingthewholesummer在“have(get)+宾语十过去分遭遇)(6)generallyspeaking(一般地说),roughlyspeaking(粗略地说),分词的时态和语态1.现在分词的完成式(haviHavingwrittentheletter,Johnwenttothepostoffice.(=Afterhehad(=AshehaslivedinBeijingforyears,LaoWangknowsHavingdrunktwoglassesofwater2.现在分词的被动语态(being+过去分词)通常表示“正在被…”可用现在分词被动语态的完成式(having+been+过去分词)。例如：Thebridgebeingbuiltwillbecompletednextmonth.正在修建的那座桥Havingbeenkeptoutoftheroomabouthalfanhourforhisreturninglate,1.用现在分词或过去分词结构改写下列句子：Examples:Astudentisreadingabookoverth→ThestudentreadingabookoverHesatthere.HewaswatchingthemenTheplanisaboutmiddleschooTheteacheristakingawalkontheplayground.HeisourteacherofEnglish.→TheteachertakingawalkontheplaygroundisourteacherofEnglish.Thebirdsfilledtheairwithmusic.Theyweresingingi→ThebirdssinginginthetreesfilleHereisanovel.ItwaswrittenbyLuX→Hereisanovelwritte→Thelang