第17讲 阅读理解词义猜测题（讲义）-2024年高考英语一轮复习讲练测（新教材新高考）含答案及解析

►第17讲词义猜测题（讲义）【复习目标】明确命题规律和提问方式掌握不同题型的解题方法熟练代词的含义【考情分析】近三年新高考阅读理解词义猜测题细目表年份卷别题号词义猜测解题2023新高考I卷2912023新高考II卷3012022新高考I卷3012022新高考II卷24、3022021新高考I卷2912021新高考II卷251【网络构建】词义猜测题概述命题规律：词义猜测题是高考阅读理解试题中的必考题型,可以是对一个单词意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的推断，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，可以考查替代词的内容。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语大多超出考纲的范围，需要根据语境进行推测其含义。平时的训练中应当注意生词和短语的积累，还要掌握构词法，和一定的解题技巧。题型和考查角度：1.猜测生词或熟词生义。2.猜测短语的意义。3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。4.猜测句意。命题方式：Thephrase“...”inthesentencecouldbereplacedby“”.Theword“...”intheparagraphreferto“”.Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordinthe..paragraph?Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtothephrase“...”?Theword“...”mostnearlymeans“”.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe...paragraphimpliesthat.解题技巧：1.定位文中画线处上下文。2.理解上下文，查找提示点，根据背景、上下文等线索推测生词词义。选项特征：正确选项特征将选项代入原文，上下文逻辑通顺。含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。干扰项特征与划线部分词形相似考查熟词生义时，含有常规词义的往往不正确3.选项中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。知识点一猜测划线单词或短语的含义根据定义推测词义有时作者会通过给词汇下定义来帮助读者理解该词的基本含义，如线索词thatis,or,namely,inotherwords,thatistosay,tobemoreexact,toputitanotherway,whichis等。根据举例推测词义：有时，划线部分后会根由一些具体的例子，这些例子可以帮助考试理解该词的词义。线索词suchas,such...as,forexample,forinstance,like,including,especially等。根据对比关系或转折关系推测词义：表达对比或转折关系的词需注意but,yet,however,while,unlike,instead,similarly,onthecontrary,incontrastto等。根据同义词或并列结构推测词义：在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调和重复，会使用意思相同或相近的词，此时，只要知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另一个词的意思。根据构词法推测词义：英语中的很多词汇，尤其是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的，因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。根据因果关系推测词义：因果关系时一种常见的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。根据线索词as,since,because,for,so,thus,consequently,therefore,hence,dueto,resultin,resultfrom,asaresult,forthisreason,accordingly,so...that,such...that等可知上下句存在因果，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。【真题典例】（2023年新高考I卷C篇）Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over.知识点二猜测代词指代含义定关键：返回原文，找到指代词，理清句子结构。找替代：根据上下文，寻找复合逻辑关系的名词、代词、短语或句子等。再核对：比较选项，找出与符合逻辑的选项。一般来说，it/this/that指代一件事；it/he/them/they/one/those指代上文提到的人或事。【真题典例】（2020年新高考I卷C篇）Inthemid­1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24­year­oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A．Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B．TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C．WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D．WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.知识点三猜测划线句子含义一定位：定位划线句，利用语法和逻辑关系准确分析原卷二分析：分析理解划线句前后语境，合理推断句意三归纳：归纳总结，找出与原句意思完全吻合的选项【真题典例】(2021年全国甲卷C篇)Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(横杆),Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe！”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.9．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe!Safe!Safe！”probablymean?A．Becareful! B．Welldone!C．Noway! D．Don'tworry!考向一猜测划线单词或短语的意思1.（2023届长郡中学杭州二中郑州外国语学校三校联考试）Costisanotherissuethatmaydiscouragepeopleswitchingtoelectricpower.Butsomecountriesofferincentive,suchascuttingpricesbyreducingimporttaxes,andnotchargingforroadtaxandparking.Somealsoprovideexclusivelanesforelectriccarstobedrivenon,overtakingtraditionalcarswhichmightbestuckinjams.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“incentive”meaninparagraph3?A．compensation B．allowance C．encouragement D．Privilege考向二猜测代词指代的含义（2023年湖北武汉校考练习）Cory’sshearwatersarelong-lived,rarelyproducingyoungsuccessfullybeforeagenine.Thisleavesanopeningforlearningandpracticetodeveloptheirmigrationpatterns.Researcherscallthisthe“exploration-refinement”,anduntilnowithasbeenhypothetical(假设的)becauseofdifficultiesintrackingmigratoryanimals’movements.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”inparagraph3referto?A．Theopeningforlearningandpractice.B．TheuniquelivinghabitofCory’sshearwaters.C．ThewayCory’sshearwatersformtheirmigrationpatterns.D．TheprocessscientiststrackCory’sshearwaters’movements.考向三猜测划线句子的含义（2023年湖北武汉校考阶段练习）WhenIwasyoung,afriendandIcameupwitha“big”plantomakereadingeasy.Theideawastoboildowngreatbookstoasentenceeach.“Moby-Dick”byAmericanwriterHermanMelville,forinstance,wasreducedto:“Awhaleofataleabouttheonethatgotaway.”Asitturnedout,thejokewasonus.Howcouldasinglesentenceconveytheessence(精髓)ofamasterpiecewithoverfivehundredpages?Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thejokewasonus”inParagraph1mean?A．Wewereactuallyjoking. B．Wewerelaughedatbyothers.C．Wewereunderestimating’ourselves. D．Wewerejustembarrassingourselves.1.（2023年全国甲卷B篇）TerriBoltonisadabhandwhenitcomestoDIY(do-it-yourself).Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.4．Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1?A．Anartist. B．Awinner. C．Aspecialist. D．Apioneer.2.(2019年浙江高考B篇)Moneywithnostringsattached.It'snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”24．Whatdoestheexpression“Moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A．Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B．Moneynotlegallymade.C．Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.D．Moneynottiedtogether.（2023年新高II卷C篇）Inthis“bookofbooks,”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描绘)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.10.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inparagraph2mean?A.Understand. B.Paint.C.Seize. D.Transform.

►第17讲词义猜测题（讲义）【复习目标】明确命题规律和提问方式掌握不同题型的解题方法熟练代词的含义【考情分析】近三年新高考阅读理解词义猜测题细目表年份卷别题号词义猜测解题2023新高考I卷2912023新高考II卷3012022新高考I卷3012022新高考II卷24、3022021新高考I卷2912021新高考II卷251【网络构建】词义猜测题概述命题规律：词义猜测题是高考阅读理解试题中的必考题型,可以是对一个单词意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的推断，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，可以考查替代词的内容。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语大多超出考纲的范围，需要根据语境进行推测其含义。平时的训练中应当注意生词和短语的积累，还要掌握构词法，和一定的解题技巧。题型和考查角度：1.猜测生词或熟词生义。2.猜测短语的意义。3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。4.猜测句意。命题方式：Thephrase“...”inthesentencecouldbereplacedby“”.Theword“...”intheparagraphreferto“”.Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordinthe..paragraph?Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtothephrase“...”?Theword“...”mostnearlymeans“”.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe...paragraphimpliesthat.解题技巧：1.定位文中画线处上下文。2.理解上下文，查找提示点，根据背景、上下文等线索推测生词词义。选项特征：正确选项特征将选项代入原文，上下文逻辑通顺。含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。干扰项特征与划线部分词形相似考查熟词生义时，含有常规词义的往往不正确3.选项中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。知识点一猜测划线单词或短语的含义根据定义推测词义：有时作者会通过给词汇下定义来帮助读者理解该词的基本含义，如线索词thatis,or,namely,inotherwords,thatistosay,tobemoreexact,toputitanotherway,whichis等。根据举例推测词义：有时，划线部分后会根由一些具体的例子，这些例子可以帮助考试理解该词的词义。线索词suchas,such...as,forexample,forinstance,like,including,especially等。根据对比关系或转折关系推测词义：表达对比或转折关系的词需注意but,yet,however,while,unlike,instead,similarly,onthecontrary,incontrastto等。根据同义词或并列结构推测词义：在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调和重复，会使用意思相同或相近的词，此时，只要知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另一个词的意思。根据构词法推测词义：英语中的很多词汇，尤其是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的，因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。根据因果关系推测词义：因果关系时一种常见的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。根据线索词as,since,because,for,so,thus,consequently,therefore,hence,dueto,resultin,resultfrom,asaresult,forthisreason,accordingly,so...that,such...that等可知上下句存在因果，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。【真题典例】（2023年新高考I卷C篇）Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over.【答案】A【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.(这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。知识点二猜测代词指代含义定关键：返回原文，找到指代词，理清句子结构。找替代：根据上下文，寻找复合逻辑关系的名词、代词、短语或句子等。再核对：比较选项，找出与符合逻辑的选项。一般来说，it/this/that指代一件事；it/he/them/they/one/those指代上文提到的人或事。【真题典例】（2020年新高考I卷C篇）Inthemid­1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24­year­oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A．Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B．TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C．WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D．WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.【答案】D【解析】指代判断题。上文提到了Bissell(比塞尔)写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章，然后画线词所在句提到他的访问最终涉及的事远不止这个，因而才有了ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia这本书。由此可知，画线词that指的是“写有关咸海的文章”。故选D。知识点三猜测划线句子含义一定位：定位划线句，利用语法和逻辑关系准确分析原卷二分析：分析理解划线句前后语境，合理推断句意三归纳：归纳总结，找出与原句意思完全吻合的选项【真题典例】(2021年全国甲卷C篇)Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(横杆),Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe！”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.9．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe!Safe!Safe！”probablymean?A．Becareful! B．Welldone!C．Noway! D．Don'tworry!【答案】B【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.(那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼。由此可推知，画线词指“落地技巧完美，干得漂亮”。故选B。考向一猜测划线单词或短语的意思1.（2023届长郡中学杭州二中郑州外国语学校联考）Costisanotherissuethatmaydiscouragepeopleswitchingtoelectricpower.Butsomecountriesofferincentive,suchascuttingpricesbyreducingimporttaxes,andnotchargingforroadtaxandparking.Somealsoprovideexclusivelanesforelectriccarstobedrivenon,overtakingtraditionalcarswhichmightbestuckinjams.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“incentive”meaninparagraph3?A．compensation B．allowance C．encouragement D．Privilege【答案】C【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“suchascuttingpricesbyreducingimporttaxes,andnotchargingforroadtaxandparking.Somealsoprovideexclusivelanesforelectriccarstobedrivenon,overtakingtraditionalcarswhichmightbestuckinjams.”可知，有些国家通过降低进口税来降低价格，不收取道路税和停车费。有些还为电动汽车提供专用车道，以超越可能陷入拥堵的传统汽车，这些都是鼓励人们购买的措施。故画线词意思是“鼓励”。故选C。考向二猜测代词指代的含义（2023年湖北武汉校考练习）Cory’sshearwatersarelong-lived,rarelyproducingyoungsuccessfullybeforeagenine.Thisleavesanopeningforlearningandpracticetodeveloptheirmigrationpatterns.Researcherscallthisthe“exploration-refinement”,anduntilnowithasbeenhypothetical(假设的)becauseofdifficultiesintrackingmigratoryanimals’movements.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”inparagraph3referto?A．Theopeningforlearningandpractice.B．TheuniquelivinghabitofCory’sshearwaters.C．ThewayCory’sshearwatersformtheirmigrationpatterns.D．TheprocessscientiststrackCory’sshearwaters’movements.【答案】C【解析】词句猜测题。根据“Cory’sshearwatersarelong-lived,rarelyproducingyoungsuccessfullybeforeagenine.Thisleavesanopeningforlearningandpracticetodeveloptheirmigrationpatterns.(科里海鸥的寿命很长，很少能在九岁之前成功产下幼崽。这为学习和实践发展它们的迁移模式提供了机会)”和“Researcherscallthisthe“exploration-refinement”(研究人员称之为“探索-精炼”)”可知，此处指研究人员称这种模式为“探索-精炼”，第三段中划线的this指代的是科里海鸥形成迁徙模式的方式。故选C项。考向三猜测划线句子的含义（2023年湖北武汉校考阶段练习）WhenIwasyoung,afriendandIcameupwitha“big”plantomakereadingeasy.Theideawastoboildowngreatbookstoasentenceeach.“Moby-Dick”byAmericanwriterHermanMelville,forinstance,wasreducedto:“Awhaleofataleabouttheonethatgotaway.”Asitturnedout,thejokewasonus.Howcouldasinglesentenceconveytheessence(精髓)ofamasterpiecewithoverfivehundredpages?Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thejokewasonus”inParagraph1mean?A．Wewereactuallyjoking. B．Wewerelaughedatbyothers.C．Wewereunderestimating’ourselves. D．Wewerejustembarrassingourselves.【答案】D【解析】词句猜测题。根据“Theideawastoboildowngreatbookstoasentenceeach.“Moby-Dick”byAmericanwriterHermanMelville,forinstance,wasreducedto:“Awhaleofataleabouttheonethatgotaway.”(这个想法是将伟大的书籍简化为一个句子。例如，美国作家HermanMelville的《白鲸》就被简化为:“一个关于逃走的那个人的故事。”)”和划线句子下文“Howcouldasinglesentenceconveytheessence(精髓)ofamasterpiecewithoverfivehundredpages?(一句话怎么能表达出一部五百多页的杰作的精髓呢？)”可知，作者和朋友想把一些伟大的书籍简化为一个句子，但是当他们把《白鲸》简化为：“一个关于逃走的那个人的故事。”时，他们发现用一句话是根本无法表达出一部五百多页杰作的精髓，他们简直是在自取其辱。故选D。1.（2023年全国甲卷B篇）TerriBoltonisadabhandwhenitcomestoDIY(do-it-yourself).Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.4．Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1?A．Anartist. B．Awinner. C．Aspecialist. D．Apioneer.【答案】C【解析】词句猜测题。根据文章第一段画线短语下文“Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecando