智能建筑设计和建筑管理系统原文

<<IntelligentBuildingsDesignAndBuildingManagementSystems>>

IntelligentBuildingsDesignAndBuildingManagementSystems

overviewof'intelligentbuildings'and'intelligenthomes'technologies

ThefieldofIntelligentBuildings,IntelligentHomes,BuildingManagementSystems(BMS)encompassesanenormousvarietyoftechnologies,acrosscommercial,industrial,institutionalanddomesticbuildings,includingenergymanagementsystemsandbuildingcontrols.ThefunctionofBuildingManagementSystemsiscentralto'IntelligentBuildings'concepts;itspurposeistocontrol,monitorandoptimisebuildingservices,eg.,lighting;heating;security,CCTVandalarmsystems;accesscontrol;audio-visualandentertainmentsystems;ventilation,filtrationandclimatecontrol,etc.;eventime&attendancecontrolandreporting(notablystaffmovementandavailability).Thepotentialwithintheseconceptsandthesurroundingtechnologyisvast,andourlivesarechangingfromtheeffectsofIntelligentBuildingsdevelopmentsonourlivingandworkingenvironments.Theimpactonfacilitiesplanningandfacilitiesmanagementisalsopotentiallyimmense.AnyfacilitiesmanagersconsideringpremisesdevelopmentorsiterelocationshouldalsoconsidertheopportunitiespresentedbyIntelligentBuildingstechnologiesandconcepts.ThisfreesummaryarticleiscontributedbyGaryMills,aleadingUK-basedexpertinthefieldofIntelligentBuildings,IntelligentHomes,andBuildingManagementSystems.

TheoriginsofIntelligentBuildingsandBuildingManagementSystemshaverootsintheindustrialsectorinthe1970's,fromthesystemsandcontrolsusedtoautomateproductionprocessesandtooptimiseplantperformances.Theconceptsandapplicationswerethenadapted,developedandmodularisedduringthe1980's,enablingtransferabilityofthetechnologyandsystemstotheresidentialandcommercialsectors.

intelligentbuildings-controltheory

TheessenceofBuildingManagementSystemsandIntelligentBuildingsisinthecontroltechnologies,whichallowintegration,automation,andoptimisationofalltheservicesandequipmentthatprovideservicesandmanagestheenvironmentofthebuildingconcerned.ProgrammableLogicControllers(PLC's)formedtheoriginalbasisofthecontroltechnologies.Laterdevelopments,incommercialandresidentialapplications,werebasedon'distributed-intelligencemicroprocessors'.Theuseofthesetechnologiesallowstheoptimisationofvarioussiteandbuildingservices,oftenyieldingsignificantcostreductionsandlargeenergysavings.Therearenumerousmethodsbywhichbuildingserviceswithinbuildingscanbecontrolled,fallingbroadlyintotwomethodtypes:

Timebased-providingheatingorlightingservices,etc.,onlywhenrequired,and

OptimiserParameterbased-oftenutilisingarepresentativeaspectoftheservice,suchastemperatureforspaceheatingorilluminanceforlighting.

heating-time-basedcontrol

Time-basedcontrolscanbeusedtoturnonandofftheheatingsystem(and/orwaterheating)atpre-selectedperiods(oftheday,oftheweek,etc).OptimiserParameters:whatevertheconditions,thecontrolsmakesurethebuildingreachesthedesiredtemperaturewhenoccupancystarts.

heating-optimiserparameter-based(temperature)controlexamples

Temperaturecontrol:protectionagainstfreezingorfrostprotectiongenerallyinvolvesrunningheatingsystempumpsandboilerswhenexternaltemperaturereachesasetlevel(0°C).

Compensatedsystems:willcontrolflowtemperatureintheheatingcircuitrelativetoexternaltemperature.Thiswillgiveariseinthecircuitflowtemperaturewhenoutsidetemperaturedrops.

Thermostaticradiatorvalves:thesesensespacetemperatureinaroomandthrottletheflowaccordinglythroughtheradiatororconvectortowhichtheyarefitted.

Proportionalcontrol:involvesswitchingequipmentonandoffautomaticallytoregulateoutput.

Othermethodscanincludethermostats,occupancysensingPIR's(passiveinfra-redsensors),andmanualusercontrol.

lightingcontrolmethods

Differentcontrolsystemsexist,againtime-basedcontrolandoptimiserparameter-basedwherealevelofilluminanceorparticularuseoflightingisrequired.

Zones:lightsareswitchedoncorrespondingtotheuseandlayoutofthelitareas,inordertoavoidlightingalargeareaifonlyasmallpartofitneedslight.

Timecontrol:toswitchonandoffautomaticallyineachzonetoapresetscheduleforlightuse.

PassiveInfra-Red(PIR)Occupancysensing:Inareaswhichareoccupiedintermittently,occupancysensorscanbeusedtoindicatewhetherornotanybodyispresentandswitchthelightonoroffaccordingly.

Lightlevelmonitoring:thisconsistsofswitchingordimmingartificiallightingtomaintainalightlevelmeasuredbyaphotocell.

buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-energysavings

Untilrecentyears,energyefficiencyhasbeenarelativelylowpriorityandlowperceivedopportunitytobuildingownersandinvestors.However,withthedramaticincreaseandawarenessofenergyuseconcerns,andtheadvancesincost-effectivetechnologies,energyefficiencyisfastbecomingpartofrealestatemanagement,facilitiesmanagementandoperationsstrategy.Theconceptsarealsonowmakingsignificantinroadsintothedomesticresidentialhousebuildingsectors.

Forlighting:energysavingscanbeupto75%oftheoriginalcircuitload,whichrepresents5%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionoftheresidentialandcommercialsectors.

Energysavingspotentialfromwaterheating,cooling,orhotwaterproduction,canbeupto10%,whichrepresentsupto7%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionofthedomesticresidentialandcommercialsectors.

ExperiencesfromstudiesinAustriasuggestpotentialheatingandcoolingenergysavingsareupto30%inpublicbuildings.Evenallowingforthefactthatbuildingsusedinthestudymayhavebeenthosewithparticularlyhighenergyusage,thefigureisanimpressiveone.(Source:EU2AnalysisandMarketSurveyforEuropeanBuildingTechnologiesinCentral&EasternEuropeanCountries-GOPA).

buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-environmentalandgreenhousegasbenefits

Greenhousegasemissionreductionsdependonandcorrelatetoreductionsinenergyuse.IntelligentBuildingsandBuildingManagementSystemstechnologiescontributedirectlytothereductioninenergyuse,incommercial,industrial,institutionalanddomesticresidentialsectors.Inshort,IntelligentBuildingsandsuitablyappliedBuildingManagementSystemsaregoodfortheenvironment.Legislationandenvironmentalstandards;healthandsafetyregulations;andglobaltrendstowardsimprovingindoorairqualitystandardsareallsignificantdriversof-andprovideacontinuousendorsementoftheneedfor-BuildingManagementSystemsandtheIntelligentBuildingstechnologies.GovernmentInitiativesaroundtheworldarealsodrivingthedevelopmentandadoptionofBuildingManagementSystemstechnologies.ForexampletheUKCarbonTrustallowsEnhancedCapitalAllowance()tobeoffsetagainsttaxationonenergyefficientsystems,whichenablessavingsofaround30%forallenergy-relatedBuildingManagementSystemsandIntelligentBuildingsequipment,andtheassociatedinstallationanddesigncosts.

buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-markettrends

Carefulinterpretationisrequired.IntheUK,adoptionofcontrolstechnologiesintothenewbuildandmajorrefurbishmentsectorsisrelativelyhigh:EstimatesafewyearsagooftheUKmarketforBuildingManagementControlSystemsfornewbuildandmajorrefurbishment,allsectors,suggestmarketadoptionof(asat1994-SourceUK1AnAppraisalofUKEnergyRTD,ETSU-1994):

Heatingcontrols70%.

Hotwatersystemcontrols90%.

Airconditioningcontrols80%.

HoweveraccordingtoEuropeanCommissionasmanyas90%ofallexistingbuildingshaveinapplicableorineffectivecontrols,manyofwhichrequirecompleterefurbishmentofcontrolsystems.MoreoverconventionalcontrolsystemsstopshortofautomatedIntelligentBuildingsfullcapabilities.Asignificanthumanelementisrequiredforoptimaleffectiveoperationevenifcontrolsystemscorrectlyspecifiedandinstalled.Giventypicalinstallationsandequipmentthereisoftenadifficultyforbuildingoccupants(residential)ormanagers(commercial)tooperatethemcorrectly.Usageandcorrectoperationarevitalforeffectiveresults.Educationofusers;improvedsystems-designuser-friendliness,andtheprovisionofrelevantinstructionsandinformationareallcriticaltoenabletheorytotranslateintopractice,andforpotentialeffectivenessandsavingstoberealised.

buildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildings-practicalbenefits

Energy-effectivesystemsbalanceabuilding'selectriclight,daylightandmechanicalsystemsformaximumbenefit.

Enhancedlightingdesignismorethananelectricallayout.Itmustconsidertheneedsandschedulesofoccupants,seasonalandclimaticdaylightchanges,anditsimpactonthebuilding'smechanicalsystems.

lightingsystems

Addingdaylighttoabuildingisonewaytoachieveanenergy-effectivedesign.Naturaldaylight'harvesting'canmakepeoplehappier,healthier,andmoreproductive.Andwiththereducedneedforelectriclight,agreatdealofmoneycanbesavedonenergy.Nearlyeverycommercialbuildingisapotentialenergysavingproject,wheretheelectriclightingsystemscanbedesignedtobedimmedwiththeavailabilityofdaylight.Upto75%oflightingenergyconsumptioncanbesaved.Inaddition,byreducingelectriclightingandminimizingsolarheatgain,controlledlightingcanalsoreduceabuilding'sairconditioningload.

mechanicalsystems

TheHVACsystemandcontrols,includingthedistributionsystemofairintotheworkspaces,arethemechanicalpartsofbuildingsthataffectthermalcomfort.Thesesystemsmustworktogethertoprovidebuildingcomfort.Whilenotusuallyapartoftheaestheticsofabuilding,theyarecriticaltoitsoperationsandoccupantsatisfaction.Thenumberoneofficecomplaintisthattheworkplaceistoohot.Numbertwoisthatit'stoocold.Manypeoplecopebyaddingfans,spaceheaters,coveringupvents,complaining,conducting'thermostatwars'withtheirco-workers,orsimplyleavingtheoffice.Occupantscanbedriventodistractiontryingtoadjustthecomfortintheirspace.Impropertemperature,humidity,ventilation,andindoorairqualitycanalsohavesignificantimpactsonproductivityandhealth.Whenwearethermallycomfortableweworkbetter,shoplonger,relax,breatheeasier,focusourattentionbetter.Inordertoprovideacomfortableandhealthyindoorenvironmentthebuildingmechanicalsystemmust:

Provideanacceptableleveloftemperatureandhumidityandsafeguardagainstodoursandindoorairpollutants.

Createasenseofhabitabilitythroughairmovement,ventilationandslighttemperaturevariation.

Allowtheoccupanttocontrolandmodifyconditionstosuitindividualpreferences.

resistancetobuildingmanagementsystemsandintelligentbuildingstechnology

"Ourbuildingsarealreadyenergy-efficient."(Isthewholebuildingenergy-efficient,oristhelandlordlimitinghisfocustocommonareasandgrossleasedspaces?)

"Weprefertheequipmentwiththelowestfirstcostwhenfittingouttenantspace."(Doesthespecifierhaveanyideawhowillbeartheincreasedoperatingcostsofsuchastrategy?)

"Weneedatwo-yearsimplepaybackorless."(Isthisstillrealistic,giventhatthepercentagereturnonmoneymarketsisliterallyone-tenthwhatitwas20yearsago?)

"Tenantspayallenergycosts,andwillgetallthesavings."(Dotenantsreallypayallenergyorjusttheenergyoverapre-setbaseyearorexpensestop?)

"We'resellingthebuilding."(Shouldweassumethenthatloweringtheoperatingexpensesandreapingtheincreasedassetvaluearenotimportant?)

intelligenthomes

buildingmanagementsystemsforresidentialapplications

Withthewidespreadadoptionofdigitaltechnologiestherewillbeaprofoundchangeinhowwecommunicatewithothers.Evenhow,inourhomes,weshopforgoodsandservices,receivenews,manageourfinances,learnabouttheworld,and,conductbusiness,manageresources,findentertainment,andmaintainindependenceandautonomyasweenteroldage.

Theseactivitiesincreasinglytakeplaceinthehome.Asourperceptionofbanks,shops,universities,communities,andcitieschangeinresponsetonewtechnologies,sohomebuildingmanagementsystemsaretakingonanextraordinarynewimportance.

Asitexiststodaythehomecannotmeetthesedemandsortakeadvantageofnewopportunitiescreatedbysocialandtechnologicalchanges.Mostpeopleliveinspacespoorlytailoredtotheirneeds.

Untilrecently,themajorityofhomeswerewiredwithlittlemorethanthemainelectricalcircuits,afewphonelines,andafewTVcables.Timeshavechanged.Electricalandsecuritysystemcontractorsroutinelyinstalllowvoltagecommunicationnetworkcablesforawiderangeofintelligenthomeor'smarthome'systems.

Servicesandequipmentthatutilisethesenetworksinclude:security;hometheatreandentertainment;telephones,door-phonesandintercoms;PCandinternetnetworks;surveillancecameras;drivewayvehiclesensors;communicatingthermostats;motorizedwindowblindsandcurtains;entrysystems;andirrigationsystems.

smarthomeexamplescenario1

Ascenariosuchas'I'mHome'couldbetriggeredbypressingonebuttononakey-ringremote-controlfromyourvehicleasyouapproachthedriveway.Thecontrolsystemreceivesthekey-ringremote-control'scomm