翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题13

翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题13EnglishChineseTranslationThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatare（江南博哥）widelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksonbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.

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Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.

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Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.

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Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

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Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.

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Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.1.

正确答案：把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

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正确答案：这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适用性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

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正确答案：因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，需凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和实用性等因素。

4.

正确答案：一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

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正确答案：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

OneofthemostimportantresultsoftheMrs.GlobalSurveyormissionisthatacomparisonofMarsandEarthwillallowscientiststounderstandEarth'shistoryandpossiblyitsfuture.Oneofthemostintriguing,unansweredscientificquestionsiswhydoEarthandMarsappeardifferenttoday?Atthetimeoftheirformationseveralbillionyearsago,MarsandEarthsharedsimilarconditions.

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Bothplanetsharboredvastquantitiesofsurfacewater,thickatmospheres,andclimateswarmerthanatpresent.

Today,Earthisalushworldfilledwithacountlessnumberofanimalsandplantspecies.

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Incontrast,datagatheredfromMarsoverthelast30yearsshowsthattheplanetliestrappedinconditionsreminiscentofaglobaliceage.ThedryandseeminglylifelessMartiansurfacemakestheSaharaDesertlooklikeanoceanincomparison,andaveragedailytemperaturesmakeAntarcticaseembalmy.ComparingthehistoryandevolutionofthetwoplanetswillyieldcluesintoEarth'spastandpossiblyitsfuture.

Despiteitsforbiddingclimate,surfacetemperaturesonMarsresembletheEarth'smorethananyotherplanet.

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ThesesimilaritiesintemperatureresultinpartfromthefactthatMarsorbitstheSunonlyslightlyfartheroutthantheEarthascomparedtootherplanets.Forexample,thegroundatsomelocationsneartheequatormaywarmuptoashighas25℃atnoon.However,daytimetemperaturesstillaveragewellbelowfreezing,andnighttemperaturesdipmuchlower.

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Martiantemperaturesmayseemalmostinvitingtotheseasonedoutdoorsexplorer,butthecompositionoftheatmosphereleavesmuchtobedesiredfromahumanperspective.MostoftheMartianairconsistsofcarbondioxideCO2,similartoconditionsonVenus.Ifbreathingcarbondioxideseemsuninviting,thedensityoftheairwillappearworse.AveragebarometricpressuresonMarsmeasurelowerthanthatfoundatEarth'ssealevelbyafactorofmorethan125.Inotherwords,theairatthesurfaceofMarsisthinnerthanthatfoundonEarthatanaltitude19timeshigherthanDenver,Colorado.

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TheextremelythinMartianaircontributestothemysteryofwhetherthereislifeonMars,eitherinthepastorpresence.ThereasonisthatalmostallofthewaterliestrappedintheMartianpolaricecapsorfrozenbeneaththesurface.Liquidwatercannotexistonthesurfacebecausethethinatmospherewillcausemeltingicetoevaporatedirectlyintowatervapor.6.

正确答案：两个星体都蕴藏着大量的表层水和厚厚的大气层，而且气候比现在温暖。

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正确答案：相反，过去30多年从火星上收集的数据资料表明，该星体陷入的困境使人联想到地球冰河时代。

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正确答案：气温上之所以有这些相似之处，部分原因在于：与其他星体相比，火星的轨道与太阳距离只比地球的轨道与太阳的距离稍远一点。

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正确答案：尽管火星上的温度看起来对训练有素的户外勘探者有相当大的诱惑力，但从人类的角度看，其大气成分还有许多欠缺。

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正确答案：火星上极度稀薄的空气使火星上无论是过去还是现在是否有生命这一问题更加神秘化了。

Communicationtechnologyisinaperiodofrevolutionarychange.

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Thenewinventionsanddevelopments,suchascommunicationsatellite,opticalfiber,large-scaleintegration,computersandmicrocomputers,videotelephonedatabanks,andpacketswitchingnetworks,etc.,areinvolved.Anyoneofthemhasenormouspotential.Takenincombination,theywillchangetheentirefabricofsociety.

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Fewtechnologiescouldhaveasprofoundaneffectonhumanconditionasthefulldevelopmentoftheseinventions,andcertainlyadditionalinventionsintelecommunicationsareyettocome,someperhapsofevengreaterimpact.

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Thelastquarterofthetwentiethcenturywillberememberedastheerawhenmanacquirednewcommunicationchannelstoothermen,tolibrariesoffilmanddata,andtotheprodigiousmachines.

Internationalcooperation,inthenewera,withflourishwiththehelpofworldwidecomputernetworks.Humantalent,thescarcestresourceinthecomingcyberneticage,willbemadeavailableworldwide.Communicationsareessentialfactortoagrowingworldeconomy.Businessandsocialpatternswillchangeasscreen-to-screencommunicationprovesmoreefficientthantraveling.Inthefuture,travelingwillbemoreforpleasurethanforbusiness.Certaintypeofpeoplemayworkathomemuchofthetime,dialingcomputersandparticipatinginteleconferences.Inaddition,theymayshopathome,receiveseducationathome,beentertainedathome,andinterlinkeachother'shomeswithvideodevices.

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Moneytransactionswillgenerallybehandledwithoutcashorcheck,andaman'screditratingwillmeanmorehispedigree.Furthermore,ourconceptsofprivacymaychangeinaworldofinterconnectingcomputers.

Inaneraof"LimitstoGrowth"intheconventionaltrappingofaffluenceandlimitstogrowthintransporation,becauseofworld'srapidlydecliningresourcesandrapidlygrowingpopulationandpollution,therearenolimitstogrowthintelecommunicationsorculture.

PhysicalcommunicationslikerailwaysandcanalshadamajoreffectonthegrowthoftheIndustrialRevolution.Toalargeextent,theymadeitpossible.

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Thesameistrueintheinformationrevolution,andunavailabilityofcommunicationlinkswillimpedeprogress.11.

正确答案：这一时期出现了许多新的发明和进步，诸如通信卫星、光导纤维、大规模集成电路、计算机及微型计算机、视频电话数据库、分组交换网络等。

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正确答案：很少有技术能像这些得到充分发展利用的发明一样对人类生活的条件产生如此深刻的影响，而且通讯领域里肯定还会有更多新发明，有些甚至会具有更大的影响力。

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正确答案：20世纪的最后25年将作为一个历史的新纪元而被人们永远记住；在这个时期，人们获得了新的通讯手段来同别人、同图像和数据库系统，以及同复杂的机器打交道。

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正确答案：银行业务将不通过现金和支票处理，一个人的信誉将高于他的门第出身。

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正确答案：信息革命也面临同样的情形，没有通讯链接，信息革命是不可能取得进展的。

Ancientpeoplemadeclaypotterybecausetheyneededitfortheirsurvival.Theyusedthepotstheymadeforcooking,storingfood,andcarryingthingsfromplacetoplace.

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Potterywassoimportanttoearlyculturesthatscientistsnowstudyittolearnmoreaboutancientcivilizations.Themoreadvancedthepotteryintermsofdecorations,materials,glazesandmanufacture,themoreadvancedthecultureitself.

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TheartisanwhomakespotteryinNorthAmericatodayutilizeshisorherskillandimaginationtocreateitemsthatarebeautifulaswellasfunctional,transformingsomethingordinaryintosomethingspecialandunique.

ThepotterusesoneoftheEarth'smostbasicmaterials,clay.Claycanbefoundalmostanywhere.Goodpotteryclaymustbefreefromallsmallstonesandotherhardmaterialsthatwouldmakethepottingprocessdifficult.

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MostNorthAmericanartisanpottersnowpurchasecommerciallyprocessedclay,butsomefindtheclaytheyneedrightintheearthclosetowheretheywork.

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Themostimportanttoolspottersusearetheirownhands;however,theyalsousewirelooptools,woodenmodelingtools,plainwireandsponges.Plainwireisusedtocutawaythefinishedpotfromitsbaseonthepotter'swheel.

Afterafinishedpotisdriedofallitsmoistureintheopenair,itisplacedinakilnandfired.Thefirstfiringhardensthepottery,anditisthenreadytobeglazedandfiredagain.

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Forareaswherethey,donotwantanyglaze,suchasthebottomofthepot,artisanspaintonmeltedwaxthatwilllaterburnoffinthekiln.Theythenpourontheliquidglazeandletrunovertheclaysurface,makinganykindofdecorativepatternthattheywant.16.

正确答案：陶器在早期文化中占据了如此重要的地位，以至于科学家们现在通过研究陶器来获取对古代文明的更多了解。陶器的装饰、材料、釉彩、制作等工艺越进步，就说明这种文明越进步。

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正确答案：今天，北美的陶艺匠人运用他们的技艺和想象力制作出既美观又实用的陶艺制品，把普通的用品变为独特的艺术品。

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正确答案：现在，大多数北关制陶艺人购买现成的专用黏土，也有些陶匠在自己作坊附近就能挖到所需的黏土。

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正确答案：制作陶器最重要的工具是工匠们自己的双手，但有时他们也用些别的工具，如绳圈、木模具、光面钢丝、海绵等。

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正确答案：陶器上有些地方不需要上釉彩，像罐子底部，匠人们就在这些部位涂上蜡，一加热就会融化掉。

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TheancientGreektheorists,puzzledbythestrangenessoftraditionstakenfromapreliteratepast,attemptedtoexplaintheirownmythsbyassimilatingthemto"correct"modelsofrealityascreatedbyphilosophy.Theysawinmythallegoriesforphilosophicdescriptionsofthewaythephysicalandmetaphysicalworldreallyisor,inEuhemerism,asasourceforhistoricalreconstructionofthehumanpast.Latermethodshaveworkedmuchthesameway,adaptingmythstonewmodelsofrealityastheyemergedfromChristiantomoderntimes.Weneedtobeawarethatthescientificmodel,whichhasincreasinglydominatedthoughtsincetheEnlightenment,andespeciallysincethenine-teenthcentury,isonlythelatestinalonglineofsuchmodels.Althoughthenineteenth-centurytheoryofmythasa"diseaseoflanguage"centeringonnaturalphenomenawasencouragedbyscientificlinguistics,itisremarkablysimilartotheinterpretationproposedbyPalaephatusin300BC.

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Modernpsychologicaltheories,especiallythoseofJung,offermodelsthatinimportantwaysrepeatandrefineanapproachusedbymuchearlierinterpreterswhosoughtinmythallegoriesofspiritualandpsychologicaltruths.

Thestrengthofscienceliesindefiningideaspreciselyandtreatingthemwithinstrictlycontrolledguidelines.

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Thepowerofhumanisticstudies,ontheotherhand,liesintheirconcernwiththecapacityofhumans,assymbol-makingbeing,tocreatealternativeworld.Mythisonesuchalternativeworld,andtheinterpretationofmythisanother;eachisanexpressionofthesamehumancapacity.Historically,theinterpretationofmythisfullyasimportantasmythitselfandinfactoccursonafargranderscale.

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Theinterchangeableuseofthewordsmyth,(thestoryitself)andmythology(reflectiononmyth)inEnglishusageunintentionallypointstothiscrucialrelationship,afactrecogni