翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题2

翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题2EnglishChineseTranslationGovernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatth（江南博哥）ewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.

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Undermodernconditions,thisrequiredvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.

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Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestuctureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.

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Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,

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intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.

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Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.1.

正确答案：在现代条件下，这需要不同程度的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。

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正确答案：再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。

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正确答案：由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。

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正确答案：在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。

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正确答案：由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起的各种问题也会给社会造成新的压力。

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Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian'scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.

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Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.

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Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodoloziesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.

Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.

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Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tunnelmethod".frequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy".Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciphneasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.

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Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.6.

正确答案：几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。

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正确答案：人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。

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正确答案：在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

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正确答案：方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

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正确答案：这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

USphotogiantEastmanKodakisseekingtoexploittheirsnapping.

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ItannouncedinMarchthatitwouldspendmorethan$1billioninthenextfewyearstocaptureashareoftheChinesemarket."Chinaisoneofthefastestgrowingmarketsforphotography,anditsdouble-digitgrowthwillassurethatitmovesfromthenumberthreeranktonumberoneortwo,exceedingJapanandperhapstheUnitedStatesinthenextcentury,"saidKodakchiefGeorgeFisherinastatement.

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AccordingtoKodak,fewerthanonein10Chinesehouseholdsownsacamera,whichtypicallyusesaboutfourrollsoffilmperyear."IfonlyhalfthepeopleinChinashotasingle36-exposurerolloffilmayear—afractionofusageratesinothercountries—thatwouldswellthenumberofworldwide'clicks'by25percent,"Fishersaid.

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Nationalfiguresoncameraownershipdonotreflectthekeeninterestinphotographyinurbanareas."Wehavetwocamerasinthehouse,oneforourselvesandoneforour14-year-oldsonwhotakesitwithhimonschooltrips,"saidBeijingresidentChenYanan,whowasrecentlylaidofffromherstate-sectorjob.Chen'ssonisnotalone:"Allhisfriendshaveacamera.Theyonlycost150yuan."Sheadded.

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Whenthepriceofa36-exposurerollofcolorfilm(20yuan)anddevelopmentcosts(16yuan)aretakenintoaccount,thepleasureofphotographyareaffordabletomostcityinhabitants.

Andwhilethecheapcostsmeanthequalityoffilmandprintsisusuallypoor,theChinesehaveneverthelesscomealongwayintheirsnapping.

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Inthe1970s,blackandwhitephotoshardlybiggerthanpostagestampswerestillcommon.Todaymorethan70percentofphotosaretakenincolorandtheprintsaremuchlarger,accordingtoaBeijingretailer.11.

正确答案：柯达公司3月份宣布：在最近几年它将花费10亿多美元来占领部分中国市场。

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正确答案：据柯达公司讲：中国拥有相机的家庭不到1/10，每部相机每年使用大约四卷胶卷。

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正确答案：国民拥有相机的数字并没有反映出城市地区对摄影的强烈爱好。

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正确答案：考虑到一卷36张彩色胶卷的价格(20元)以及冲洗的价格(16元)，摄影这种乐趣对大多数城市居民来说都是可以承受的。

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正确答案：在20世纪70年代，人们常用的仍然是几乎不比邮票大多少的黑白照片。

Geniusissomethingthatisdifficulttomeasurequantitativelysinceitisauniquequality,

althoughmostofuscanrecognizegeniuswhenweseeitorhearit.

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Bycontrastintelligenceispossiblyeasiertoquantifyandlikegeniusisapolygeniccharacterthatcanbemouldedbytheenvironment.

Intelligenceisaqualitativetrait,whichdoeshaveageneticcomponent,butweshouldnot

assumethatithasasingledimensionofexpression.

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Thereareseverallimitationsinmeasuringintelligencebyalinearscalerangingfromdulltobright,sinceindividualsdiffergreatlyintheirgenotypes.Anynumberofgenecombinationmaypredisposeanindividualtomusicalgenius,ortopainting,ortodesigningcomputerprograms,etc.Thepossessionofanyoneoftheseabilitiesmayormaynotbeassociatedwithanother.Moreover,thesamegenotypemaybeexpressedinmarkedlydifferentwaysinmarkedlydifferentenvironments.

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Forexample,intelligencequotienttestscoresvaryconsiderablywithillnessanddisease,educational,socialandeconomiclevels—eventheskincoloroftheexaminerconductingtheIQtestmayhaveasignificanteffect!Thereisalsodifficultyindecidingwhatintelligenceshouldbeappliedto.Isittheabilitytolearn?Isitrelatedtotheenquiringmindortomotivation?

ConsequentlycomparisonsbetweenanIQtestgiventoaUniversitystudentandtoanAborigineinAustraliawillgivemeaninglessresults,sincethetestismostunlikelytomeasurethesamebehavior.

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Notonlyarethegenotypesandtheenvironmentsofthesetwoindividualstotallydifferent,buttheirmotivationsforachievementinparticularactivitieswillbedifferent.

Indeed,assomearticleswhichdealwiththeproblemsmentionedaboveshow,peoplewhobelievetheycanestimategeneticandenvironmentalcontributionstodifferencesinintelligencebetweenracesarestatisticallynaive.

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Ifsomeracesorsocialgroupsinthehumanpopulationcanbeshowntobeinferiorinintelligence,itopensupthepossibilitythatsomesegregationistsorpoliticianscouldbringinlegislationorpoliciestosuppressoreveneliminatesuchracesorgroupsinthepopulation.

Historycertainlyshowsthatthissuggestionisquitelikelywhenruthlessindividualsareinpositionsofpower.

Canyouseewhythefalsescientificconclusionscouldbecomedangeroussociallyandpolitically?16.

正确答案：相对而言，智力也许比较容易用数量来衡量。而且它像天才一样，具有一种易受环境影响的多基因特征。

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正确答案：由于各人在基因类型上有很大的差异，所以用一种从愚昧排列到聪明的线性标尺来衡量智力有很大的局限性。

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正确答案：比方说，智商测验的得分，会由于疾病状况、教育程度、社会和经济水平而有很大的差异，甚至智商测验主考人的肤色也会对得分有显著的影响。

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正确答案：这两个人不仅是基因类型和生活环境完全不同，而且他们完成某些活动的动机也极不相同。

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正确答案：如果能够证明人类中某些种族或社会群体在智力上是劣等的，那就会使某些种族隔离主义者或政客有可能去制订法律或政策来压迫，甚至从人类中消灭这些种族和群体。

Large,multinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.

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ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealize,theeconomy'svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurants,neighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinesses,definedasthosewithfewerthan100workers,nowemploy60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehaftofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2,000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepast6yearsofeconomicgrowth,and1989willseeanadditional200,000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.

Toomanyofthesepioneers,however,willblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimate,oftenfatally,thecapitalthatsuccessrequires.

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Midcareerexecutives,forcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselves,maysavor(欣赏)theideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalso,atleastforawhile,bebookkeepersandreceptionists,too.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata,24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytodisappearintwoyears,and27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995,morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3,000smallbusinesses,sponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusiness,suggestsslightlybetterodds:threeyearsafterstart-up,77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.

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Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.

Thinkingthroughanenterprisebefor