新高考英语｜语法专项之非谓语动词-2025届高三英语一轮复习专题

高考英语语法高考英语语法核心语法词类动词的时态、语态非谓语动词定语从句名词性从句状语从句边缘语法虚拟语气情态动词倒装句省略句强调句CONTENTS十大词类与构词法02动词及动词时态04非谓语动词08名词性从句09情态动词、虚拟语气11倒装句和强调句12高考语法体系01句子成分和五种基本句型03被动语态06定语从句07状语从句10主谓一致05Lesson8非谓语动词

非谓语动词是高考英语的必考点和难点，高考重点考察非谓语动词做状语、表语、定语以及宾语补足语的用法区别，以及固定搭配中的非谓语动词形式。不仅如此，掌握非谓语动词的的基本用法，对增强书面表达的文采和提高阅读理解能力都有明显的作用。考点解密非谓语动词，又叫非限定动词，是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词不受主语的限定，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。故又称非限定动词。非谓语动词非谓语动词是指由动词变化而来，具有动词的性质和意义，但不能充当谓语来使用的词。除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。非谓语动词的三种形式：1.过去分词（done）【被动、完成】2.动词不定式（todo）【将来、目的】3.动词-ing形式（doing）【主动、进行】过去分词V-ed动词-ing形式不定式to+v非谓语动词Lesson81.过去分词V-ed构成规则动词：①V+eddestroy–destroyed②V+d(不发音的e结尾)love–loved③变y为i+ed（以辅音字母y结尾）study–studied④双写尾字母+edstop–stopped（重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母）shopplanadmitdroppreferbeg…1.过去分词功能①表被动+完成

eg.Builtyearsago,thebridgeneedstoberepaired.②只表被动

eg.Takentwiceaday,themedicinewillworkfineforyourcough.③只表完成相当于形容词，表状态Iamsatisfied.fallenleavesrisensundevelopedcountriesaretiredworker1.IlikereadingthenovelswrittenbyLiuCixin.

定语（theattribute）

2.Hespokeloudlyinordertomakehimselfheard.

宾语补足语（theobjectcomplement）

3.Youlookedfrightened.

表语（thepredicative）

4.Deeplymoved,thechildrenbegantocry.

状语（theadverbial）1.过去分词所作成分定语:用来修饰,限定,说明名词或代词的品质与特征。主要有形容词,名词,代词,数词,介词短语,动词不定式短语、分词、定语从句…定语分为前置定语和后置定语。

alovelygirlmycomputerTom’sparentsasleepingbabyabrokenheartthousandsofpatientsthemaponthewalladoglyingonthegroundafilmdirectedbyJamesCameron1.1过去分词作定语eg：一枚用过的邮票一个受伤的手指一枚破损的硬币一支点燃的蜡烛2.过去分词作定语时，有时只有被动意义。英语口语

书面练习以上的都是_______的过去分词。

ausedstamp

aninjuredfinger

abrokencoin

alightedcandle

及物动词1.过去分词作定语时一般兼有被动和完成的意义。3.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表完成的意义。升起来的太阳一名逃跑的囚犯一名退休教师spokenEnglishwrittenexercisestherisensunanescapedprisoneraretiredteacher单个的过去分词一般作前置定语，即放在所修饰的名词前，过去分词短语一般做后置定语，即放在所修饰的名词后。如：terrifiedpeople

theaffectedperson

ordinarypeopleexposedtocholera

theriverpollutedbythedirtywater★[注意]：★有些单个的过去分词，像left（剩余的）given（所给予的）concerned（有关的）等，习惯上用作后置定语。如：themoneyleft剩余的钱thepeopleconcerned有关人士thetimegiven给出的时间过去分词前加名词、副词或形容词可以构成合成形容词。广泛运用的技术训练有素的工人手写的信件准备充分的讲稿widely-used

techniqueswell–trainedworkershand-writtenlettersfully-preparedlectures1.1过去分词作定语1.HowIregrettedthehourswastedonplayinggames!2.Ilikewearingclothesmadeofthiskindofcloth．3.ThebookswrittenbyLuXunarepopular．4.We’llgotovisitthebridgebuilthundredsofyearsago.

=which/thathadbeenwastedonplayinggames=which/thataremadeofthiskindofcloth.=which/thatwasbuilthundredsofyearsago.=which/thatwerewrittenbyLuXun过去分词作短语一般作后置定语，相当于定语从句，改成定语从句后一般为被动句.1.1过去分词作定语与定语从句1.TheprojectwhichwasdesignedbytheChineseengineerswasconstructedinonly2years.=Theproject_____________________________________wasconstructedinonly2years.

designedbytheChineseengineers2.Themostimportantthingthatisneedednowisanewmedicinetotreatthedisease.=Themostimportantthing____________isanewmedicinetotreatthedisease.needednow3.Thecastle,whichwasburntdowninthesixteenthcentury,wasneverrebuilt.=Thecastle,_______________________________________,wasneverrebuilt.

burntdowninthesixteenthcentury过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，前后常有逗号。5.ThegirlwhoisdressedinredisKelly’slong-lostfriend.=Thegirl_____________isKelly’slong-lostfriend.4.Athiefstolethegoatthatwastiedtothetree.=Athiefstolethegoat______tothetree.tieddressedinred6.Father

beatthesonwhowaslostintheonlinegames.

=Fatherbeattheson________intheonlinegames.有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，在句子中不表被动而表主动。belost/absorbedin（沉溺于）；bebornin（出身于）；bedressedin（穿着）；betiredof（厌烦）；bedevotedto；befacedwith;besatisfiedwith；besurprisedat;beconcernedwith,beworriedabout,bedeterminedtoPractice:Tosolvetheproblemofwaterpollution,I’dlikeyoutolookatastudy_______inAustraliain2012.havingconductedB.tobeconductedconducting D.conducted正确答案：D

解析：为了解决水污染的问题，我想要你看一下2012年澳大利亚已经进行的研究。使用非谓语动词作定语，study和conduct是动宾关系，用过去分词作定语=whichwasconducted。B项也表示被动，但是不定式的被动，表示将要发生的事情。故选D。Heisaworkerbuilding

roads.=Heisaworkerwho/thatbuiltroads.Thisisapicturepainted

bymyfather.=Thisisapicturewhichwaspaintedbymyfather.Iknowtheyoungmansleepingonthebench.=Iknowtheyoungmanwhoissleepingonthebench.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimsoon.=Theletterwhichwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimsoon.(主动)(被动)(主动、进行)(被动、完成)过去分词作定语改成定语从名后一般为被动句,现在分词作定语改成定语从句一般为主动句。现在分词:表示主动、进行；过去分词:表示被动、完成

done;beingdone与tobedone作定语的区别过去分词含有“被动”“完成”两种含义;若表示“某事正在被做”，通常使用动词的beingdone形式;若表示“即将被做”，通常使用动词的tobedone形式。

（1）Themeeting

(hold)nowisofgreatimportance.（2）Themeeting

(hold)yesterdaywasofgreatimportance.（3）Themeeting

(hold)tomorrowisofgreatimportance.1.1过去分词和V-ing作定语的区别

1.过去分词作感官动词的宾语补足语，如watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,smell,listento等。

Whenhewokeupinthehospital,he________________bydoctorsandnurses.

当他在医院醒来时，他发现自己被医生和护士包围着。Tomnoticed______________bysomebody.Tom注意到他的房间被人搜查过。foundhimselfsurrounded

hisroomsearched1.2过去分词作宾语补足语

2.过去分词用于作使役动词的宾语补足语，如have,get,make,let,leave,set,send等。

Henarrowly___________whilehewasridingahorsetheotherday.

几天前当他骑马时，他差点摔断了腿。

had/gothislegbroken

3.过去分词用于with复合结构中作宾语补足语。Themurdererwasbroughtin,________________behindhisback.

凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后。__________________shehadtowalkhome.

自行车被偷，她只好步行回家。

Theboy,_______________________seemedtobethinkingaboutsomething.那个男孩,眼睛盯着天花板,好像在想什么事。Withtheirwork_______(finish),theywenthomehappily.

Withherbikestolen,withhiseyesfixedontheceiling,finishedwithhishandstied1.Thegirlwasdressedinherbestclothes.Shewantedtomakeherself_______attheparty.A.noticingB.noticedC.noticeD.tobenoticed

【答案】B。此处是“make+宾语+宾补”形式，宾语herself和动词notice之间是动宾关系，所以用过去分词表示被动，答案选B。2.Backfromhistwo-yearmedicalserviceinAfrica,Dr.Leewasveryhappytoseehismother____goodcareofathome.A.takingB.takenC.takeD.betaken正确答案：B3.Wefoundourselves(shock)bythelargenumberofvisitors.shocked作感官动词的宾语补足语，如watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,smell,listento…2.作使役动词的宾语补足语，如have,get,make,let,leave,set,send…3.在with复合结构中作宾语补足语

非谓语动词作宾语补足语

1.sbdosth

havesbdoingsthsthdone=getsthdonewon’thavesbdoing(无法容忍某人做某事）3.sbdosthbedone2.sbdosth(全过程）

see/hear/watchsbdoingsthsthdonesthbeingdonesb/sthtodo(让…做某事,一次性的）sb/sthdoing(使处于某种状态，变的…)sthdone{{{letsbdosthdone{make{getCanyougetthecarmoving?Youshouldgetyourfriendtohelpyou.1.withsb/sth+adj/adv/介词短语Heusedtosleepwith

allthewindows

open.Shelayinbedwith

herface

pale.Hermothersatonthechairwith

herhead

down.

Theteachercameinwithabookinhishand.With

everything

done,shewenthome.Ican’tgooutwith

theseclothes

towash.2.sb/sthdoingsthdonesthtodo

{withsb/sthsb/sthdoingsthdonesthtodo

{withadj/adv/介词短语Withtheboyleadingtheway,wequicklyfoundtheplace.系动词：be

(is/am/are)become

get

grow

turnremain

stay

keep

seemappearsmell

look

sound

taste

feel等表语是指说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的词或从句，表语常由名词、形容词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、来充当，它常位于系动词之后。Helooks

good.Adventurebecomes

apartofmylife.Thewindowwas

broken.1.3过去分词作表语过去分词放在系动词之后作表语,表示主语的性质、特征或

______。这类过去分词通常为形容词化的过去分词（直接看作形容词）:delighted,astonished,frightened,excited,inspired,encouraged,interested,contented,pleased,puzzled,satisfied,tired,worried,ect.其中很多可以被very修饰.Everyonepresentisveryinspiredathisspeech．

Youlookedfrightened.Hebecameinterestedintwotheories.

Onhearingthegoodnewseveryonewasexcited．状态1.3过去分词作表语

1.Thebookis

interestingandI’minterestedinit.2.Hiswordswerediscouraging,whichmademanypeoplediscouraged．amusing,amused;puzzling,puzzledtiring,tired;encouraging,encouraged;satisfying,satisfied;disappointing,disappointed;pleasing,pleased;astonishing,astonished3.His_____(confuse)expressionmadetheprofessor_____(confuse).confusedconfused有些感觉类及物动词（如interest,worry,surprise,frighten……等）过去分词作形容词主语通常是人，表示人的感觉、情绪，常译作“感到……”V-ing作形容词主语通常是物，说明事物的性质、特征，常译作“令人……”

②Thenoveliswellwritten．（状态）

ThenoveliswrittenbyLuXun．（动作）

过去分词作表语，强调主语的特点或所处的状态；而被动语态中，主语是动词所表示动作的承受者。(2)过去分词作表语,多用来表示主语所处的心理状态或情感变化,这类过去分词通常为形容词化的过去分词:,astonished,frightened,excited,inspired,encouraged,interested,contented,pleased,puzzled,satisfied,tired,worried,ect．其中很多可以被very修饰.

A.Onhearingthegoodnewseveryonewasexcited．

①Thestoreisnowclosed．（状态）

Thelibraryisusuallyclosedat8:00p.m．（动作）状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的一种句子成份，用于说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。能充当状语的有副词、介词词组、非谓语动词、独立主格结构、从句等等。1.Theyweresittingonthefloor.2.ShespokeEnglishverywell.3.Theteacherscomeheretolistento

mylesson.4.WhilehewaswatchingTV,heheardaknockatthedoor.5.Theboywillbeblindinbotheyesunlessheistreatedontime.6.Thoughhehadbeentoldmanytimes,hecouldn’tunderstandit.时间条件1.4过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时，表示被动完成的动作，其逻辑主语就是主句的主语，且与主句主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,表时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句。例：Deeplymoved,theboybegantocry.=Becausehewasdeeplymoved,theboybegantocry.Askedforhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaiditwasveryinterestingandrewarding.=Whenhewasaskedforhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaiditwasveryinterestingandrewarding.=Whenaskedforhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaiditwasveryinterestingandrewarding.当被问到对教师这份工作的看法时，菲利普说它既有趣又有值得。1.过去分词作时间状语时，相当于时间状语从句。可在过去分词前加上连词“when,while…”等，使其时间意义更明确。2.过去分词作原因状语时，可转换为由since,because或as引导的原因状语从句，这类状语多放在句子的前半部分。

Frightenedbythenoise,thegirlcried.=Becauseshewasfrightenedbythenoise,thegirlcried.=Becausefrightenedbythenoise,thegirlcried.3.过去分词作条件状语时，可转换为if,once或unless等引导的条件状语从句。

Givenmoretime,wewilldobetter.=Ifwearegivenmoretime,wewilldobetter.=Ifgivenmoretime,wewilldobetter.4.过去分词作让步状语时，相当于一个以though/although引导的让步状语从句Treatedbadly,shestilllovedhim.=Thoughshewastreatedbadly,shestilllovedhim.=Thoughtreatedbadly,shestilllovedhim.5.过去分词作方式或伴随状语时，通常不能转换为状语从句，但可用并列分句代替.The

old

man

walkedinthepark,supportedbyhis

wife.=The

old

man

walkedintheparkandwassupported

by

his

wife.2.过去分词作状语表示_____/或______的动作,相当一个状语从句。Summary被动完成1.过去分词在句子中可以作_____、______、_______、_______、________状语等。时间原因方式让步条件3.过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句的主语要保持一致。Facedwithfinancialdifficulties,_______.A.anextrajobhasbeengiventoJohn

B.anextrajobhasbeentaken

C.Johnhastotakeanextrajob1.Askedwhathadhappened,theboycried.2.Encouragedbyherteacher,thegirlwasveryhappy.3.Heated,waterchangesintosteam.4.Defeatedagain,hedidn’tloseheart.5.Theprofessorwentintothecourtyard,followedbyhiswife.WhenhewasBecauseshewasIfitisAlthoughhewasandhewas时间状语原因条件让步伴随状语1.4过去分词作状语和状语从句的转换过去分词短语作状语时，可在其前面加上连词________________________等，以便明确作何种状语。

1.Comparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.=Ifwearecomparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.=Ifcomparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo.2.Greatlytouchedbyhisidol,theboyworkedhardtomakeprogress.=Becausehewasgreatlytouchedbyhisidol,theboyworkedhardtomakeprogress.=Becausegreatlytouchedbyhisidol,theboyworkedhardtomakeprogress.3.Laughedatbytheotherstudents,shedidn’tgiveup.=Thoughshewaslaughedatbytheotherstudents,shedidn’tgiveup.=Thoughlaughedatbytheotherstudents,shedidn’tgiveup.when,if,once,though,unless=Highlyinterestedinmusic,Henrybegantowriteoriginalcompositionswhen

hewasinhighschool.1.Henrywashighlyinterestedinmusicandbegantowriteoriginalcompositionswhenhewasinhighschool.找主语找出（主语发出/承受的）动作、状态判断主句部分和状语部分2.TheywerepleasedwithhismusicandsongsandfinallyinvitedhimtoperformintheSilverHal.=Pleasedwithhismusicandsongs,theyfinallyinvitedhimtoperformintheSilverHall.3.Thoughhewasaffectedbygradualblindnesssoonaftertheperformance,Henrywasstillcapableofwritingcompositionsandhefoundthatcreatingmusicwasareliefandcureforhisillness.=Thoughaffectedbygradualblindnesssoonaftertheperformance,Henrywasstillcapableofwritingcompositionsandhefoundthatcreatingmusicwasareliefandcureforhisillness.4.Whenhegotabsorbedinhisworldofmusic,hefeltasifhecould"see"thebeautyoftheworldaroundhim,likehehadinhispreviouslife.=Absorbedinhisworldofmusic,hefeltasifhecould"see"thebeautyoftheworldaroundhim,likehehadinhispreviouslife.1.“Sheisright,”hesaid,pleased.2.Heturnedaway,disappointed.3.Shelley,astonished,

urgedhertoexplain.1.4过去分词作状语有时一个单独的过去分词，也可以作状语。1.Ilikereadingthenovels______(write)byZhangAiling.2.Thegirl______(write)aletterinthestudyismycousin.3.ThereissomethingwrongwithmycarandIhavetogetit_______(repair).4.Hespokeloudlyinordertomakehimself______(hear).5.Ifoundthelittlegirl______(cry)atthecorner.writtenwritingrepairedheardcrying6.Iwantthedoorsofmynewhouse_______(paint)white.7.Therewasa_________(surprise)lookonhisface.8.Hewas______(excite)atthegoodnews.9.Thestorywasso________(move)thathewas_______(move)totears.paintedsurprisedexcitedmovingmovedAbsorbedindeepthought,hedidn'thearthesound.Borninthisbeautifultown,hehatestoleaveit.有些过去分词常用于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动或状态。这时的过去分词只起到一个形容词的作用，是形容词化的过去分词。belost/absorbedin（沉溺于）；bebornin（出身于）；bedressedin（穿着）；betiredof（厌烦）；bedevotedto；befacedwith;besatisfiedwith；besurprisedat;beconcernedwith,beworriedabout,bedeterminedtoAbsorbedindeepthought,hedidn'thearthesound.Borninthisbeautifultown,hehatestoleaveit.Facedwithsomanydifficulties,theynevergaveup.WefoundJohnseatedinachair,writingaletter.Thewomandressedinredclotheswashisaunt.有些过去分词常用于系表结构，在句子中不表被动而表主动或状态、特征。这时的过去分词只起到一个形容词的作用，是形容词化的过去分词。belost/absorbedin（沉溺于）；bebornin（出身于）；bedressedin（穿着）；betiredof（厌烦）；bedevotedto；befacedwith;besatisfiedwith；besurprisedat;beconcernedwith,beworriedabout,bedeterminedto1.5形容词化的过去分词1._____(see)fromthevideo,thegirlisthinbutstrong.2._____(see)themonster,thegirlisstillcalm.SeenSeeing3.Everyonewassilent,___________(wait)toseewhowouldbecalledupontoreadhisorherparagraph

aloud．waiting分词作状语记忆口诀：分词作状语，主语是关键。前后两动作，共用一主语。主语找出后，再来判关系。主动用­ing，被动用­ed。4.Hewentout,_________thedoorbehindhim.5.________moreencouragement,theboycouldhavebehavedbetter.shuttingGiven规则动词原形现在分词一般情况直接加-ingclean,look,readcleaning,looking,reading以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e再加ingmake,come,dancemaking,coming,dancing以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写辅音字母再加ingget,swim,begingetting,swimming,beginning少数以ie结尾的动词，先变ie为y,再加inglie,tie,dielying,tying,dying以y结尾的加ingplay,buy,studyplaying,buying,studying

V-ing形式在句子中可做什么成分？1.主语(thesubject)2.宾语(theobject)3.定语（theattribute）4.宾语补足语（theobjectcomplement）5.表语（thepredicative）6.状语（theadverbial）2.非谓语动词之V-ing形式1.StudyingEnglishisofgreatimportance.*v-ing作主语，谓语动词用单数2.It'snousecryingoverthespiltmilk.*it作形式主语，后紧接否定含义的词时，用doing来作真正的主语。同类句型：It'snogood/useless/awasteoftimedoingIt’sworthdoingsth2.1V-ing形式作主语（2）动词-ing形式/不定式作主语的句型：(1)Itis/was＋形容词(for/ofsb)＋todosth(2)(3)Ittakessbsometimetodosth(4)It’sworthwhiletodo/doingsthtodo和V-ing作主语、表语的区别Thequeen'sworkislayingeggs.HisambitionistogotoHarvardUniversity.Theoldman’sjobispaintingthewalls.（日常工作）Theoldman’sjobtodayistopaintthewalls.（一次性的，具体的）（1）不定式表示一次性的、具体的或将来的动作，而动名词则表示一般的，抽象的，经常发生的动作。It'snogood/useless/awasteoftimedoing（5）It’sworthdoingsth（6）It’sfundoingsthPleasepractisespeakingEnglisheveryday.只可接doing而不可接todo作宾语的动词:enjoy/finish/avoid/deny/admit/appreciate/keep/mind/risk/suggest/consider/miss/quit/imagine/dislike/delay/tolerate等practice：Iquicklylowermyself,duckingmyheadtoavoid______(look)directlyintohiseyessohedoesn'tfeelchallenged.(2018全国三卷)

完成实践值得忙继续习惯别放弃考虑建议不禁想喜欢思念要介意期待冒险去献身坚持欣赏避免错（过）承认推迟否认想（象）逃亡2.2V-ing形式作宾语1.MyjobisteachingEnglish.动名词作表语多表示抽象性或习惯性的动作，一般说明主语的内容。表语和主语常可互换位置。2.Thisquestionisverypuzzling.现在分词作表语多具有形容词的性质，一般说明主语的性质、特征等。practice：Climbingmountainswas____,soweallfelt____.(tire)tiredtiring2.3V-ing形式作表语1.Ihaveasleepingbag.（表示功能或用途）2.Hereisasleepingbaby.（表示主动、正在进行）3.TheboycallinghimselfTomismyfriend.如果v-ing是单独的一个词，则作前置定语；如果v-ing是一个短语，则作后置定语。practice：Theflowers________(smell)sweetinthebotanicalgardenattractalotofvisitors.smelling2.4V-ing形式作定语Heisaworkerbuilding

roads.=Heisaworkerwho/thatbuiltroads.Thisisapicturepainted

bymyfather.=Thisisapicturewhichwaspaintedbymyfather.Iknowtheyoungmansleepingonthebench.=Iknowtheyoungmanwhoissleepingonthebench.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimsoon.=Theletterwhichwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimsoon.(主动)(被动)(主动、进行)(被动、完成)过去分词作定语改成定语从名后一般为被动句,现在分词作定语改成定语从句一般为主动句。现在分词:表示主动、进行；过去分词:表示被动、完成现在分词表示正在进行的动作，也可表示特征；过去分词表示完成或状态。boilingwater正沸腾的水boiledwater白开水agood-lookingflower一朵好看的花儿developingcountries发展中国家dvelopedcountries发达国家fallingleaves正在下落的叶子fallenleaves已经落下的叶子（表正在进行）（表完成）（表特征）（表完成）（表完成）（表正在进行）（表正在进行）过去分词和V-ing作定语的区别1.Isawhimrunningalongtheroad.(v-ing作感官动词的宾语补足语，如watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,smell,listento等)2.Youshouldn'tkeephimwaitingthere.(v-ing作使役动词的宾语补足语，如have,get,make,let,leave,set,send等)3.Withsomanypeoplelookingather,shefeltnervous.(v-ing在with复合结构中作宾语补足语)2.5V-ing形式作宾语补足语practice：1.Ilookedupandnoticedasnake___(wind)itswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.2.Don'tleavethewater_______(run)whileyoubrushyourteeth.3.Withspring_______(approach),treesturngreen.windingrunningapproaching1.Hearingthebadnews,hecried.2.Theycamein,talkingandlaughing.3.Fillintheblanksusingwhatwehavelearnt.4.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.v-ing的否定是直接在前面加not/never等否定词。V-ing在句中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、方式、结果或伴随等情况,相当于一个状语从句。分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,分词和句子中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系。(原因/时间状语)(伴随状语)(方式状语)(结果状语)Notknowingtheway,hestoppedtoaskdirections.

Walkinginthestreet,

Icameacrossanoldfriend.=When/As/WhileIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriend.

When/As/Whilehewaswaitingforthebus,

hereadacopyofChinaDaily.=Waitingforthebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.As/Becausehewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.=Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.Walkingahead,

youwillseeawhitehouse.=Ifyouwalkahead,youwillseeawhitehouse.Hesatonthesofa,watchingTV.=HesatonthesofaandwatchedTV.分词作方式或伴随状语时，表示的动作(或状态)与谓语同时发生,或是对谓语动词(或状态)进一步补充说明，通常不能转换成状语从句，可以改成and连接的并列分句ReadTom'sdiaryandrewritetheunderlinedsentencesusingthev-ingformastheadverbial.

Afterwehadpreparedforthejourneyforseveraldays,wesetout.Onthewaytotherailwaystation,wechattedandlaughedandweenjoyedourselvesverymuch.However,ourbuswasheldbythetrafficjam,andthusitcausedthedelay.Toourrelief,wecaughtthetrain.

Havingpreparedforthejourneyforseveraldays,wesetout.Onthewaytotherailwaystation,weenjoyedourselvesverymuch，chattingandlaughing.However,ourbuswasheldbythetrafficjam,causingthedelay.

Toourrelief,wecaughtthetrain.当v-ing的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用一般（doing）；当v-ing的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前时，用完成式（havingdone）。Walking

inthestreet,Imetanoldfriendofmine.Havingfinishedhishomework,theboywenttoplayhappily.Thequestionbeingdiscussed

nowisimportant.Havingbeencriticized

bytheteacher,hedecidedtostudyhard.（同时发生）（先后发生）（正在被……）（表先后）主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendoneHavingdone和havingbeendone一般只用来作状语，不用来作定语。动名词的复合结构：带有逻辑主语的动名词被称为动名词的复合结构Jane’scomingmademeveryhappy.Maryinsistedonmyreadingtheletter.Wouldyoumindmeopeningthewindow?逻辑主语可以是形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、人称代词宾格等。Hisbeinglatemadethemanagerangry.

Himbeinglatemadethemanagerangry.逻辑主语是代词且在句首时，只能用形容词性物主代词，不能用人称代词宾格。也就是说人称代词宾格只能位于句中，形容词性物主代词、名词所有格句首、句中都可以。2.8动名词的复合结构TF

todo形式在句子中可做什么成分？1.主语(thesubject)2.宾语(theobject)3.定语（theattribute）4.宾语补足语（theobjectcomplement）5.表语（thepredicative）6.状语（theadverbial）3.非谓语动词之todo形式

1.不定式作主语，相当于名词或代词，往往表示一次性的、具体的动作，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。常用it作形式主语，将不定式置于句尾。

TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.

=ItisnoteasytostudyEnglishwell.3.1todo形式作主语It’sdifficultforhimtofinishtheworkalone.It’swiseofyoutodothat.不定式的复合结构：带有逻辑主语的不定式被称为不定式的复合结构①It+be+adj.+ofsb.todosth.

某人做某事是……的。形容词为clever,kind,nice等描述逻辑主语性格特征的词。

It’sverykindofyoutohelptheoldman.②It+be+adj+forsb.todosth.对某人来说做某事是……的。形容词为easy,important,necessary等描述事件的词。It’simportantforustostudyhard.（1）常跟不定常作宾语的动词有：afford,

agree，ask，decide，desire，expect，fail，hope，manage，promise，pretend，plan，intend，refuse，wish

Ipromisednottobelate.Ihavenochoicebuttogiveup.Theydidnothingbutcomplain.（3）某些动词如find，feel，think，expect，consider，make等后接不定式作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语。宾语后有补足语。Hefeelsithisdutytohelpothers.Ifinditimpossibletochangeheridea.3.2todo形式作宾语（（2）介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有实义动词do，不定式就要省略to。不定式作宾语补足语①大多数及物动词tell，want，wish，advise，order，require，expect，remind，persuade，encourage，convince，force，beg，allow，forbid等后可接不定式作宾语补足语。

Mydoctoradvisedmetotakearest.②某些感官动词如feel，hear，see，watch，notice，observe等或使役动词如have，let，make等后面可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。但如果句子变成被动语态时，就必须还原to。

Didyounoticeanyonegointothehouse?Wasanyonenoticedtogointothehouse?Isawhimentertheroom.Hewasseentoentertheroom.3.3todo形式作宾语补足语1.Peoplearesurethatscientistswillfigureoutways__________(存储)sufficientfoodforthelongjourneyand______________(再利用)thedirtywaterforlateruse.2.In2003,YangLiweibecamethefirstChineseastronaut____________(进入)space.3.Whenhewasachild,hehadnothing________________(担心，忧虑）andwasmostcuriousabouttheglobe.4.Themachine_________________(将要被监测)canbeappliedtospaceexploration.

动词不定式做定语(Attribute)1.当修饰的名词是ability,ways,ambition,attempt,chance,courage,desire,decision,effort,failuremomentpromiserighttimewish…（一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意义的名词。2.当修饰的名词前有theonly,thenext,thebest,thefirst,thelast,

以及由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词。3.当修饰的词为something,nothing,anything

等不定代词时。4.当定语表示未来的还没做的动作时。tostoretorecycletogointotoworryabouttobemonitored3.4todo形式作定语onlytodosth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。1.___________________(为了)findoutmoreinformationaboutthelifeinspace,pleasevisitthewebsite.2.Ifyouwanttobeanastronaut,youmustbeintelligentenough________(获得)arelatedcollegedegree.3.Hehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.4.Asaresult,hewasdisappointed__________(发现)thathislimitedresourceswererunningoutandhehadtosignalforhelp.

动词不定式做状语(Adverbial)1.目的状语：常用结构：todo;inordertodo,soastodo,so/such…astodo,etc.2.结果状语：常与only,enough或too连用,用于“too...to”；“enoughto...”；“onlytodo”句型中。3.原因状语：跟在一些带有感情色彩的形容词后happy,lucky,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,，说明产生这种情绪的原因。To/Inordertotoget3.5todo形式作状语onlytodosth为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。tofind3.6todo形式作表语动词不定式作表语，常用于系动词be,seem,appear,remain后面，表示主语的具体内容，也可以表示目的，愿望等等。常用动词不定式作表语的主语有aim,wish,choice,idea,purpose等等。He