植物学基础知识

植物学基础知识植物学基础知识一、植物茎的形态术语茎是植物的营养器官之一，一般是组成地上部分的枝干，主要功能是输导和支持。(一)、根据植物茎的性质、寿命，可将植物分为木本植物与草本植物1.木本植物:茎含有大量的木质，一般比较坚硬。寿命较长，均为多年生的。它们又可分为:1)乔木:有明显主干的高大植株，分枝位置距地面较高。如旱柳、毛白杨等。2)灌木:主干不明显，植株比较矮小，常由基部分枝，如:月季、蔷薇、紫荆等。3)半灌木:较灌木矮小，高常不及1米，基部近地面处木质多年生，上部茎草质，于开化后枯死，如蒿属植物。2、草本植物:茎含有木质较少，多汁、柔软、易折断。这类植物根据生活周期又可分为:<1>一年生草本植物:生活周期在本年内完成，并结束其生命，开花结果。如:水稻、棉花等。<2>二年生草本植物:生活周期跨越两个年份，即第一年生长，第二年才开花结果后枯死。如:白菜、萝卜、冬小麦等。<3>多年生草本植物:植物的地下部分能生活多年，每年都发芽生长。如:大理菊、马铃薯、甘薯等。(二)根据茎的生长习性，可将茎分为以下四种类型:1直立茎茎背地面而生，直立。2匍匐茎茎细长、柔弱、平卧地面，蔓延生长，节上生不定根，芽发育为新植株。如草莓、甘薯。3攀援茎以茎上发出卷须、吸器等攀援器官，借助攀援器官使植物攀附于他物上。有5种攀援结构:1)卷须:瓜类、葡萄、豌豆2)气生根:常春藤、络石3)叶柄:旱金莲、铁线莲4)钩刺:猪殃殃、白藤5)吸盘:爬山虎(地锦)4缠绕茎茎细长，柔弱，不能直立，以茎本身缠绕它物上升。如牵牛等。*5斜生茎*6平卧茎samplingasroutine.Themeasuringinstruments,measurement,instrumentation,testingequipmentinaccordancewiththePeople'sRepublicofChinaActprovidedforproofingandtestingofmeasurement,newequipmentmusthaveacertificateofcompetency,standardscanbeused.14.2.8informationrecordedandsavedasasingleproject,anyconstructionstepsmusthaveatechnicianofconstructionteamleadersignatureconstructionlogs.Itshouldinclude:warrantyplanworkprocedures;standardspecificationfortechnicalprocurementspecifications;baselineandbenchmarkmeasurementrecords;constructioncrosssectionheightrecords;identificationofconcrete,steelandrawmaterialtestingrecords;recordsofnonconforming;reviewoftheaccidentreportandrecordtheresults.14.3eachsingleengineeredqualityassurancemeasures14.31,Earth-rockexcavationqualitycontrolmeasuresduringexcavationofthesitesurveyorsshouldbefamiliarwiththedrawingsandretestbeforeconstructionsurveyingcontrolnetworkinformationprovidedbyownersandtheaccurateconstructionlines,excavationofconstructionmustbeinstrictaccordancewithtechnicalmeasuresandcontrol.Topsoildredgingmustdigtoaspecifieddepth,toadoptthenecessarymeasurestopreventthesoilfrombeingwashed...2,constructionandlivingroomstobebuiltstrictlyaccordingtotheplan,itisforbidden二、叶的形态术语叶由叶柄、叶片和托叶三部分组成，叶片是叶的绿色平扁部分，也是叶光合作用的主要部位，是叶行使其功能的主要部分。具有叶片、叶柄和托叶三部分的叶称为完全叶，缺少其中任一部分或两部分的称为不完全叶。(一)叶序指叶在茎或枝条上排列的方式叫叶序，常见的有5种:1、互生:每节上只生一片叶，如大豆、棉花、玉米等。2、对生:每节上相对着生两片叶，如丁香、芝麻、薄荷等。3、轮生:三个或三个以上的叶，着生在一个节上，如夹竹桃。4、簇(丛)生:两个以上的叶着生于极度缩短的短枝上，如金钱松、银杏等。5、基生:两片以上的叶着生于地表附近的短茎上称为叶基生。如蒲公英、车前草等。(二)叶形(三)叶尖samplingasroutine.Themeasuringinstruments,measurement,instrumentation,testingequipmentinaccordancewiththePeople'sRepublicofChinaActprovidedforproofingandtestingofmeasurement,newequipmentmusthaveacertificateofcompetency,standardscanbeused.14.2.8informationrecordedandsavedasasingleproject,anyconstructionstepsmusthaveatechnicianofconstructionteamleadersignatureconstructionlogs.Itshouldinclude:warrantyplanworkprocedures;standardspecificationfortechnicalprocurementspecifications;baselineandbenchmarkmeasurementrecords;constructioncrosssectionheightrecords;identificationofconcrete,steelandrawmaterialtestingrecords;recordsofnonconforming;reviewoftheaccidentreportandrecordtheresults.14.3eachsingleengineeredqualityassurancemeasures14.31,Earth-rockexcavationqualitycontrolmeasuresduringexcavationofthesitesurveyorsshouldbefamiliarwiththedrawingsandretestbeforeconstructionsurveyingcontrolnetworkinformationprovidedbyownersandtheaccurateconstructionlines,excavationofconstructionmustbeinstrictaccordancewithtechnicalmeasuresandcontrol.Topsoildredgingmustdigtoaspecifieddepth,toadoptthenecessarymeasurestopreventthesoilfrombeingwashed...2,constructionandlivingroomstobebuiltstrictlyaccordingtotheplan,itisforbidden(四)叶基(五)叶缘samplingasroutine.Themeasuringinstruments,measurement,instrumentation,testingequipmentinaccordancewiththePeople'sRepublicofChinaActprovidedforproofingandtestingofmeasurement,newequipmentmusthaveacertificateofcompetency,standardscanbeused.14.2.8informationrecordedandsavedasasingleproject,anyconstructionstepsmusthaveatechnicianofconstructionteamleadersignatureconstructionlogs.Itshouldinclude:warrantyplanworkprocedures;standardspecificationfortechnicalprocurementspecifications;baselineandbenchmarkmeasurementrecords;constructioncrosssectionheightrecords;identificationofconcrete,steelandrawmaterialtestingrecords;recordsofnonconforming;reviewoftheaccidentreportandrecordtheresults.14.3eachsingleengineeredqualityassurancemeasures14.31,Earth-rockexcavationqualitycontrolmeasuresduringexcavationofthesitesurveyorsshouldbefamiliarwiththedrawingsandretestbeforeconstructionsurveyingcontrolnetworkinformationprovidedbyownersandtheaccurateconstructionlines,excavationofconstructionmustbeinstrictaccordancewithtechnicalmeasuresandcontrol.Topsoildredgingmustdigtoaspecifieddepth,toadoptthenecessarymeasurestopreventthesoilfrombeingwashed...2,constructionandlivingroomstobebuiltstrictlyaccordingtotheplan,itisforbidden3(六)叶裂(七)脉序脉序——贯穿在叶肉内的维管束和其他有关组织组成的。主要有三种:网状脉、平行脉、射出脉(八)单叶和复叶单叶——一个叶柄上只生一张叶片复叶——一个叶柄上生有许多小叶。有羽状复叶、掌状复叶、三出复叶、单身复叶等。samplingasroutine.Themeasuringinstruments,measurement,instrumentation,testingequipmentinaccordancewiththePeople'sRepublicofChinaActprovidedforproofingandtestingofmeasurement,newequipmentmusthaveacertificateofcompetency,standardscanbeused.14.2.8informationrecordedandsavedasasingleproject,anyconstructionstepsmusthaveatechnicianofconstructionteamleadersignatureconstructionlogs.Itshouldinclude:warrantyplanworkprocedures;standardspecificationfortechnicalprocurementspecifications;baselineandbenchmarkmeasurementrecords;constructioncrosssectionheightrecords;identificationofconcrete,steelandrawmaterialtestingrecords;recordsofnonconforming;reviewoftheaccidentreportandrecordtheresults.14.3eachsingleengineeredqualityassurancemeasures14.31,Earth-rockexcavationqualitycontrolmeasuresduringexcavationofthesitesurveyorsshouldbefamiliarwiththedrawingsandretestbeforeconstructionsurveyingcontrolnetworkinformationprovidedbyownersandtheaccurateconstructionlines,excavationofconstructionmustbeinstrictaccordancewithtechnicalmeasuresandcontrol.Topsoildredgingmustdigtoaspecifieddepth,toadoptthenecessarymeasurestopreventthesoilfrombeingwashed...2,constructionandlivingroomstobebuiltstrictlyaccordingtotheplan,itisforbidden单叶和复叶的区别:叶轴的顶端没有顶芽，而小枝常具顶芽;小叶的叶腋一般没有腋芽，芽只出现在叶轴的腋内，而小枝的叶腋都有腋芽;?复叶脱落时，先是小叶脱落，最后叶轴脱落;小枝只有叶脱落;叶轴上的小叶与叶轴成一平面，小枝上的叶与小枝成一定角度。三、花的形态术语(一)、花的形态1.依花的组成状况分:完全花(completeflower)指一朵花中通常由花萼、花冠、雄蕊群和雌蕊群等四部分组成。如桃花。不完全花(incompleteflower)指一朵花中花萼、花冠、雄蕊群和雌蕊群等四部分任缺其中1-3部分的如杨树的雄花。一、花的形态构造及发育(一)、花的组成一朵完整的花可分为六个部分:花柄、花托、花萼、花冠、雄蕊群和雌蕊群根据花中雌蕊、雄蕊的状况可把花分为6类:两性花:兼有雄蕊和雌蕊的花。单性花:仅有雄蕊或雌蕊的花。无性花:花中既无雄蕊，又无雌蕊的花。1.花萼:花的最外轮，由若干萼片组成。离萼:如油菜落萼合萼:如南瓜宿萼:如茄副萼:如草莓距:萼筒在下部一侧伸为短小的管状结构。2.花冠::花萼之内，由若干花瓣组成。离瓣花，合瓣花(花冠筒及花冠裂片)花冠类型:蔷薇形(苹果、梨)十字形(白菜、萝卜)蝶形(大豆、豌豆)漏斗形(牵牛花、打碗花)唇形(一串红、薄荷)钟状(南瓜、桔梗)筒状(向日葵花序中央的花)舌状(如向日葵花序周缘的花)辐射对称(如白菜)又称整齐花两侧对称(如大豆)又称不整齐花不对称(如美人蕉)3.雄蕊群:花冠的内部，是一朵花内所有雄蕊的总称。每个雄蕊由花药和花丝两部分组成。4.雌蕊群:花的中央，是一朵花中所有雌蕊的总称。雌蕊是由1或多个心皮卷合发育而成。心皮为适应生殖的变态叶，是构成雌蕊的基本单位。雌蕊通常分为柱头、花柱和子房三部分。samplingasroutine.Themeasuringinstruments,measurement,instrumentation,testingequipmentinaccordancewiththePeople'sRepublicofChinaActprovidedforproofingandtestingofmeasurement,newequipmentmusthaveacertificateofcompetency,standardscanbeused.14.2.8informationrecordedandsavedasasingleproject,anyconstructionstepsmusthaveatechnicianofconstructionteamleadersignatureconstructionlogs.Itshouldinclude:warrantyplanworkprocedures;standardspecificationfortechnicalprocurementspecifications;baselineandbenchmarkmeasurementrecords;constructioncrosssectionheightrecords;identificationofconcrete,steelandrawmaterialtestingrecords;recordsofnonconforming;reviewoftheaccidentreportandrecordtheresults.14.3eachsingleengineeredqualityassurancemeasures14.31,Earth-rockexcavationqualitycontrolmeasuresduringexcavationofthesitesurveyorsshouldbefamiliarwiththedrawingsandretestbeforeconstructionsurveyingcontrolnetworkinformationprovidedbyownersandtheaccurateconstructionlines,excavationofconstructionmustbeinstrictaccordancewithtechnicalmeasuresandcontrol.Topsoildredgingmustdigtoaspecifieddepth,toadoptthenecessarymeasurestopreventthesoilfrombeingwashed...2,constructionandlivingroomstobebuiltstrictlyaccordingtotheplan,itisforbidden5四、花程式和花图式(一)花程式用一些字母、符号和数字，按一定顺序列成程式以表述花的特征。K---花萼，C---花冠，A----雄蕊群，G代表雌蕊群，P---花被。G:子房上位。G右下角数字:的心皮数、子房室数和每室的胚珠数。“,”:辐射对称花，“?”:两侧对称花;“?”:雄花，“?”:雌花。(二)花图式花图式是将花的各部分用其横切面的简图来表示其数目、离合状态、排列情况等等。圆圈表示花着生的花轴空心的弧线表示苞片带有线条的弧线表示花萼实心的弧线表示花冠子房或花药的切面形状表示雌蕊和雄蕊顶生花不绘花轴和苞片。五、花序及其类型单生花:一朵花单独生长在茎上;花序:植物有许多花按一定规律排列在花轴上的方式。花序大体有两种类型:无限花序和有限花序1、无限花序:开花顺序由下至上，由外至内总状伞房伞形穗状柔荑佛焰头状隐头圆锥(复总状~)复穗状复伞形samplingasroutine.Themeasuringinstruments,measurement,instrumentation,testingequipmentinaccordancewiththePeople'sRepublicofChinaActprovidedforproofingandtestingofmeasurement,newequipmentmusthaveacertificateofcompetency,standardscanbeused.14.2.8informationrecordedandsavedasasingleproject,anyconstructionstepsmusthaveatechnicianofconstructionteamleadersignatureconstructionlogs.Itshouldinclude:warrantyplanworkprocedures;standardspecificationfortechnicalprocurementspecifications;baselineandbenchmarkmeasurementrecords;constructioncrosssectionheightrecords;identificationofconcrete,steelandrawmaterialtestingrecords;recordsofnonconforming;reviewoftheaccidentreportandrecordtheresults.14.3eachsingleengineeredqualityassurancemeasures14.31,Earth-rockexcavationqualitycontrolmeasuresduringexcavationofthesitesurveyorsshouldbefamiliarwiththedrawingsandretestbeforeconstructionsurveyingcontrolnetworkinformationprovidedbyownersandtheaccurateconstructionlines,excavationofconstructionmustbeinstrictaccordancewithtechnicalmeasuresandcontrol.Topsoildredgingmustdigtoaspecifieddepth,toadoptthenecessarymeasurestopreventthesoilfrombeingwashed...2,constructionandlivingroomstobebuiltstrictlyaccordingtotheplan,itisforbidden2、有限花序:开花顺序是由上至下，从内向外植物分类方法(一)、被子植物分类各级单位:界、门、纲、目、科、属、种，各阶层之下分别有亚门、亚纲、亚目、亚科、族、亚族、亚属、亚种、变种、变型等。一、分类的单位种:植物分类系统的基本单位，是具有相似形态特征，表现一定的生物学和生态学特性，能够产生遗传相似的后代，占有一定自然分布区的个体总和。亚种:(subspecies)一个种内的类群，形态上有区别，分布上或生态上或季节上有隔离。变种:(variety)一个种有形态变异，变异较稳定，分布范围(或地区)比亚种小得多。变型:(form)有形态变异，但看不出有一定的分布区，而是零星分布的个体。以水稻为例，说明其在分类上的隶属关系界植物界(RegnumVegetabile)门被子植物门(Angiospermae)纲单子叶植物纲(Momocotyledoneae)亚纲颖花亚纲(Glumiflorae)目禾本目(Graminales)科禾本科(Gramineae)属稻属(Oryza)种稻(OryzasativaL.)samplingasroutine.Themeasuringinstruments,measurement,instrumentation,testingequipmentinaccordancewiththePeople'sRepublicofChinaActprovidedforproofingandtestingofmeasurement,newequipmentmusthaveacertificateofcompetency,standardscanbeused.14.2.8informationrecordedandsavedasasingleproject,anyconstructionstepsmusthaveatechnicianofconstructionteamleadersignatureconstructionlogs.Itshouldinclude:warrantyplanworkprocedures;standardspecificationfortechnicalprocurementspecifications;baselineandbenchmarkmeasurementrecords;constructioncrosssectionheightrecords;identificationofconcrete,steelandrawmaterialtestingrecords;recordsofnonconforming;reviewoftheaccidentreportandrecordtheresults.14.3eachsingleengineeredqualityassurancemeasures14.31,Earth-rockexcavationqualitycontrolmeasuresduringexcavationofthesitesurveyorsshouldbefamiliarwiththedrawingsandretestbeforeconstructionsurveyingcontrolnetworkinformationprovidedbyownersandtheaccurateconstructionlines,excavationofconstructionmustbeinstrictaccordancewithtechnicalmeasuresandcontrol.Topsoildredgingmustdigtoaspecifieddepth,toadoptthenecessarymeasurestopreventthesoilfrombeingwashed...2,constructionandlivingroomstobebuiltstrictlyaccordingtotheplan,itisforbidden7(二)、植物学名:同物异名同名异物1751年，瑞典植物学家林奈(CarlLinne)“双名法”。梅PrunusmumeSieb.etZucc.国际植物命名法规要点每一植物有且只有一个学名(优先律原则)，用拉丁文书写。完整学名包括:属名、种加词、命名人。属名第一个字母大写，种加词小写，斜体，命名人第一个字母大写，正体。学名以模式标本为依据，有效发表时要有拉丁文描述。(三)植物检索表根据二歧分类法的原理，以对比的方式而编制成区分植物种类的表格。由法国的生物学家拉马克提出，是植物分类中识别鉴定植物不可缺少的工具，各门、纲、目、科、属、种都有相应的检索表，其中科、属、种的检索表最为常用，可单独成书或穿插与其它书刊中。常见有定距式和平行式两种。1.定距式(等距式)检索表定距式检索表优点:将相对性质的特征都排列在同样距离，一目了然，便于应用缺点:如果编排的种类过多，检索表势必偏斜而浪费很多篇幅突出的特点:同号同位花被6片2.小坚果具翅;柱头头状;雄蕊通常9;内轮花被片在结果时不增大………………1.大黄属Rheum2.小坚果无翅;柱头画笔状;雄蕊通常6;内轮花被片在结果时增大………………2.酸模属Rumex花被片4或5，很少为6片(裂)3.灌木4.叶常退化成鳞片状;雄蕊12—18;小坚果具4条肋状突起,有翅或刺毛…………3.沙拐枣属Calligonum4.叶不退化成鳞片状;雄蕊6—8;小坚果不具肋状突起,亦无翅或刺毛…………4.针枝蓼属Atraphaxia2.平行式检索表3.草本，很少为灌木平行式检索表5.小坚果与花被等长或未露出……5.蓼属Polygonum优点:排列整齐美观5.小坚果超出花被1—2倍………6.荞麦属Fagopyrum缺点:相对来说使用起来不是一目了然突出的特点:同号相邻，左边对齐使用检索表时应注意:在核对两相形状时，即使已符合第一项，防止偏差。把形态术语使用准确，对每一项充分了解后，再做出取舍，不可以猜度。涉及尺寸大小时，应用尺子测量，不能大致估计。在核对了两项相对性状后，仍不能作出选择时，或手头标本缺少检索表中所列举器官时，可分别从两方面检索，然后从所获得的两个(或多个)相近的结果中，通过核对全面描述而作出判断。samplingasroutine.Themeasuringinstruments,measurement,instrumentation,testingequipmentinaccordancewiththePeople'sRepublicofChinaActprovidedforproofingandtestingofmeasurement,newequipmentmusthaveacertificateofcompetency,standardscanbeused.14.2.8informationrecordedandsavedasasingleproject,anyconstructionstepsmusthaveatechnicianofconstructionteamleadersignatureconstructionlogs.Itshouldinclude