专题20读写综合概要写作之议论文-2021年高考英语题型大冲关

高考概要写作之议论文高考概要写作之议论文知识导图知识导图要要点精析（一）概要写作的总体要求1.使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式,或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思,如改变语态、肯定变否定等,避免抄袭原文句子。概括议论性或论说文时,则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。概括对方观点首先是要转换视角,即以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括。如果给的阅读材料是一则故事,应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么,不能拖泥带水讲细节,而且最好讲出故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。如果是说明性或描述性的短文,就必须用概括性的文字说明一个现象。（二）概要写作的语言微技巧1.要点获取。要点获取过程就是文本解读过程。对于结构比较清楚的段落，可以通过筛选、寻找主题句找到要点，这通常是指能够概括全文或段落的关键句子；对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，可以使用关键词来设计主题句的方法。2.要点转述。要求使用自己的语言来进行自主表述。可以从以下几个主要方面进行转述：（1）同义替换法，指用相同的单词、短语替代原文；（2）语态转换法，指把句子在主动与被动语态之间转化；（3）词性改变法，在写作时，可以尝试改变词性，如将动词改成名词，或把形容词改为名词等手段变化原文；（4）句子重构，概要写作语言要求“以简为贵”，只有掌握多种句式，如定语从句、非谓语动词等，写作时就能从容自若，就能化复杂句式为简单句或整合重组松散句子。3.要点衔接。概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列与堆砌，因此，在获取要点和转述要点之后，应特别关注各要点之间内部联系和逻辑结构，用适当的衔接将要点进行连接，从而形成一篇结构紧凑的小小短文。写作中常见的衔接词如下：1）对立关系包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but,however,yet,onthecontrary,bycontrast,unfortunately,although,eventhough,nevertheless,inspiteof,regardlessof,anyhow,insteadof,ratherthan,not…but等。2）因果关系常用的标志词和短语有：because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so…that,such…that,inorderthat,consequently,accordingly,dueto,thanksto,inresponseto,onaccountof,becauseof,consideringthat,seeingthat,inthat,nowthat,asaresult,forthisreason等。3）并列关系常用的标志词和短语有：and,or,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso,likewise,similarly,equally,inthesameway,thatistosay,aswellas,same…as等。4）总分关系常用的标志词和短语有：suchas,forexample,forinstance,toillustrate,asanillustration,totakeanexample,morespecifically等。5）递进关系常用的标志词和短语有：then,besides,additionally,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,what’sworse,evenworse等。（三）概要写作的注意事项1.概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。2.安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。3.注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。4.不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。5.计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。（四）议论文概要写作技巧议论文（Argumentation）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。（五）议论文概要写作模板议论文：opinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)（六）议论文概要写作样文展示Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

Clicktodownloadteacher①“Bookswillsoonbeobsolete(过时的)inschools,”ThomasEdisonannouncedin1913:theywould,hebelieved,soonbereplacedbysilentfilms.Eachnewwaveofinformationtechnology—radio,television,puters—hasledtosimilarpredictions.Andeachtime,theoldtechnologiesofbooks,classroomsandteachershaveprovedstartlinglyresilient.②Liketeachers,digitaleducationaltechnologyesinmanyforms,fromwonderfultoappalling(糟糕的).But,usedproperly,itnowdeservesmoreprominenceinschools—especiallyinpoorcountrieswherehumanteachersareoftenignorant,absentorboth.③TheUN’sMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsincludedtheambitionthatby2015alltheworld’schildrenwouldpleteprimaryschool.Thishaslargelybeenachieved:nineoutoftenchildrenarenowenrolled.Alas,thefigureisnotasimpressiveasitsounds.Eventhoughmostoftheworld’schildrengotoschool,anawfullotofthemlearnprettymuchnothingthere.④AccordingtoarecentWorldBankstudyofsevensubSaharanAfricancountries,halfofnineyearoldscannotreadasimplewordandthreequarterscannotreadasimplesentence.Thereasonisterribleteaching.Thesamestudyfoundthatonly7%ofteachershadtheminimumknowledgeneededtoteachreadingandwritingeffectively.Whenclassroomswereinspectedtoseewhetherateacherwaspresent,halfthetimetheanswerwasno.⑤Payingteachersmore,inthehopeofrecruitingbetterones,isnottheanswer.Inpoorcountries,teachersarewellpaidbylocalstandards—annualsalariesarefourtimesGDPperpersoninIndiaandfivetimesinKenyaandNigeria.⑥Asforabsenteeism(经常无故缺勤),ifexpensiveteachersdonotturnuptoclass,governmentswould,surely,sackthem?Easiersaidthandone.Poorgovernmentsoftenlackthewherewithal(做某事所需的金钱)tocheckonteachersindistantvillages.⑦Severalrecentstudiessuggestedtechcanhelp.Itseemstobringaboutbiggerimprovementsinpoorcountriesthaninrichones.Someofthescarceresourcesbeingspentonteacherscouldthereforebebetterspentonedtech.Thatdoesnotmeandumpingputersonschoolsinthehopethatchildrenwillunderstandhowtousethem.Instead,itmeansprovidingschoolswithsoftwarethatchildrencanusewithminimalhelpfromanadult,thatsendsteacherspromptsaboutwhattheyaresupposedtobeteachingandthatallowstheauthoritiestocheckonwhethertheteacherisintheclassroom.⑧Scepticsmaywonderwhetherthepoorestplaceshavethenecessaryinfrastructure.ButAfricaiselectrifyingapace(飞速地)—inKenya,electricitycoveragehasgoneupfrom27%to55%ofhouseholdsinthreeyears.Wherethegridisnotavailable,solarchargerscanwork.Schoolsdonotneedinternetaccess.Devicescanbetakentowherethereisaconnectiontouploadordownloadthenecessaryinformation.Costdoesnothavetobeahugeproblemeither.Thebiggestissueisthegovernment’smitment:whereitisenthusiastic,thechancesofsuccessaregood.⑨Technologyisnopanacea(万全之策).Goodtraditionalteachersarenotobsolete,andareneverlikelytobe.Andauthoritiesneedtoholdteacherstoaccount.Butedtechcanhelpgreatly—bymonitoringpupilsandteachersalike,assistingthebestteachersand,mostimportant,makingupforthefailingsoftheworst.【解析指导】1.Mainidea 这是一篇议论文，文章围绕“edtech”这个话题展开。文章开头提出观点：随着科技进步的发展，edtech应该受到更多重视，尤其是在一些贫穷国家。接着，文章详细分析了贫穷国家面临的一些教育问题。虽然在联合国的努力下，许多孩子能够走进校门了，但是学不到什么东西。在这些国家，教师素质不合格，还经常缺勤。而edtech能够很好地解决这些问题。一方面，它可以把课程送进学校，辅助教学；另一方面，政府还可以利用edtech监管教师的出勤。有一些人质疑edtech在贫穷国家的广泛应用，因为缺少必须的基础设施。但是作者认为只要政府决心坚定，这些都不是问题。2.Textstructure 全文可以划分为四个部分： ①②第一部分：陈述观点：edtech在一些贫穷国家应受到更多重视。 ③⑥第二部分：贫穷国家面临的教育问题：师资不合格，教师经常缺勤。⑦⑧第三部分：edtech的优势，以及针对edtech的质疑。⑨第四部分：总结观点：edtech不是万全之策，但是能极大地解决问题。3.Mindmap4.WritingprocedureStep1：细读全文，明确主题。本文主要是随着科技进步的发展，edtech应该受到更多重视。Step2：划分要点。本文分4个要点。Step3：标主题句或关键词。已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。Step4：概括。5.SummarywritingEdtechisasolutiontoeducationalproblemsfacingpoorcountries,likepoorteachingqualityandteachers’frequentabsences.Somehavedoubtsaboutitspopularityinbackwardcountrieswhichmightlacknecessaryinfrastructure,butthisconcernisunnecessaryaslongasgovernmentssupportit.Edtechcanmakeabigdifferencebecauseitfacilitatesteachers’workandhelpsregulateteachingquality.(59words)课堂典例课堂典例Summary1Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.Themainreasonthatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurryisthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.Whenpeopledotheirjobsortakeactioninahurry,theycan’tmakeasounddecisionandprobablyregretlater.Asthesayinggoes,“Hastemakeswaste.”Weshouldthinkcarefullybeforemakingadecisionanddoourworklessquickly.Weshouldnotmakemistakesbydoingworkhurriedly.Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Forexample,takingatraintosomeplacecertainlywilltakemoretimethantakingaplane.However,takingatrainmakespeoplehaveenoughtimetogettoknowalotofnewfriends.Besides,itallowspeopletofullyenjoythebeautifulsceneryalongtheway.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.Asisknowntoall,takingactioninahurrybotherspeopleandraisestheirstress.Peoplethinkiftheyarenotinahurry,theywillbeealoserandthatannoysthem.Butbeinginahurrycanhurtpeoplebothphysicallyandmentally.Accordingtosomestudies,peoplewhohaveaslowerpacesufferfewerdiseases,tendtobehappierandlivemuchlongerthanthosewhoselifeistense,eveniftheformerfinishjobsmoreslowlythanthelatter.Inshort,workingquicklywillbringaboutmorematerialbenefitstomakeoursocietymoreadvanced.Yet,muchstresscan’tbringenjoyment,friendsandhealth,whicharemuchmoreimportantthanmoneyandothermaterialadvantages.Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.【写作指导】知体裁。这是一篇典型的议论文体裁，框架为“总分（总）”即“论点(introductionofthetopic)论据(bodybyreasoning)结论(conclusionbyrestating,summarizingorsuggesting)”，通过“转折词”找文章“论点”。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。Thesedaysoursocietydevelopsrapidlyandforcespeopletorush.Itappearsthatpeoplehavegotusedtobeinginahurry.However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.明论证。根据文章的discoursemarker“话语标记词”如”however,therefore”在文中划出各段“主题句”。1)However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.2)Themainreason（thatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurry）isthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.3)Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.4)Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.5)Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.找论据。完全用“自己简洁的语言”准确转述每一个要点（避免重复），可以用“词性变化或同义词/反义词替换”来转述。1.）However,it’sbetterforpeopletotaketheirtimeandlivetheirlifeataslowerpacethantohurrytogetthingsdone.①Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry/rush.②（Underthestressoffastpacedlife,）itismorebeneficialtoliveaslowerlife.2)Themainreason（thatconvincesustoopposedoingworkinahurry）isthepossibilityofdoingwrongsinarush.①Themainreasonisthatdoingthingshurriedlywillraise/increasethepossibilityofmakingmistakes.②Peoplearemorelikelytomakemistakeswhendoingthingsinahurry.③Itmaybeeasierforpeopletomakemistakeswheninahurry.④Doingworkhurriedlymayeasilyleadtomistakes.3)Slowingdownthepaceoflifehelpspeopleenjoytheirlifebetter.Onthecontrary,beinginahurrywillmakeuslosechancesofenjoyingourlives.①Slowerlifepacecanmakepeople’slifemoreenjoyable.②Livetheirlifeataslowerpacecanbringmoreenjoymenttolife.4)Finally,slowerlifepaceprovidesbetterhealthconditionsforus.①Slowingdownthepaceoflifecankeeppeoplehealthier.②Livetheirlifeataslowerpacehelpspeoplekeepfit.③Slowerlifepaceisbeneficialto/isofbenefitto/doesgoodtopeople’shealth.合并：①Slowingdownthepaceoflifewillnotonlygivepeoplemorechancestoenjoylife,but(also)offerthembetterhealthconditions.②Notonlydoestheslowerlifegivepeopleenjoymentbutalsoit’sbeneficialtotheirhealth.③Livinglifeataslowerpaceensuresahealthierandmoreenjoyablelife.5)Therefore,takeyourtimeandliveyourlifeataslowerpace.①Thus,slowdownyourlifepace.②Thus,beslowandenjoyyourlife.③Thus,enjoyaslowerlifepace.④Thus,let’sslowdownforahealthierandhappierlife.有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑连贯。【参考范文1】Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry.Firstly,peoplearemorelikelytomakemistakeswhendoingthingsinahurry.Secondly,slowerlifepacecanbringmoreenjoymenttolife.Lastly,itisbeneficialtopeople’shealth.So,beslowandenjoylife.【参考范文2】Tolivelifeataslowerpaceisbetterthantolivelifeinahurry.Themainreasonisthatdoingthingshurriedlywillraisethepossibilityofmakingmistakeswhileslowingdownthelifepacecannotonlymakepeople’slifemoreenjoyablebutalsokeeppeoplehealthier.Thus,let’sslowdownforahealthierandhappierlife.Summary2Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Weseeiteverywhere.Atiredparent,attheendofastressfulday,losesit—andachildsuffers.We’dliketohelpifwecould,butwehesitate.Isitourbusinesstointervene(干涉)?Andifwedo,willweembarrassandoffendtheparent,makinghimorherevenmoreangrywiththechild?Isn’titwisertowalkpastwithoutment?Afterall,noneofusisaperfectparent.Thereseemstobeamonassumptioninoursocietythatinterveningonbehalfofachildinapublicplaceisnecessarilyhurtfulandcritical.Itneedstobeneither.Thereisaworldofdifferencebetweenhurtfulcriticism(“Howdareyoutreatyourchildlikethat?”)andhelpfulinterventiondoneinacaringway(“Itcanbereallyhardtomeettheirneedswhenyou’resobusy.IsthereanythingIcandotohelp?”)Thereisnothingessentialininterventionthatrequiresonetobeoffensive.MyfriendsandIhavewitnessedsomereallyharmfulacts:hitting,severeverbalabuse,hurtfulparisonstobrothersandsisters,andsoon.Thesechildrenacceptthistreatmentbecausetheyaretoohelplessandinexperiencedtostandupforthemselves.Thatemotionalabuse(虐待)leavesnooutwardscarsshouldnotexcuseusfromhelpingthesechildren.Thoseofuswhocanrecognizedamagingtreatmenthaveanobligationtostepin.Thereisonemorereasonforinterveningthatisnearlyalwaysoverlookedinthesediscussions,butwhichIconsidertobethemostsignificant:thelifelongeffectitcanhaveonthechild.Manyadultsincounselingsessionsstillrecallwithgratitudetheonetimethatastrangersteppedinontheirbehalf,andhowmuchitmeant:thatsomeonecared,andthatthechild’sfeelingsofangerandfrustrationwererecognizedandaccepted.Theseadultshavestatedtomethatthisoneinterventionchangedtheirlivesandgavethemhope.Arewetobypasstheopportunitytomakesuchabigdifferenceinthelifeofachild?【写作指导】通读全文可以得出文章是作者对父母在身体，语言，情感上虐待小孩子进行积极干预的一篇论述。第一段：引入现象。找中心词：weseeiteverywhere。关键词It指代的是后文描述的父母因压力冲小朋友发脾气的现象。Childsuffers…butwehesitate….intervene…weembarrassandoffendtheparent.概括起来就是：我们很犹豫去帮助受虐待的小朋友碍于怕尴尬和冒犯父母。peoplemayhesitatetohelpwhentheyseechildrenabusedbytheirparentsinpublicbecausetheyareafraidtoembarrassandoffendtheparent.第二段：提出问题onbehalfofachildinapublicplaceisnecessarilyhurtfulandcritical.Itneedstobeneither.在公共场合为进行干预带来伤害和批评。但是现在这两者情况都没必要。关键词：difference…hurtfulcriticism…helpfulintervention.伤害性的批评(指责父母)和有益的干预(有什么可以帮您吗?)是大不同的。至此，作者正式提出了他的观点：对虐待行为采取有益的干预方式。However,interventioncanbedoneinanonoffensiveway.第三段：例证作者及朋友亲眼所见的虐待现象同时提出小朋友忍受的原因,关键句：toohelplessandinexperiencedtostandupforthemselves…haveanobligationtostepin.小朋友太无助，缺乏经验不能为自己发声。针对这种状况我们有义务介入。Sincechildrenaretooyoungtostandupforthemselves,weareobligedtointervene。第四段：作者进一步提出我们为什么要积极干预?onemorereason…themostsignificant:thelifelongeffectonthechild.对小朋友一生有重大影响。什么影响呢?一位陌生人为他而来关心他理解他，小朋友心怀感激。关键句：thisoneinterventionchangedtheirlivesandgavethemhope.改变了受虐待小朋友的一生给予他们希望。mayhavealifelongeffectontheirfuture/growth。【参考范文】Peoplemayhesitatetohelpwhentheyseechildrenabusedbytheirparentsinpublicbecausetheyareafraidtoembarrassandoffendtheparent.However,interventioncanbedoneinanonoffensiveway.Sincechildrenaretooyoungtostandupforthemselves,weareobligedtointervene,whichmayhavealifelongeffectontheirfuture/growth.(58words)Summary3Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Tiredofallthepushinginsupermarkets?Fedupwithwaitinginendlesslinestopayforwhatyouhavebought?Angryatwastingtimeintrafficjamsonlytofindnoparkingspaceswhenyoueventuallyarriveatthestore?Ifthisisyou,thenonlineshoppingistheanswertoyourdreamsoftroublefreeshopping.Onlineshoppingbringsitsownchallenges.Hereareafewthingstobearinmindwhenbrowsingvariouswebsites.Theclaimmadebyonlinesitesisthatshoppingonlineisasafeandsecurewaytomakepurchases.Theevidencechallengesthis.Inanycase,youonlyhavetobethevictimoffraud(欺骗)oncetoexperiencealltheproblemsthatewiththisformofstealing.Useonlysitesthathaveatrustedhistoryandanexcellentreputation.Anotherproblemisthattheappearanceofitemsinrealityisoftenquitedifferentfromwhatyouseeonyourputerscreen.Thismightnotbeaproblemifyouarebuyingwashinguppowderbutcouldbeamajordisappointmentwhenthatbeautifulbluedressyouorderedturnsupingreen.Also,productdescriptionsaresometimessimplyuntrue!Perhapsthewisestplanistopurchaseitemswhosedesignandcolorarenotessentialtocustomersatisfaction.Someevenarguethatonlineshoppingindirectlycontributestoglobalwarming.Yes,yourcarcanstayparkedbuthowareonlinegoodsdelivered?Oftenbysomelargevanpouringoutcarbonmonoxideandaddingtoouralreadydesperatetrafficproblems.Youarealsobynowbeingincreasinglyirritated(使烦恼)bythefactthatthedeliveryislate!【写作指导】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了网购的优势及需要注意的几个问题。第一段引入话题，介绍网购可以为顾客避免很多麻烦。第二段指出存在的挑战，即可能被欺骗。第三段指出对商品的描述可能名不副实，最后一段指出快递运输可能会有助于全球变暖。文章结构清晰，易于概括。【参考答案】(要点一)Onlineshoppingcanfreeyouofthetroubleyoumeetwhenbuyingthingsinstore.(要点二)However,ithaschallenges.Firstly,youshouldbearinmindthatyoumustusesiteswhichdeservetrusting.(要点三)Secondly,youshouldn’tbelieveallthedescriptionsbecausetheymaybeuntrue.(要点四)Lastly,youshouldknowalthoughthedeliverymaybelate,itmaycauseglobalwarming.实战演练实战演练SummaryDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.FourdayWorkweekIntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafourdayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Ifalawrequiredpaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafourdayworkweekforfourfifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpay,itwouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualpaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasepanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeacplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpaythepanyhastoprepareforthesepeople,becausefourdayemployeeswouldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,panieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderrorprone(容易出错的)employeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasepanyprofits.Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.Ifmanyfulltimeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredatthe80percentrate.Finally,theoptionofafourdayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.Employeeswhocouldaffordalowersalaryinexchangeformorefreetimecouldimprovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivateinterests,orenjoyingleisureactivities.【参考答案】Workingforfourdaysaweekwithlesspaywouldbebeneficialatthreelevels.First,paniescouldhiremoreenergeticandalertemployeeswithoutincreasingpayrelatedcosts.Second,thecountrywouldhavelowerunemploymentrateswithmorepeopleatwork.Finally,employeeswouldliveabetterqualityoflifewithmorefreetime.Directions:Readthefollowing