简析《红楼梦》称谓语的翻译毕业论文

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SOUTHCHINA毕业论文GRADUATETHESIS论文题目：简析《红楼梦》称谓语的翻译学生姓名：专业班级：11英语2班学院：外国语学院指导教师：2015年4月11日AnalysisonTranslationofAddressFormsinDreamoftheRedChamberByAgraduatethesissubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofBachelorofArtstotheCollegeofForeignLanguagesSOUTHMay30th,2015摘要《红楼梦》是我国古典四大名著之一，既反映了封建礼教，同时又集中反映了作为礼仪之邦的中国传统文化。作者在小说中使用了大量的称谓语，体现了封建大家族复杂的人物关系，也塑造了生动丰富的人物形象。本课题以维索尔伦的顺应论为理论框架，分别以杨宪益和霍克斯两个英译本对《红楼梦》称谓语的翻译为例，分析该翻译过程中运用的翻译策略，以及所体现的文化差异。本课题分析了《红楼梦》两个英译本的称谓语在语境关系顺应、结构客体顺应，顺应的动态性，以及顺应过程的意识程度，基于顺应论的基础上，对两个英译版本的不同进行对比，并且选择合适的翻译方式。关键词顺应论；红楼梦；称谓语；翻译

ABSTRACTDreamoftheRedChamberisoneofChinaFourMasterpiece.ItnotonlyreflectsfeudalethicsbutalsofocusesonChinesetraditionalculture.Therearemanypeopleinthenovel.Theauthorbuildsmanyimagesandusesalotofaddressformsamongthemintheclassicnovel.Itshowsthecomplexrelationshipsinthefeudalfamily.Differentkindofaddressformsalsoshapevividandabundantcharacters.ThisthesisadoptsVerschueren’stheoryofAdaptabilityasthebasictheory.TakingYangHsien-yi’sversionandHawkes’versionasexample,itanalyzestheaddressformsintheDreamoftheRedChamber.Itanalyzestheuseofdifferentstrategiesintheprocessoftranslation.Itcanalsoshowsthedifferentculturebetweenthedifferentcountries.Comparingtothetwoversions,thisthesisanalyzestheaddressformsbothinYang’sversionandHawkes’version.Theybasesonthetheoryofadaptability,includingcontextualcorrelatesofadaptability,structuralobjectsofadaptability,dynamicsofadaptabilityandsalienceoftheadaptabilityprocesses.Comparingthetwodifferentversions,translatorscanchoosethebesttranslationapproaches.KeywordsAddressForms;Adaptability;DreamoftheRedChamber;Translation

CONTENTSTOC\o"1-3"\u摘要 IABSTRACT IIChapter1Introduction 11.1DefinitionofAddressForms 11.2InfluencedfactorsaboutAddressForms 11.2.1Culturalfactors 11.2.2DifferentStatusandspecificcontext 21.3Necessityofdissertation 3Chapter2LiteratureReview 52.2Previousstudies 52.2.1ThestudyoftheChinesetranslationofaddresstermsinDreamoftheRedChamber 52.2.2ThestudyoftheEnglishtranslationofaddresstermsinDreamoftheRedChamber 52.2.3Limitations 6Chapter3AnalysisoftheTheoryofAdaptability 73.1ContextualCorrelatesofAdaptability 73.2StructuralObjectsofAdaptability 73.3DynamicsofAdaptability 83.4SalienceoftheAdaptabilityProcess 84.1Translationstrategies 104.1.1Domesticationandforeignization 104.1.2Specification 104.2Adaptabilityinthenovel 114.2.1Adaptationtotheactuallanguage 114.2.2Adaptiontosocialcustoms 114.2.3Adaptiontopsychology 12Chapter5Conclusion 14BIBLIOGRAPHY 15ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 16Chapter1IntroductionDreamoftheRedChamberisoneofChinaFourMasterpiece.Therearemorethansevenhundredpeopleinthenovel,somanyaddressformsexistsinit.Addressformsareimportantinourdailylife.Itcanshowustherelationshipbetweenpersonandperson.1.1DefinitionofAddressFormsInOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionary,itisdefiedas“styleofaddressingsomebodyinspeechorwriting.”(王樱，2008)ChenXiafangsaid,“Addressformsarethewordorwordsusedtothepersonorpersonsthespeakerwantshis/herword(s)tobereceivedandinterpreted.Theycanbepersonalpronouns,personalnames,titles,kinshipterms,nicknames,nominalphrases,etc.”(王樱，2008)6Braun(1988)said,“Addressindeedisthebasicconceptofaddresstheory.Thetermdenotesaspeaker’slinguisticreferencetohis/hercollocutor(s)…Formsofaddressarewordsandphrasesusedforaddressing.Theyrefertothecollocutorandthuscontainastrongelementofdeixis…Thesystemofaddresscomprisesthetotalityofavailableformsandtheirinterrelationsinonelanguage…Inmostlanguage,formsofaddressconcentrateonthreewordclasses.(1)pronoun(2)verb(3)noun,supplementedbywordswhicharesyntacticallydependentonthem.”(王樱，2008)5“Addresstermsareasystemoftermsusedtodesignatepeopleaccordingtotheirstatus,profession,sex,andsoon,reflectingdifferentsocialrelationships.”(王樱，2008)6Theycanbeusedinwritingandspeech.1.2InfluencedfactorsaboutAddressForms1.2.1CulturalfactorsDuetothedifferentcultureofChineseandEnglish,onlyasmallnumberofaddressformsinthetwolanguagescanbeconsideredequivalent.ThetranslationofaddressformsformChinesetoEnglishwillinevitablyinvolvethelossofoneormoreaspectsofmeaningthattheoriginaltermscontain.Thetranslatorhastotakesomemeasurestomakethetranslationasclosetotheoriginalaspossible.Andsinceveryoftenonetermmaycontainseveralaspectsofmeaning,whenthereinvolveslossofmeaning,thetranslatorshouldmakeadecisiononwhichaspectoraspectsofmeaningcanbelostandwhichcannot.ThereforethebiggestproblemthetranslatorwillmeetintheprocessoftranslationofaddressformsinDreamoftheRedChamberistodecidewhichaddressformsshouldbetranslatedmorecloselyandwhichaspectoraspectsofmeaningshouldbegivenpriority.Yang’sversionfacestoChinesepeoplewhounderstandEnglishandpeoplewhoareinterestedinChineseculture.Forexample,湘云笑道：“都是二婶娘叫穿的。谁愿意穿这些。”宝钗一旁笑道：“姨妈不知道，他穿衣裳，还更爱穿别人的。”(曹雪芹，2010)253BothYangHsien-yiandHawkeschoosetotranslatethetwoaddressformsinto“aunt”.ItshowsthedifferenceofaddressformsbetweenChinesecultureandEnglishculture.ChineseaddressformsaremorecomplicatedthanthoseinEnglish.1.2.2DifferentStatusandspecificcontextBecauseofdifferentstatusbetweenthespeakersandconsideringspecificcontext,thesameaddressformsindifferentspeechmaybetranslatedindifferentways.Whentranslating,translatorshouldconsidermoreaboutitandusedifferentapproachtotranslateit.Forexample,(1)这门子忙上来请安，笑问：“老爷一向加官进禄，八九年来就忘了我了。”(曹雪芹，2010)33(2)探春听说，越发动了气：“他只管这么想，我只管认得老爷太太两个人，别人我一概不管。(曹雪芹，2010)223(3)宝玉如得了珍宝，便赶上来拉他，说道：“快进去告诉，老爷要打我呢！”(曹雪芹,2010)264(4)王夫人连忙抱住，哭道：“老爷虽然应当管教儿子，也要看夫妻份上。”(曹雪芹，2010)265Insentenceone,itmeansChiaYucun,anewprefectofYingtian.SoYangHsien-yitranslatesitinto“YourHonor”.BecauseofthesimilaritiesbetweenChineseaddressformsandEnglishaddressforms,itispossibletoberegardedequivalent.Insentencetwoandthree,itmeansChiaZheng.BecauseTanchunisChiazheng’sdaughter,Yangtranslationsitinto“Father”.Insentencethree,Paoyusaystoservanttoletherhelphim.Thetranslatorshouldconsiderthestatusbetweenbothsides;Yangtranslatesitinto“TheMaster”.Yang’sversionmeetsthelanguagehabits.Insentencefour,itisfromMrs.Wang.Mrs.Wangcallherhusbandinthiswaytoshowrespectthestatusbecausethereareotherpeopleaside.Ontheotherhand,itmayincludediscontentbecauseshespoilsPaoyuverymuch.YangandHawkestranslatesitinto“SirZheng”.(1)袭人听了，便冷笑道：“从此以后我是太太的人了，我要走，连你也不必告诉，只回了太太就走。”(曹雪芹，2010)286(2)宝玉笑道：“太太不知道，林妹妹是内症，先天生的弱，所以禁不住一点儿风寒，不过吃两剂煎药。”(曹雪芹，2010)227(3)（贾母）说着便令人去看轿马，“我和你太太、宝玉立刻回南京去！”(曹雪芹，2010)265(4)周瑞家的道：“这个自然的，如今太太事多心烦，有客来了，略可推得去的，也就推过去了，都是这凤姑娘周旋迎带。”(曹雪芹，2010)52Becausethecallerisdifferent,thepragmaticmeaningisdifference.Insentenceone,XirenistrustedbyMrs.Wang.BothYangandHawkestranslateitinto“TheLadyship”.Insentencetwo,becausethereareotherpeoplesuchasPao-chai,DaiyuandXifengaside,heusesittocallhismother.Yangtranslatesitinto“Madam”butHawkestranslatesitinto“Mother”.Insentencethree,theladyDowagerwantstocomebackNanjingbecauseChiaZhengbeatsPaoyu.TheladyDowagerfeelsangry,soYang’sversion“Yourmistress”accordswithherstatus.Insentencefour,theservantZhoutalkstoGrannyLiuandcallMrs.Wanginthatway.Althoughtheaddressformsaresamebetweenthesepeople,PaoyurespectshismotherwhiletheservantreveresMrs.Wang.Yangtranslatesit“Themistress”.Itiscorrespondtothemasterbefore.WhileHawkestranslatesitinto“HerLadyship”.Itiscorrespondto“SirZheng”before.1.3NecessityofdissertationAddressformsissignificantinalmostanylanguage.Inthedialogue,theyareusedtoaddressotherstocommunicateorpeoplethemselves.Addressformsarecloselyrelationtothecultureoftheusersoflanguage.Becauseofdifferentculturesbetweendistinctcountries,addressformsinacountrywillbedifferentfromthoseinothercountries.Basedonthis,ChineseaddressformsandthoseinEnglishcanbedividedintodifferentparts.Itcanbeeasilytofindaddressformsinmanyliterature,amongwhichistheclassicalmasterpieceDreamoftheRedChamber,anoveldeeplyrootedinChinesecultureandshowingtherankinfeudalfamily.Inthisnovel,therearetoomanypeopleappear.Sotheaddressformsinthenovelwithdifferentcategoriescanbeeasilyfound.Theaddressformsinthenovelalmostincludeallkindsofsystemofaddressforms.TheresearchontranslationofaddressformsbetweenChineseandEnglishisnecessaryforthatdiscussaboutaddressformsinDreamoftheRedChamberbeginslateandlittle,comparingtootheraspects.

Chapter2LiteratureReview2.2Previousstudies2.2.1ThestudyoftheChinesetranslationofaddresstermsinDreamoftheRedChamberAsoneofthemostfamousworksintheancientChineseliterature,DreamoftheRedChamberhasbeenstudiedbothintensivelyandextensively.However,itisregrettablethattheuseofaddressformsinthenovelhasdrawnlittleattention.Inhisthesis,LiuDan-qing(1997)pintsoutthattheaddressterm“姨”intheworktakestwooralforms“姨妈”and“姨娘”.Thepaper,takingthefirsteightychaptersasdatasource,findsthatthesetwotermsdifferalotfromeachother,anddrawstheconclusionthat“姨妈”and“姨娘”refertoone’smother’seldersisterandyoungersisterrespectively.(南旭东，2006)8Inhismonograph,ChenYi-ping(2005)approachesthetermsofaddressintheDreamoftheRedChamberfromsociolinguistic,function-linguistic,pragmaticandrhetoricalperspectives.(南旭东，2006)8TheauthorbelievesthatthecharacteristicsofChineseaddressaredeterminedbytwomainfactors:ChinesecultureandChineselanguage.2.2.2ThestudyoftheEnglishtranslationofaddresstermsinDreamoftheRedChamberComparingtoaddressformsinEnglish,alotofaddressformsareuniquetoChineseculture.Yet,itisonlythroughanextensiveandintensivecomparisonthatwecanfindthatuniqueness.Nowadays,theresearchesonthetranslationofDreamoftheRedChamberareintendedtocontrastthedifferencebetweenthedifferentversions,especiallythatbyYangHsien-yiandthatbyHawkes.OneofsuchbooksiswrittenbyFanSheng-yu(2004).ItisXiaoWei-qing(2004)thatdiscussesthetranslationoftheaddresstermsintheworkandcategorizesthetermsintothreetypes:ChinesaddresstermsthathavetheirEnglish“fullequivalents”,say,“父亲”asopposedto“father”;Chinesetermsthathaveonly“halfequivalents”,say,“堂兄”asopposedto“cousin”;ChinesetermsthathavenoEnglishequivalents,say,theChinesehumblingterms.AndafterappraisingHawkes’translation,whichtendstobethetarget-languageorcultureoriented,andYangHsien-yi’s,whichtendstobethesource-languageorcultureorcultureoriented,hebelievesthateitherisjustified.(南旭东，2006)92.2.3LimitationsThediscussionofaddressformstranslationinthenovelmayinvolvesomelimitations.Asaddressformsaredeeplyrootedinculture,therearemuchmoredifferencesthansimilaritiesbetweenChineseandEnglishaddressforms．AndtherearemanyChineseaddressformsandwaysofaddressingthataredifficulttounderstandtopeopleofEnglish-speakingcountries，letaloneequivalentEnglishterms．Thereforeeventhoughnearlyeveryaddressformcanbetranslated,onecanneverbesoconfidentthatreadersofthetargetlanguagecanunderstandandappreciateeverytranslation．

Chapter3AnalysisoftheTheoryofAdaptabilityVerschuerenthinksthattheprocessofusingthelanguageistheprocessofchoiceoflanguage.Nomatterwhetherthechoiceisintentionalornot,nomattertheinternalreasonofthelanguageorexternalreason,usinglanguageischoosinglanguageconstantly.Therearefivecharacteristicsofthechoiceoflanguage.First,thechoiceoflanguagehappensintheleveloflanguageconstruction.Second,thechoiceoflanguageincludesthechoiceoflinguisticformandthechoiceofcommunicativestrategy.Third,whentheusersoflanguagemakeachoice,thesalienceoftheadaptabilityisdifferent.Fourth,verbalcommunicationmeanscommunicationapproachesmustbechose.Fifth,inacertaindegree,thechoiceexiststendentiousness.Accordingtotheadaptability,itshoulddescribeandexplaintheuseoflanguagefromfourlevels,thatiscontextualcorrelatesofadaptability,structuralobjectsofadaptability,dynamicsofadaptabilityandsalienceoftheadaptabilityprocess.3.1ContextualCorrelatesofAdaptabilityTheprocessoftranslationistheprocessthattranslatorsusethetargetlanguage.Onthebasisofadaptability,translatorsproducetranslationcoincidencewithtargetlanguagebymeansofcontinuallychoice,consultationandadaption.Contextualcorrelatesofadaptabilitymeansthatthechoiceoflanguagemustadapttocontextintheprocessofusinglanguage.Thecontextcontainscommunicationcontextandlanguagecontext.Insomedegree,boththetwocontextscaninfluencetheusersmakethechoiceoflanguagewhenuseandunderstandthelanguage.Becausetheprocessofchoiceisdynamic,theproduceofcontextisalteration.Intheprocessoftranslatingoriginallanguageintotargetlanguage,translatorshouldconsideroriginalcontextandtranslatedcontext.Becauseliteraturetranslationisacross-languageandcross-cultureactivity,3.2StructuralObjectsofAdaptabilityStructuralobjectsofadaptabilitymeansmakeachoiceoflanguageinmanyaspectssuchaschoosinglanguage,choosingcode,choosingstyleandchoosingconstituent,choosingdifferentkindsoflanguageandprincipleofconstruction.Intheprocessoftranslation,structuralobjectsofadaptabilityisthattranslatorchooseinpronunciation,vocabularyandparagraph.Itaimstocreatethemeaning.3.3DynamicsofAdaptabilityThedynamicsofadaptabilityintheprocessofusinglanguage,inessence,isthemutualadaptationbetweencontextandstructureoflanguageinthechoiceoflanguage.Itcanproducethedynamicsoflanguagemeaning.Whenseveralfactorsaffecttogether,itcanmakeappropriatechoicetoaccordwithcommunicativecontextandmakelanguagefitthemeaningofcommunicativecontext.Ifatranslatorwantstomakeatranslation,heshouldmakeachoiceofadaptingcontextandlanguagestructure.Andthechoiceandfactorsofcontexttakeeffect.Theycanleadtoproducemeaningtranslation.Accordingtoadaptability,languageisvariation,deliberationandadaption.Thevariationanddeliberationoflanguagedecidethatthechosenlanguageincommunicativecontextchangeableandtheresultofthechoiceisdeliberation.Bydifferentpossibilityofselectionanddeliberationagainandagain,itcanreachtheaimtoadaptcommunicativecontextandcommunicatesuccessfully.Translationisaprocessfromoriginallanguagetotargetlanguage,whiletranslatorfacestoaseriesofelectedprobability.Nomatterwhichstrategythetranslatorschoose,theyshoulddeliverthetruthmeaningoforiginallanguageandmakethechosenlanguageaccordwithlanguagestructureandculturalcontextofthetargetlanguage.3.4SalienceoftheAdaptabilityProcessThefactorofcognizanceisalsosignificantinthetranslation.Intheprocessofusinglanguage,choosinglanguageandmakingadaptation,itwillrefertothementalfactor.Thatissalienceoftheadaptabilityprocess.Thesocietyandcognizanceisindivisible.Thesocietycombiningwithcognizanceproducesocialpsychology.Itisthebasisofusersoflanguagemakingadaptionandproduction.Ontheonehand,thereisnoexistenceofabstractcognizancewithoutinfluencedbysocialfactors.Ontheotherhand,ifsocialfactorsarenotdealtbycognizance,itcannothaveanyeffectonthechoiceoflanguage.Intheprocessofcommunication,becauseoftheexistenceofsocialpsychology,itwillgeneratedifferentprocessesofmindandthedegreeofcognizanceisnotalike.Theusers’choiceoflanguageneedtoberestrictedbysocialcriterion.Inordertoadapt,translatorsshouldconsiderdifferentkindsoffactors,chooseproperlanguageandmakesuitableadaption.Theprocessoftranslatorwillrefertothefactorofcognizance.Nomatteritisconsciousnessornot,thetranslatorshouldmakethechoiceadapttotheexpressionoflanguageandcontext.

Chapter4AddressFormsintheNovel4.1Translationstrategies4.1.1DomesticationandforeignizationAddressformsinDreamoftheRedChamberincludesChineseculture.InordertotransmitChineseculture,itisbettertousedomestication.Buttherelationshipsinitarecomplex.ToletreadersknowtherelationshipsinChinese,itisagoodwaytouseforeignizationtomakeitclear.Forexample,“璜大奶奶是他姑娘，你那姑妈只会打旋磨子，给我们琏二奶奶跪着借当头，我眼里就看不起他那样的主子奶奶。”(曹雪芹，2010)79Inthesentence,thetranslatortranslatesthefirstaddressinto“Mrs.ChiaHuang”.Inthetranslation,ratherthantranslatingitdirectly,thetranslatortranslatesitintoMrs.ChiaHuang,usingforeignizationtofollow堪堪又是一载光阴，谁知女学生之母贾夫人一疾而终，女学生侍汤奉药，守丧尽哀。(曹雪芹，2010)15Translatortranslatesitinto“LadyChia”.AccordingtoBritishandAmericancultures,whencallingamarriedwoman,itshouldusesurnameofthehusband.Inthesentence,LadyChia,wifeofLinRuhai,hersurnameisChia.IftranslatedinMrs.Chiadirectly,readersmaymisunderstandinhersurnameandidentify.Theymaynotknowwhothewomanis.Toavoidtheproblem,thetranslatorusedomesticationtotranslateitintoLadyChia.4.1.2SpecificationBecauseofdifferentexpressionindifferentlanguage,sometimesinordertomakereadersunderstanditclearly,translatorsshouldtranslateunspecifiedwordsintospecifiedwords.Andtheymusttrytomakeitdirectlytothereaders.Forexample,“我们那一个还道是没事的，所以不太着急，若听见了，也是要唬个半死儿的。”(曹雪芹，2010)774Inthissentence,Pao-Chaitellshermothertocomfortandwantstogivesomemoneytohermother.Shemeanstheaddressformsherhusband.Inordertomakereadersknowwhichoneitrefersto,thetranslatortranslatesitinto“Pao-yu”4.2Adaptabilityinthenovel4.2.1AdaptationtotheactuallanguageAdaptationtotheactuallanguageisthatwhentranslatorschoosetheproperapproachesoftranslation,theymustberestrictedandbeinfluencedbyconstituentandcharacteristicsinthetwokindsoflanguage.Becauseofthedifferentculturalbackgrounds,addressformsinChineseandinEnglishisdifferent,suchasquantityandrange.InChinese,differentrelativeshaveitsownkinship,suchas表姐，堂弟，表妹，表哥。ButinEnglish,thereisonlyoneword“cousin”thatcanexpressallofthesemeaning.AddressformsinChinesenotonlyusetocallrelatives,butalsousetocallacquaintanceswhoarenotrelatives,neighborsevenstrangers.So,whentranslatorstranslateaddressforms,theyshouldfocusonthedistinctbetweenvirtualrelationshipandrealrelationship.Andtheyshouldnottranslatethevirtualaddressformsintorealaddressforms.Forexample,孩子道：“哪个周大娘？我们这里，周大娘有三个呢，还有两个周奶奶，不知是哪一行当的。”(曹雪芹，2010)52YangHsien-yitranslatethetwoaddressformsinto“AuntieZhou”and“granny”,whileHawkestranslatethetwoaddressformsinto“Mrs.Zhou”and“aoldwoman”.Comparingtothetwoversion,Yang’sversionchoosethewayofliteraltranslationandforeignizationtodirectlytranslateitintoauntieandgranny.Itwillnotletreadersunderstandthesentenceandtherelationshipbetweenthespeakers.Itwillinfluencetheunderstandingofthetranslation.Itcannotreachtheaimtocommunicateaswell.Theuseoftwoaddressformsintheoriginaltextcanshortenthedistancebetweenthespeakersandthelisteners.Ontheotherhand,itcanshowtherespectofspeakerstolisteners.Therefore,translatorshouldadaptthestandardandcustomoftargetlanguage.Thetranslatorshouldchoosefreetranslationanddomesticationtotranslateitandmakethereaderswhousetargetlanguageunderstandthedifferentstatusbetweenthespeakerandthelisteners.Sothatitwillmakethecommunicationcontinue.4.2.2AdaptiontosocialcustomsAdaptiontosocialcustomsmeansthatthespeakerschoosethelanguagedependingonsocialculture,customandrule.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorhavetwoculturesontheirshoulders.Therefore,theyshouldconsidertheoriginallanguagereferringtothesocialcustom.Ontheotherhand,theyshouldconsiderifthisruleisintherangeofthecognitionofreaderswhousetargetlanguage.Ifthisrulecanbereceivedbytargetculture,thetranslatorcanuseliteraltranslation;ifthisrulecannotbereceivedorunderstoodbyreaders,thechoiceofdynamicsofadaptionshouldbefreetranslation.Forexample,“内中深情底里，奴才不知道，不敢妄回。求奶奶问兴儿，他是长跟二爷出门的。”(曹雪芹，2010)530BothYangHsien-yiandHawkestranslatethefirstaddressforminto“I”.Yangtranslatesthesecondoneinto“thesecondmaster”whileHawkestranslatesitinto“themaster”.WhenCaoXueqinwrotetheDreamoftheRedChamber,itisthetimesoffeudalismandthesocialrankisstrict.Whenreaderswhousetargetlanguagecannotunderstandthesocialcustom,freetranslationisthebestchoice.Therefore,thetwoversionschoosetotranslatethefirstaddressforminto“I”.Iftranslatingitintotheslaveinliteraltranslation,thereadersmaynotknowwhichonethewordcalls.Forthesecondaddressform,thetwoversionschoosethedifferentapproachestotranslateit.Chinesepeopleareusedtorankingthepeopleinthesamestatusofthegenerationinthefamily,whilethispointcannotbereceivedbyforeigners.SoHawkes’versioncanbeeasilyreceivedbyreaderswhousestargetlanguage.4.2.3AdaptiontopsychologyPsychologyormotivationincludesindividuality,emotion,belief,desireandintention.Theactiveoftranslationisactuallytwicecommunicatinginnerlanguage.Inotherwords,itisthefirstcommunicationbetweenauthorandtranslatorsandthesecondcommunicationbetweentranslatorsandreadersoftranslation.Inthesecondcommunication,thetranslatorsfacetoalotofchoicesofexpressingstrategiesandskills.Atthemoment,thepsychologyoftranslatorsplayaimportantpartinthetranslation.Thetranslatorsarethemediumbetweenthetwocultures.Whenfacingtotheoriginalcultureandthetargetculture,theycanchoosethreeculturalpositions.Thefirstisoriginallanguage.Thesecondistargetlanguage.Thethirdiscommunicatingoriginallanguageandtargetlanguage.Whichculturalpositionthetranslatorschoose,orinotherwords,whichpsychologyandmotivationthetranslatorschoosewillinfluencetheproduceoftranslation.Forexample,雨村忙笑道：“岂敢，不过偶吟前人之句，何敢狂诞至此，老兄何兴至此？”(曹雪芹，2010)9YangHsien-yitranslatesitinto“mybrother”whileHawkestranslatesitinto“mydeerfellow”.刘姥姥便说“原是特来瞧瞧嫂子你，二则也请姑太太的安。若可以领我见一见更好，若不能，便借重嫂子转致意罢了。”(曹雪芹，2010)52YangHsien-yitranslatesitinto“sister”whileHawkestranslatesitinto“deersoul”.Fromthetwoexamplesabove,itcanshowthatwhentranslatingtheaddressforms,YangandHawkeschoosedifferentapproachestotranslateit.YangchoosesliteraltranslationmorewhileHawkeschoosesfreetranslationmore.Becausethetwoversionshavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.In1964,YangHsien-yiandhiswifeGladysYangaccepttherequest.TheiraimistointroducethefamousandclassicliteraturetotheworldanddelivertheChineseculturetotheforeigners.InordertointroducetheChineseclassicliteraturetoforeigners,itneedtoretainmarrowofChineseculture.Adaptiontotheaim,theconsequenceisthatYangusesliteraltranslationandforeignization.OppositetoYangHsien-yi,HawkeshopesthathecandeliverthehappinesshegetfromtheChinesenoveltothereaders.Whenhetranslatesthenovel,hechangesthetraditionalChineseculturalimageandadapttothecognitiveenvironmentofwesternreadersonhisown.Differentmotivationsoftranslationleadthetranslatorstochoosethedifferentapproaches.Butifthetranslatorscanreachtheiraimsbyadaptionontheirown,itmustconsiderthecognitionenvironmentofreadersoftranslationsothatitcanensuretoreceivecognitiveresult.IntheDreamoftheRedChamber,therearemorethansevenhundredpeople.Thecomplexrelationshipsbetweenthepersonandpersonishardforforeignerstounderstand.IftranslatorswanttokeepthecharacteristicsofaddressformsinthelanguageofChinese,itwillmakereaderfeelmoreconfused.Intheexampleabove,Hawkeschoosesfreetranslation.Ononehand,itreducesthedifficultyinrelationshipsbetweenpeoplesothatreaderscanunderstanditeasily.Ontheotherhand,itcankeepthemotivationtheauthorchoosestheseaddressforms.Itcanmakebothsidesofcommunicationclosely.

Chapter5ConclusionAddressformsisvitalnomatterinourdailylifeorintheliterature.TherearetoomanypeopleintheDreamoftheRedChamber.Therelationshipbetweenpeopleiscomplex.Differenttranslatorschoosedifferentapproachesoftranslationtoresearchit.Basedonadaptability,itcanmakesociety,cultureandcognitioncomprehensively.Adaptabilitycanbeusedinthelanguageteaching,literature,translationandsoon.Itexpoundsthechoiceoflanguageandproduceofdynamicsofcontext.Theprocessoftranslationistheprocessthattranslatorsconstantlyconsultandchoosebetweenthetwolanguages.Thetranslationisnotvariablebutchangeable.Astimesgoeson,withthesocialenvironmenttransforming,alargeoftranslationsaltertoadapttheculturalcontextaswell.Theycanmakethereadersunderstandtheauthors’intention.Doingresearchontranslationonthebasisoftheoryofadaptability,translatorscanconsidersociety,culture,cognitionandotherfactorstogether.Theycanmaketranslatorsinspectthespecialandcomplicatedoftranslationalactivemacroscopically.Translationhasmanychoices,thesameasothercommunicativeactives.Atanystage,itshouldfolloworadapttoitsownaimandneedofcommunication.Atthesametime,translationhasthecharacteristicsofcross-cultureandcross-language.Therefore,itwillbe