2024届高考英语阅读理解之科普知识类介绍素材

阅读理解之科普知识类

题型分析

科普知识类说明文是高考阅读理解中的重难点题材，考生往往在这类

文章中失分严重，因此，考生需要了解科普知识类文章的主要特点和

命题方式。

选材：当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。

特点：结构严谨、逻辑性强。

语言：文章中词汇的意义相对单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩c句

子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难，常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用

被动句式。

命题：主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测

题，以推理判断题居多。

解题策略

科普知识类说明文长难句居多，题目往往是推理判断题和主旨大意题。

因此，考生在扩大词汇量的同时，还需要努力增强分析长难句的能力，

把握文章的主旨。具体答题策略如下：

科学现条、概念、类别等____________

设题玉萌的性质：特征、原理、应唁

方向

科现象或事物形成的原因、过程和演变

普类似事物或现象的相似点和不同*

知

厂把怩说明顺序：时间、空间和逻辑顺序

识

类

「J手列式

说

明一工一必■承接式

-理清说明结构-递进式

文

L总分式

技法

解读「下定义

-举例子

L认清说明方法-田小3

-作比较

匚打比方

感悟真题.体验技法

（2019・全国I-C）

Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommonzthemarketis

growingforbiometric（生物测量technologies—likefingeiprint

scans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,these

technologiesarestillexpensivezthough.

ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwitha

low-costdevice（装置）thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmart

keyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence（节奏）with

whichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboard

couldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceof

auser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.

Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcan

determinepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbe

givenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto-regardlessofwhether

someonegetsthepasswordright.

Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talready

familiarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.

Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteers

typetheword"touch^fburtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollected

fromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedon

howtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthe

keyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostly

madeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeitto

marketinthenearfuture.

语篇解读

本文是一篇说明文。随着数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，对用户

信息起防护作用的技术如指纹扫描等的市场正在增长，但这些技术仍

然很昂贵。本文介绍了一种具有类似功能的新型低成本设备——智能

键盘。

28.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?

A.Toreducepressureonkeys.

B.Toimproveaccuracyintyping.

C.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.

D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.

细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句"Atpresent,thesetechnologiesare

stillexpensive,though.”和第二段第一句“ResearchersfromGeorgia

Techsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice（装置）thatgets

aroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.”可知，研究者们开发智能键盘

是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。

29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?

A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.

B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.

C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.

D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.

细节理解题。根据第二段的“Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerof

securitybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetime

betweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,the

keyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities…”可知，因为每个人的打字

方式不同，使得智能键盘能够识别人的身分。故选C。

3O.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?

A.It'11beenvironment-friendly.

B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.

C.Ifllbemadeofplastics.

D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.

细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句"Theteamhopestomakeitto

marketinthenearfUture.“可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日投入市

场销售。故选B。

随堂演练

Bioprintingismedicallyandbio-technologicallyequalto3Dprinting.By

usingthesameprinciples,theaimistorapidlydeveloplivingstructures

similartohuman-grownorgansandtissuethatcanbeusedtohealpeople

ortestnewdrugs.

Ofcourse,printingbiologicaltissueismuchmorecomplexthanbuilding

amechanicalpart.Therearecomplexlayersofcellsinliving

tissue.Bioprintersusebioinkmadefromcells,biochemicalnutrientsand

biologicalstandstosupportcellsinanexactorder.Bioinkshaveto

operateunderconditionsthataresuitableforliving,growingtissue,so

theycannotreallybeprintedattemperaturesthattopbodytemperature.

Perhapsthesimplestformofbioprintingisinkjetprinting.Bioinkis

sprayedthroughtinytubessoithastobealmostliquidandthislimitsthe

biologicalmaterialsthatcanbeprinted.Most3Dprintersoperateby

squeezingmaterialthroughapipeandbioprinterscanusesqueezingtoo,

thoughcarehastobetakennottodamagecellsthroughextreme

force.Othertechniquessuchaslaser-assistedbioprintingor

electrospinning（静电纺丝）areincrediblyexactandcanbeusedwith

thickerbioinks,buttheyaremoretrickytousewithlivingcellsandnot

asrapidorabletocreatelargequantitiesoftissue.

Oncethebioprinterhasdoneitswork，thepost-processingstage

begins.Bioreactorsystemsareoftenemployedtohelpthetissuegrow

up.Theycanbeusedtocopytheforcesandbiochemicalsupportthat

tissueneedstogrowanddifferentiatecorrectly.

Bioprintingmaybearelativelynewfieldbuttheresultssofarare

encouraging.Stemcells,whichhavethepotentialtoturnintoseveral

typesofcells,arebeingusedtocreatebone.Organprintingcanimprove

thehealthofsocietyingeneralbywipingouttheproblemofdiseases

causedbyorganfailure,costlytreatmentsandsocialcare.Thatpromise

maybeyearsawayfromrealizationbutrapidprototyping（原型技术）

enabledbybioprintingispushingmedicaladvancesforwardatpace.

语篇解读

本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍生物打印的所需材料、实施过程

和相关用途等告诉读者生物打印的发展很有前景。

l.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph2referto?

A.Cells.B.Bioinks.

C.Nutrients.D.Biologicalstands.

代词指代题。根据第二段最后一句可知，生物墨水必须在适合的条件

下工作，所以它们不能在高于体表温度的状况下打印。由此可推知，

画线词they指代的是生物墨水。故选B。

2.Whatshouldwepayattentiontowhenusingbioprinting?

A.Thesortofhumanorgans.

B.Thethicknessofbioinks.

C.Theforceofsqueezing.

D.Theorderofcells.

细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知，生物打印机也可以通过挤压原

料的方式运作，不过要注意不能过度用力，否则会损坏细胞。故