阅读理解之说明文-2023年中考英语考点专项突破（原卷版）

专项39阅读理解之说明文

备战2023年中考英语精选考点专项突破

考点详解

1一■一

"英语说明文"，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事

物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文

那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐

明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特

点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔

人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、

自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性

的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构

特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。

说明文阅读理解的特征

一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即WhoTwhat-

when—where—how—>why。

l.who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）

2.what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）

3.when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）

4.how：通过什么方式表现出来的？

5.why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么?

做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的whword。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。

真题再现

A

（2022・西藏・中考真题）

TheFuxingtrainhasstartedrunninginsouthwestChina9sTibetalongtheLhasa-Nyingchi（拉萨一

林芝铁路）.

The435kilometerrailwaylinksLhasaandNyingchi.ItisChina5sfirstelectrified（电气化的）railroadonthe

“RoofoftheWorld^^.ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.

Thenewrailwaycoversanareaof226,000squarekilometers.Itgoesthrough47tunnels（隧道）andcrosses

121bridges.Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butifsabit

slowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.Therailwaynotonly

makeslocalpeople'slifeeasier,butalsobringsmoretouriststothearea.

“Therailwaytripissorelaxingandfast.Thenewtrainhasbroughtourfamilymemberscloserthanever

before,9,saidateacherwholivesinNyingchi.SheusedtodrivemorethanfivehoursfromNyingchitoLhasato

visitherparentsduringthesummervacation.

Besidescarryingpassengers,therailwayalsoprovidesgoodchancesforfarmerstoselllocalproductstomore

places.IfssuretoputnewenergyintoTibefseco〃。加2。（经济的）development.

1.HowmanyhoursdoesthejourneytakebetweenLhasaandNyingchibyFuxingtrain?

A.About5hours.B.About4hours.C.About3.5hours.D.About1.5hours.

2.WhafsthetopspeedofFuxingtrainfromLhasatoNyingchi?

A.160kilometersperhour.B.121kilometersperhour.

C.47kilometersperhour.D.160metersperhour.

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shortens“meaninChinese?

A.克扣B.下降C.缩短D.缺少

4.WhafsspecialabouttheLhasa-NyingchiRailway?

A.Itcoversalargearea.

B.Itcancarrypassengers.

C.Thetraingoesthroughlotsoftunnelsandbridges.

D.IfsChina9sfirstelectrifiedrailwayonthe"RoofoftheWorld^^.

5.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Therailwaytripisnotrelaxingorfast.

B.Therailwaydoesnotbringmoretouriststothearea.

C.Thetraingoesthrough121tunnelsand47bridges.

D.IfsabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountry.

B

（2022•江苏南京•中考真题）

SueandJimwereneighboursfbrfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.Thenoneday,Sue

sawJim'smusiccollection.ShenoticedararepunkrockCDthatshealsoowned.Atthatmoment,sherealizedthat

theybothhadthesameinterestinmusicandtheystartedtalking.Suesaid,“Ithoughtwehadnothinginmon（相同）

untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls.^^Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.

Somepsychologists（心理学家）thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto（有联系的）yourpersonality.As

partofatestattheUniversityofTexas,Austin,USA,volunteerscreatedaCDoftheirfavouritesongs.The

volunteersthenlistenedtoeachother'sCDsandmadeguessesabouttheCDcreator'spersonality~~outgoing,

adventurous,happy,andsoon.Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers9personalities

throughtheirCDsthanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.Forexample,SueandJimlovepunkmusic,which

meanstheyhaveoutgoingpersonalities.

ThepsychologistswhodidthetestfoundSnoopDogg（hiphop）fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.

PeoplewholikeU2（rock/popmusic）aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.

ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong（jazz）fanstendto（倾向于）beseriousandintelligent.

Whilefansofclassicalmusicarealsolikelytoenjoyjazzmusicandtendtobeshy.Thepsychologistswere

surprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfanswerealsoshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.

Title:Musicand_6

Anopinion♦Your7inmusicisrelatedtoyourpersonality.

♦One'sclothesortasteinfilmsis8=importantthanhis/herCDsinatestofguessing

Findings

aboutone'spersonality.

♦Itis9thathiphopfansareenergeticandtalkative.

♦Peoplewho]0rockorpopmusicareusuallyindependentandadventurous.

♦Jazzfanstendtobe11andintelligent.

♦It's12thatrapandheavymetalfensareshierandquieterthanmanyothermusic

lovers.

♦14SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyears,theywereneverinterestedineach

An

other.

13

♦AfterSuenoticedtheybothhadrarepunkrockCDs,shefoundtheyhad15inmon.

♦Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.

33模拟检测

C

（2022・重庆璧山•一模）

Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear.Manypeopledieasa

resultofbreathingsmokeorfromcookingoverwoodpoweredorcoalpoweredstoves.

Onewaytoreducethenumberofdeathsisthroughcookingequipment（设备）poweredbythesun.Crosby

Menzies,asolarpowerexpertinaSouthAfricanpany,describedhislatestsolarcookercalledthe"Sol4”."Itis

foursquaremetersofmirrors,sixtoeightmetersinlength.Itisquitealargecooker.^^

The“Sol4"worksbyreflecting（反射）lightfromthesunofflargemirrors.Themirrorsdirect（把...对准）

thelightatacookingpan.Thenthelightheatsthepanwithsolarenergy.Withintwominutes,thepanishotenough

tocooksausagesandonions.Injustfourminutes,watercanbeboiled.Thatisasfastascookingwithnaturalgasor

electricity.

Thecookerisalsomuch“fHendlier“thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostandinthesuntouseit.

Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Suchindividualswould

belesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.

Atpresent,thecookeronlyworkswhenthesunisshining.Butengineersareworkingonawaytomakeit

workwithoutsunlight.

Eachcookercostsabout$2,000,whichisalargeamountofmoneyformostAfricans.Tosolvethatproblem,

CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental俳官方）organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplansto

raisemoneythroughdonations（捐款）toprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookingequipment.

16.Thewriterstartsthepassageby.

A.paringfactsB.sharingexperiencesC.listingnumbersD.givingreasons

7.Theunderlinedword“individuals“mostprobablymeans"

A.cookersB.peopleC.mirrorsD.experts

18.Whichofthefollowingaboutthe"Sol4"isTRUE?

A.Itissixtoeightsquaremetersofmirrors.

B.Itcanworkinanyweatherconditionnow.

C.Itcanalsoheatthepanbylightingfirewood.

D.Itismoreenvironmentfriendlythanothercookers.

19.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat.

A.the"Sol4"willbedesignedinasmallersize

B.moreAfricanscanusethesolarcookersinthefuture

C.the"Sol4"isthefirstproductoftheSouthAfricanpany

D.theAfricangovernmentwillprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcooker

D

（2022・重庆开州•二模）

①Facialrecognition（人脸识另U）camerasareeverywhere,eveninyoursmartphone.Manypeopleusethis

technologytounlocktheirphones,opendoors,ormakequickpayments.Butduringthepandemic（疫情）,canitstill

workwhenpeopleputonmasks?

②Theanswerisno.Scientistsaretryingtosolvethisproblem.Forexample,Engineering&Technology（E&T）

magazinereportsthatHanwang,atechpanyinBeijing,hasmadeanewsystem（系统）.Itcanrecognize95percent

ofpeoplewhentheywearmasks.

③What'sthesecret?Ifsallaboutyoureyes.

④MariosSavidesfromCarnegieMellonUniversity,US,studiesfacialrecognition.Aswegetolder,hesays,

ourfaceschangeshape.Buttheareaaroundoureyesdoesn,t.Itstaysthesame-evenifweputonweight.Aslong

asthereareenoughdata（数据）fromtheareaofoureyes,thecamerascanrecognizeus.

⑤Tech5isanotherfacialrecognitionpany.TheSwissparty'sproductscans（扫描）theshapeofyourface.It

alsoscansyouriris（虹膜）,whichisthecoloredpartofyoureyes.Tech5hopestoleaveout（忽略）alloftheface

belowthenose.

⑥Thiskindofsoftwareismoreimportantthanjustunlockingyourphone."Itcansearchforcriminals（罪犯）

andterrorists（恐，怖分子）evenwhentheywearmas