2025版高考英语一轮复习必修3Unit4Astronomythescienceofthestars学案含解析新人教版

PAGEUnit4Astronomythescienceofthestars————[单元主题语境]———人与自然之地球与宇宙奇妙探究(2024·高考全国卷Ⅱ)话题：检验学业的前沿阵地词数：283难度：★★★★Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation，soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem？It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms，liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport，NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears，Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity，andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution(解决方案)．“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold，aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests，”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades，otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal？’Basically，it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen，attheendoftheyear，presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin­personreview，and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria？GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem，readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国一所中学与NASA合作的联合科研项目，解决国际空间站中的细菌问题。这类语篇对于启发与培育学生良好的思维品质有主动的引导作用。32．WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A．Theyarehardtogetridof. B．Theyleadtoairpollution.C．Theyappearindifferentforms. D．Theydamagetheinstruments.解析：推理推断题。依据第一段中的“ThemicroorganismsfromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation，soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.”可知，来自我们身体的微生物在太空站的表面增长得很快，航天员每周得花很长时间清理它们，由此断定太空站里的细菌很难清除，故答案为A。答案：A33．WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A．Tostrengthenteacher­studentrelationships.B．Tosharpenstudents'communicationskills.C．Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D．Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.解析：细微环节理解题。依据其次段的第一句“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.”可知，HUNCH项目的目的是把学校教化与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为D。答案：D34．WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A．Checktheirproduct. B．Guideprojectdesigns.C．Adjustworkschedules. D．Gradetheirhomework.解析：细微环节理解题。依据第三段的最终两句“Engineerscomeandreallydoanin­personreview...It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”可知，NASA工程师亲自检查那些中学学生的产品，故答案为A。答案：A35．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．NASA：TheHomeofAstronautsB．Space：TheFinalHomeworkFrontierC．Nature：AnOutdoorClassroomD．HUNCH：ACollegeAdmissionReform解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了一个项目：把中学的教室教学与太空的探讨联系起来，使学生们得到NASA工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有学生，选项B将其完备地结合了起来，故答案为B。答案：B一、语言实力熟词生义/词类活用1．turnto谈到，提到2．breakn.休息3．presentvt.交给4．readyvt.打算二、思维品质1．阅读技巧——浓缩主题，归纳标题标题形式：单词、短语或句子标题特点：位于文章之首，高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题，具有概括性、针对性和简洁性等三个突出特点。选择方法：在了解文章大意的基础上，细致考虑内容与文章主题是否有亲密联系；看选项内容对文章的概括性和覆盖面如何；要留意题目范围过大或过小。设错方式：概括不够(如上文第35题D项)；过度概括；以事实细微环节替代概括性强的大意(如上文第35题A、C两项)。2．分析长难句并翻译句子ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms，liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport，NewYork.[分析]ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms是主句，like是介词，后面接宾语theone，在theone后是一个省略了关系代词的定语从句。[翻译]这个问题取决于美国国家航空和航天局HUNCH中学的课堂，就像位于纽约费尔波特的费尔波特中学的科学老师GeneGordon和DonnaHimmelberg领导的项目一样。三、文化素养思索：通过阅读这篇文章，你对地球与宇宙奇妙探究有何相识？自古以来，地球始终存在着很多未解之谜，正是这些神奇激励着我们不断为此努力探究、求知。相识地球、探究地球奇妙，始终是人们渴望和追求的目标。在探究求知的过程中，我们要有创新和实践实力，从而实现自我超越。授课提示：对应学生用书第89页NO.1单词——在语境中应用，在拓展中记多01核心单词…………[先识记]请依据汉语提示完成下列词块1．existonlyinAfrica只存在于非洲2．theoryandpractice理论与实践3．crashintoatree撞在树上4．floatdowntheriver沿河漂流5．multiplyanddivide乘法和除法6．unlikehermother不像她母亲7．lessentheriskofdisease降低患病风险8．areactiontoaquestion对问题的反应9．agentleman一个亲善的人10．aviolentexplosion猛烈的爆炸11．theharmfuleffectsofalcohol酒精的害处12．giveapullattherope拉一下绳子13．beinapuzzleaboutsth.对某事迷惑不解14．anewsystemofteaching一种新的教学体系[再拓展]请填入括号内单词的正确形式1．Icouldfeelthewindgently(gentle)blowingthroughmyhairanditwasawarmsummerbreeze.2．Doyoubelievetheexistenceofghosts？Perhapstheyonlyexistinthemindsofsomepeople.(exist)3．Playingcomputergameswillnotonlydoharmtoyourphysicalhealth，butitisalsoharmfultoyourmentalhealth.Sothereisnoharminadvisingyoutogiveitup.(harm)4．Heoftensaysthathedoesn'tbelieveinanyreligionbutmeanwhileherespectsothers'religiousfreedom.(religion)5．Sincemyyoungerbrotherisfondofbiology，heisdeterminedtobecomeabiologistwhenhegrowsup.(biology)6．Asisknowntous，everyonehashislikesanddislikes.Mylittlesisterisfondofpopmusic.Sheislikelytobecomeafamouspopsingerinthefuture.(like)7．Lastnightwehadadiscussion，whichbecamemoreandmoreviolent.Finallywereachedanagreementthatwewillneveruseviolencewhateverhappens.(violent)8．Therewasapuzzledlookonthelittlegirl'sfacebecauseapuzzlingproblempuzzledher.(puzzle)02阅读单词…………标注不相识的单词，回查单词表重新记忆□astronomy□weightlessly□solar□biologist□carbon□dissolve□acid□mammal□dioxide□extinct□vapour□atomNO.2短语——在拼法中记牢，在联想中积累[必会短语]请依据汉语提示完成下列词块1．nowthat既然2．layeggs下蛋3．cheerup感到兴奋；感到激昂4．breakout突发；爆发5．inone'sturn轮到某人6．getthehangofEnglish驾驭英语7．givebirthtoonenewborn只产一仔8．dependonhimforhelp希望他帮忙9．watchoutforcars当心车辆10．preventthefirefromspreading制止火扩散11．blockthesunout遮住太阳12．arriveintime刚好到达[词汇积累]1．各种“碰撞”聚焦①crashv．碰撞；坠落②bumpn．&v．撞；碰撞(声)③collidev．碰撞；相撞④collisionn．撞击；碰撞⑤runinto撞上⑥knockinto撞上2．与“太空”有关的高频单词集锦①astronomyn．天文学②astronautn．宇航员③gravityn．万有引力④satelliten．卫星⑤orbitn．轨道⑥spaceshipn．宇宙飞船⑦universen．宇宙⑧launchvt.放射3．“阻挡/禁止某人做某事”的多种表达①preventsb.fromdoingsth.②stopsb.fromdoingsth.③keepsb.fromdoingsth.④prohibitsb.fromdoingsth.⑤bansb.fromdoingsth.⑥forbidsb.fromdoingsth.NO.3句式——在解读中学懂，在学写中学通请依据提示完成下列句子1．make＋it＋adj.＋todo，在该句式中，it是形式宾语Thisproducedachainreaction，whichmadeitpossibleforlifetodevelop.这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能起先发展了。2．“...倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as...”是倍数表达法之一，意为“……是……的多少倍”露西付出的是以前三倍的时间和精力，所以我信任她这次能胜利。Lucydevotedthreetimesasmuchtimeandenergyasshedidbefore，soIbelieveshewillsucceedthistime.3．nowthat“既然；由于”，引导缘由状语从句，有时that可以省略既然现在上的新课不那么难，你就不用担忧功课了。Nowthatthenewlessonsgiventhesedaysarenotsodifficult，youneedn'tworryaboutyourlessons.4．形容词短语作伴随状语长途旅行之后，我们三人回到了家，又饿又累。Afterthelongjourney，thethreeofuswentbackhome，hungryandtired.授课提示：对应学生用书第90页1．harmfuladj.有害的[写作佳句]Someboysaretoocrazyaboutplayinggamesonthecomputer，whichisveryharmfultotheirhealth.有些男生对玩电脑嬉戏简直到了痴迷的程度，这对他们的健康特别有害。[归纳拓展](1)beharmfultosb./sth.对某人/某物有害(2)eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(do/causeharmtosb.,do/causesb.harm))对某人有害(3)eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(Thereisnoharmindoingsth.,Itdoesnoharmtodosth.))做某事没有坏处。[实战演练]基础练透——单句语法填空①Thelocalgovernmentcloseddownsomefactorieswhichhaddonealotofharmtotheenvironment.②Asweallknow，abadeatinghabitisharmful(harm)toone'shealth.③Personally，thereisnoharminmaking(make)anapologytohim.实力提升——一句多译众所周知，吃太多垃圾食品对我们的健康有害。④Whatisknowntousisthateatingtoomuchjunkfoodisharmfultoourhealth.(harmful)⑤Itisknowntousthateatingtoomuchjunkfooddoesharmtoourhealth.(harmn．)2．existvi.存在；生存[写作佳句]Theycan'texistonthemoneyhe'searning.他们靠他挣的那点钱无法维持生活。[归纳拓展](1)existon＝liveon靠……为生Thereexist(s)/existed...某地有/存在……(2)existencen．存在；生存comeintoexistence产生；成立；起先存在(3)existingadj.(仅用于名词前)目前的，现存的[实战演练]基础练透——单句语法填空①Youcan'timaginewhatdifficultytheyhaveexisting(exist)onthemoneyheisearning.②Scientistshavemanytheoriesabouthowtheuniversefirstcameintoexistence(exist)．③Theparkingplaceforbikeswasanexisting(exist)problemforalongtimeinourschool.实力提升——翻译句子④目前有一个解决现存问题的好方法。(2024·高考上海卷)Thereexistsagoodwaytosolvetheexistingproblematpresent.[实战贴士]exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。3．puzzlevt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)犯难；(使)困惑n.谜；难题[文化金句]Youwillbepuzzledabouttheirmeaningsifyoudon'tlearnaboutthebackgroundoftheseTangpoems.假如你不了解这些唐诗的写作背景，你可能会对它们的含义感到很困惑。[归纳拓展](1)apuzzletosb.一件让某人感到困惑的事情(2)puzzleabout/over苦思冥想；费尽心机(3)puzzlingadj.令人困惑的puzzledadj.感到困惑的bepuzzledabout对……迷惑不解[实战演练]基础练透——单句语法填空①Whenthelittlegirlwasaskedsuchapuzzlingquestion，shestoodtherewithapuzzledlookonherface.(puzzle)②Shelostheartwhenshefailedtheexam，becauseherfuturewaspuzzling(puzzle)．③Peoplehavelongpuzzledover/abouthowtheEgyptiansmovedsuchhugerocks.④Wherethemissingplanehasgonestillremainsapuzzletous.实力提升——句型转换⑤Whatpuzzledthefiremenwasthecauseofthefire.→Thefiremenwerepuzzledaboutthecauseofthefire.(puzzledadj.)[实战贴士]过去分词形式的形容词，如puzzled，confused，frightened，excited，surprised等，除了可以用来描述人的心理活动以外，还可以用来修饰与人有关的一些名词，如look，voice，smile，expression，face等。4．intime刚好；最终；迟早[写作佳句]Asaproverbgoes，“Wherethere'sawill，there'saway.”Oureffortswillpayoffintime.正如一句谚语所说，“有志者，事竟成”，我们的努力迟早会有所回报。[归纳拓展](1)intimeforsth.刚好赶上某事intimetodosth.刚好做某事(2)innotime立即；立刻atnotime决不(置于句首主谓部分倒装)atatime每次；一次atonetime曾经；一度attimes有时；间或[实战演练]基础练透——单句语法填空①Thefirstmagazinewithyourgiftmessagewillarriveintimeforthespecialday.②Doingthingswedon'tlikecanbegoodforusattimes.③Beginbyaskingemployees，oneatatime，whattheyneedtoperformattheirbest.实力提升——句式升级④Inmyview，youshouldatnotimeloseheartwheneveryouareintrouble.→Inmyview，atnotimeshouldyouloseheartwheneveryouareintrouble.(用倒装句式升级)5．inone'sturn轮到某人；接着[写作佳句]Whenitisinmyturn，Iamtooexcitedtospeak.当轮到我时，我激烈得都说不出话来了。[归纳拓展]inturn依次；相应地；反过来byturns轮番；交替地taketurnstodosth.轮番做某事Itisone'sturntodosth.轮到某人做某事[实战演练]基础练透——单句语法填空①Nowthatwehavefinishedthedesign，itisintheirturntoconstruct.②Atthemeetingtheytookturnstoput(put)forwardanumberofsuggestionsaimingtopromotethereformofeducationsystem.③Thetwodaughterslookedaftertheirsickmotherbyturns.实力提升——完成句子④Peopletrytoavoidpublictransportationdelaysbyusingtheirowncars，which，inturn，createsmoreproblems.人们运用自己的小汽车避开公共交通延误，反过来，这造成更多的问题。[实战贴士]byturns是“交替地；轮番”的意思，多指两个人或两个行为之间的交替进行；假如表示“按依次”则应当用inturn。6．makeit＋adj./n.＋(forsb.)todo[文化金句]HavingwatchedABiteofChinawillmakeiteasierforyoutounderstandwhyheisdeterminedtomakehislivingbyrunningaChinesefoodrestaurantinNewYork.观看《舌尖上的中国》会让你更简单理解为什么他确定在纽约开一家中餐馆来谋生。[归纳拓展](1)make＋it＋adj./n.＋that从句make＋it＋nogood/nouse/novalue...＋doingsth.(2)常用于这种句型的动词还有：think，consider，find，feel等[实战演练]基础练透——单句语法填空①Ithinkitgreatfuntolearn(learn)thepoemswrittenintheTangDynastywithyou.②Shemadeitcleartomethatshewishedtomakeanewlifeforherself.③Iconsideritnousequarrelling(quarrel)withhimaboutit.实力提升——完成句子④Thenewly­builtstadiumislargeenough，whichmakesitpossibleforustotakepartinvariousactivities.(2024·高考全国卷Ⅲ)新建的体育馆足够大，这使我们有可能参与各种各样的活动。[实战贴士]“makeit＋adj./n.＋(forsb.)todosth.”句型中it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。7．倍数表达法[教材原句]ButwhenItriedtostepforward，IfoundIwascarriedtwiceasfarasontheearthandfellover.但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步伐的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。[归纳拓展]倍数表达法：(1)倍数＋as...as...(2)倍数＋比较级＋than(3)倍数＋thesize/height/length/width...＋of...(4)倍数＋what从句[实战演练]基础练透——单句语法填空①Myschoolhasexpandedintoabigone，whichisthreetimesasbigasthepreviousone.②Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfaster(fast)thantraditionalgarbageasawhole.③Thenumberofstudentsnowinthisschoolisfourtimeswhatitwastenyearsago.实力提升——一句多译正在建的新体育馆将会是操场的两倍大。(2024·高考全国卷Ⅱ)④Thenewstadiumbeingbuiltwillbetwiceasbigastheplayground.(as)⑤Thenewstadiumbeingbuiltwillbetwicethesizeoftheplayground.(size)⑥Thenewstadiumbeingbuiltwillbetwicebiggerthantheplayground.(than)[实战贴士](1)表示“两倍”时用twice或double，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”表达。(2)此句型中倍数也可以用分数、百分数，half等其他程度状语来表达。授课提示：对应学生用书第92页[教材与高考]Ⅰ.阅读理解障碍词1．阅读词汇认知①(2024·高考天津卷)Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoicesonthemenu,allowingcustomersmorecontrolovertheatmosphereinwhichtheyaredining.n.氛围②(2024·高考北京卷)However，angercaneasilyturnviolent，anditisbesttoknowthereasonsforangertoappearinordertopreventitspresence.adj.暴力的③(2024·高考天津卷)Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.n.撞车2．一词多义①(2024·高考北京卷)Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.CA．牵引力 B．拉，拖C．排入②(2024·高考北京卷)Anotherpossibilityisthatwhenthereisalotoftalentonateam，someplayersmaymakelesseffort.Justasinagameoftug­of­war(拔河竞赛)，wheneverapersonisadded，everyoneelsepullstheropewithlessforce.BA．牵引力 B．拉，拖；拽C．排入Ⅱ.语言运用高频点1．语法填空①(2024·高考全国卷Ⅲ)Asthesmallboatmovedgently(gentle)alongtheriverhewasleftspeechlessbythemountainsbeingsilentlyreflectedinthewater.②(2024·高考北京卷)Alotofbusinessisstilldoneoverthephone，andmuchofitisbasedontrustandexisting(exist)relationships.③(2024·高考江苏卷)Inthe1960s，whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark，BobChristiansenbecamepuzzled(puzzle)aboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore...④(2024·高考北京卷)Wearefinallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingagroupoftools，appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.⑤(2024·高考全国卷Ⅱ)Isawthereweretwoinstructorsonboardandamanlyingacrossthemiddle.Hewasshakingviolently(violent)．2．完形填空①(2024·高考江苏卷)However，thetwozookeepersdidn'twanttoseetheextinction(灭亡)ofthispreciousspecies.Withtheirpatienceandefforts，theysuccessfullydevelopeda47ofartificialbreeding(人工繁殖)andnaturalreproduction.ThisenabledEmmatogivebirthtofivebabycranes.A．combination B．collectionC．strategy D．system解析：人工繁殖和自然繁殖是两种繁殖方式，此处指动物园饲养员把这两种方式胜利地结合起来了，故选combination(结合，联合)。collection“收集”；strategy“策略”；system“系统”。答案：A②(2024·高考全国卷Ⅱ)Istillcan'tbelievewhatacoincidenceitwas.I'mjustsogladIwasthere60tohelpmyson.A．onboard B．intimeC．forsure D．onpurpose解析：这里表示作者感慨自己刚好出现在事故现场帮助了自己的儿子，因此选intime表示“刚好”。onboard“在(船、飞机、火车等)上”；forsure“确信”；onpurpose“有意地”。答案：BⅢ.书面表达亮点练1．(2024·高考浙江卷)现在父母过多地表扬他们的孩子，这对他们是有害的。(harmful)Nowadays，parentsprais