10年高考英语真题汇编-信息还原（七选五）

北京卷（2015—2024）01-2024北京Ifyouwanttodevelopmaximumcredibility(可信性),isitbettertobeahedgehog(刺猬)orafox?AccordingtoIsaiahBerlin,thehedgehogknowsonethingverywell,andthefoxknowsalotofthings.Isthereaclearadvantageofonestyleovertheother?Hedgehogthinkerstendtoansweryes.1Andtheyareusuallyverycredibleindoingso.AccordingtoJimHart,the“hedgehogconcept”isoneofthefactorsthatleadcompaniestogreatness.Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.Theyfigureoutwhattheyaregoodat.2Thehedgehogconceptmakesperfectsenseforcompanies.3PhilipTatehasstudiedthetrackrecordsofthosefolksontheSundaytalkshowswhomakepredictionsaboutwhatwillhappen.Hehasfoundthathedgehogsarenotonlywrongmoreoftenthanfoxes,butthattheyarelesslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrongwheneventsdonotmatchtheirpredictions.Theadvantagethatfoxeshaveisthattheyaremorelikelytoseekoutnewinformationfromabroaderrangeofsources,andarecomfortablewithuncertaintyandnewinformation.4Theytrytoincludeitintheirviewpointratherthantoexcludeitfromtheirthinking.Theyalsohaveaclearerestimationofwhattheyknowanddon’tknow.So,whichisbetter?Thequestioncanbeansweredinafoxyhedgehogstyle.5Thechoicebetweenbeingahedgehogorafoxisafalsetrade-off.Themosteffectivewaytogothroughlifeistotrytobethatraremixtureknownasfoxyhedgehog.A.Inotherwords,thereareclearadvantagesforeach.B.Theyaremorelikelytorememberpeople’smistakes.C.Hence,theyhavetheadvantageofclarityandconfidence.D.Buttherecanbeadownsidetoconcentrationononebigthing.E.However,hedgehogsremainopentoothers’reactionsandinputs.F.Whensomethingiscontradictorytotheirview,theydon’ttreatitasexceptional.G.Theycomedownsquarelyononesideortheotherandfullysupporttheirposition.答案[语篇解读]本文是说明文（总—分—总结构）。作者分别介绍了刺猬式思维和狐狸式思维的特点，并在最后提出要成为“貌似狐狸的刺猬”。1.G前一句说拥有刺猬式思维的人往往回答“是”，后一句说并且他们这样做通常是非常可信的。后一句中的And表示递进关系，so指代设空处内容。再结合后面的“Theyfocusononethinganddoitreallywell.”可知，拥有刺猬式思维的人专注于一件事，而且做得很好。浏览选项可以发现，G项（他们明确地站在一边或另一边，并全力支持自己的立场）与之相符，故选G。2.C前文说拥有刺猬式思维的人专注于一件事，而且做得很好，他们清楚自己擅长的东西。C项中的clarityandconfidence是对他们的特点的总结概括，这与选项中的Hence（因此）所表示的因果关系呼应，故选C。3.D设空处位于段首，考虑段落主旨句。根据后文中的“hedgehogsare...wrongmoreoftenthanfoxes”以及“lesslikelytorecogniseoradmitthattheyarewrong”可知，拥有刺猬式思维的人比拥有狐狸式思维的人更容易出错，而且他们不太可能意识到或承认自己错了。由此可知，本段主要讲的是拥有刺猬式思维的人的缺点，因此D项（但专注于一件大事可能会有负面影响）符合语境。故选D。4.F前文说拥有狐狸式思维的人更有可能从更广泛的来源中找到新信息，并更善于应对不确定性和新信息。后一句说他们试图将其纳入自己的观点，而不是将其排除在自己的思维之外。后一句中的it指代的内容在设空处中。浏览选项可以发现，F项（当某件事情与他们的观点相悖时，他们不会将其视为特例）与之相符，故选F。5.A最后一段是总结段。首句问拥有刺猬式思维的人和拥有狐狸式思维的人哪个更好。后文说选择成为拥有刺猬式思维的人或是拥有狐狸式思维的人是一种错误的权衡，最有效的方式是成为兼备狐狸和刺猬特征的人。再结合前面几段内容可知，A项（换句话说，两者都有其明显的优势）符合语境，且与trytobethatraremixtureknownasfoxyhedgehog呼应，故选A。02-2023北京It'sajoyfulandstressfultimeofyearintheUnitedStatesforstudentsandtheirfamiliesastheymakedecisionsaboutwheretoattendcollege.Familiesoftenturntorankingssystemstohelpmakeadecision.1.WhenItalktofamiliesasascholarofhighereducation,they'reoftensurprisedthatteachingexcellenceisnotcountedinrankings.2.Emergingresearchsuggeststhatcoursesinlower-rankeduniversities,onaverage,scoredhigheronteachingthancoursesinhigher-rankeduniversities.3.Theabsenceofteachingexcellencefromtherankingsissurprisinggiventhelinkbetweenhigh-qualityteachingandstudentsuccess.Qualityteachingisoneofthemostimportantpredictorsofawiderangeofcollegeoutcomes.Rankings,however,areonlyonereasonwhyalowvalueisplacedonteachinginhighereducation.Administratorsoftendon'tviewteachingexcellenceasawaytoincreaseenrolment(注册)orfunding.4.Researchshowsthatthemoretimeinstructorsspendonteaching,thelowertheirsalary.Whatistheresult?Manyinstructorscontinuetoteachusingtraditionallectures,whichleadtolowersuccessrates.5.Nevertheless,notmuchwillchangeuntilschoolswithhigh-qualityteachingarerewardedwithmoreresources,higherrankingsandincreasedenrolments.Inthelongterm,universities,organisationsthatrankschools,andothersshouldworktomaketeachingavalued,corepartofthemission.Whatshouldstudentsandtheirfamiliesdo?Theyshouldgivestrongconsiderationtouniversitieswherehigh-qualityteachingisvalued,eventhoughtheschoolsmayberankedlower.A.Highereducationhasachieveditstruepotential.B.Therefore,it'snothighlyvaluedinhiringorpromotion.C.Qualityteachinghasbeenanimportantreputation-buildingfactor.D.However,therankingsignoreacriticalfactor:thequalityofteaching.E.Effortstoimproveteachingattheuniversitylevelhaverecentlyemerged.F.They'reevenmoresurprisedathowteachingisundervaluedbyuniversities.G.Infact,universitiesoftenshiftemphasisfromteachingtootherrankingfactors.答案[语篇解读]本文是议论文，主要针对当下教学水平较高的学校排名却并不靠前这一现象展开讨论。作者希望学生和家长在选择大学时，应该重点关注教学质量高的学校。1.D前文指出排名系统（rankingssystems）对于美国学生选择大学有重要的参考价值。第二段指出，优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。浏览选项可以发现，D选项（然而，排名忽略了一个关键因素：教学质量）与前文构成转折关系，并起到引出下文的作用。2.F设空处前一句话指出，一些家庭常常惊讶于优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。F选项（更让他们惊讶的是，大学竟然如此轻视教学）中的evenmoresurprised与前文中的surprised构成递进关系。F项中的They指代families，且大学轻视教学这一现象在第四段中也有所体现。3.G设空处前一句指出，最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。G选项（事实上，大学经常把重点从教学转移到其他排名因素上）是对前文进行解释说明。4.B设空处前一句指出，管理人员通常不把优秀的教学视为增加入学率或增加资金的途径。B选项（因此，它在招聘和晋升中不受重视）与之构成因果关系，B选项中的it指代前文提到的teachingexcellence。5.E设空处后一句话说的是，然而，只有拥有高质量教学的学校获得更多的资源、更高的排名和更多的入学人数，情况才会发生较大变化。基于对这句话的理解，答案应满足以下两个条件：首先，设空处需要与后句构成转折关系；其次，该句想表达的核心意思是情况并不会发生太大的变化，因此设空处也应体现一种情况。E选项（最近出现了大学努力提高教学水平这一现象）满足上述条件。03-2022北京Healthandfitnesshelpapersonliveagoodandhealthylife.Oftenduetovariouspressures,wetendtoignoreourhealth.1.Itisthefitnesslevelofourbodythathelpsusfightthesediseases.2.Weneedtobefittohaveahealthybody.Similarly,ifwearehealthyweshallnaturallybeattractedtowardsmaintainingthefitnessofourbody.Healthisthestateofourbodyatagiventime.Wemaynothaveanydiseasebutstillhaveaweakbody,whichisreadytobetargetedbyviruses.3.Thisdoesnotdefinitelymeanthatwearenothealthy.Itmeansthefitnesslevelisnotinaccordancewithourageandtheclimaticconditionswelivein.Itisimportantforeveryonetodevotesometimetohealthandfitness.4.Forinstance,wemustexercisedailyregardlessofourageandworkingstyle.Therearedifferentlevelsofexercisesfordifferentagegroupsandwemustdothemaccordingtoourownhealthandage.Additionally,itisimportanttorelaxourbody.Weshouldhaveatleastsixtoeighthoursofsleepeveryday.Ithelpsinimprovingourimmune(免疫)systemandprotectsusagainstdiseases.5.This,inturn,givesusnewgoalsofhealthandfitness.A.Fitnesslevelsdecidethequalityoflife.B.Healthandfitnessareinterrelatedtoeachother.C.Italsohelpsinkeepinguscalmandrelaxesourmind.D.Forinstance,wemayhaveatendencytocatchacoldeasily.E.Ifwekeepourbodyfit,wecanenjoylifeinabettermanner.F.Therearesomeactivitieswhicheveryoneshoulddoinourlife.G.Thismakesourbodysufferandwecatchlifestyleandotherdiseases.答案[语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章介绍了身体健康能让我们拥有幸福且健康的生活，以及保持健康的方法。1.G根据空前一句中的“wetendtoignoreourhealth”可推知，忽视身体健康会导致的结果就是“makesourbodysuffer”；根据空后一句中的“helpsusfightthesediseases”可推知，设空处应该提到“diseases”。综合这些信息可知，G选项能起到承上启下的作用。2.B空后两句“Weneedtobefittohaveahealthybody...thefitnessofourbody.”介绍了health和fitness两者之间的关系，而B选项说明了它们之间是相互关联的，起到了主旨句的作用，符合语境。3.D空前一句中的“betargetedbyviruses”与D选项中的“wemayhaveatendencytocatchacoldeasily”紧密衔接，且空后一句中的“This”指代的就是D选项中的“haveatendencytocatchacoldeasily”。4.F空前一句中的“todevotesometimetohealthandfitness”和空后一句中的“mustexercisedaily”都与F选项中的“activitieswhicheveryoneshoulddo”相呼应，也就是我们要花时间锻炼，保持身体健康。5.C根据本段第一句可知，本段介绍放松身体的重要性。C选项中的“helpsinkeepinguscalmandrelaxesourmind”与本段主旨相匹配，且C选项中的alsohelps与空前一句中的helps相呼应。04-2021北京Musichaslongbeenconsideredtobeanenjoyablepastimeformanypeople.1Thementalhealthbenefitsfrommusiccan’tbeargued.Musiccouldalsobehelpingyouwithmanyotherhealthproblemsbehindthescenes.

2However,forthesamereason,musiccanbeverybeneficialifoneisinpain.Bydistracting(分心)themindfromthepain,music,peoplesay,canlowerstressandanxietylevels.This,ofcourse,canleadtolesspain.

Manypeopleenjoyrelaxingmusicintheeveningpriortogoingtobed.3Whilethevalidityoftheideaisstillbeingassessed,theloweredstresscanevenbetiedbacktobloodpressure.Similarly,accordingtoresearchers,listeningtojust30minutesofsoftmusiceverydaymayhelpwithhealthybloodsugarlevels,throughtheloweringofstressandanxiety.

Whenitcomestohearthealth,thereisspeculation(推测)thatit’snotthestyleofmusic,butratherthetempothatmakesitsogoodforyourhearthealth.InoneEuropeanstudy,participantslistenedtomusicastheresearchersmonitoredtheirheartratesandbloodpressure.4Ontheotherhand,whenthemusicslowed,theparticipants’stressandanxietylevelsbecamelowerandtheeffectsonheartratesappearedtofollowsuit.

5Butthereisawholerangeofotherhealthissuesthatturninguptheradiocouldbebeneficialfor,whichiswhatmakesmusicsovaluable.

A.Thisfeelingcanalsoresultinmanyotherhealthproblems.B.Someexpertssaythatmusiccanbeharmfulifitistooloud.C.Thisideaisalittleoff-the-wallbutstillhasscientificbacking.D.Theysayitcanplayabigroleincalmingthebrainenoughtosleep.E.Theimplicationsofmusiconoverallwell-beingarereallyimpressive.F.Itisalsohighlypopularduetotheindividualizedeffectsonstressandanxiety.G.Interestingly,themorecheerfulthemusicwas,thefastertheirheartrateswere.答案[语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章介绍了音乐对于健康的益处。1.F空前说“音乐对很多人来说一直是一种令人愉快的消遣方式”，空后说“Thementalhealthbenefitsfrommusiccan’tbeargued.（音乐对心理健康的益处是毋庸置疑的）”，由此可推断设空处应说明音乐对人的精神健康的作用。这与F项中的“alsohighlypopular”和“theindividualizedeffectsonstressandanxiety”相呼应。2.B空后说“However,forthesamereason,musiccanbeverybeneficialifoneisinpain.（然而，出于同样的原因，如果一个人处于痛苦之中，音乐是非常有益的）”，However表转折，因此设空处为对音乐的负面评价，这与B项中的“musiccanbeharmfulifitistooloud”相呼应。3.D空前说“Manypeopleenjoyrelaxingmusicintheeveningpriortogoingtobed.”，这与D项中的“calmingthebrainenoughtosleep”相呼应。4.G空后说“Ontheotherhand,whenthemusicslowed，theparticipants’stressandanxietylevelsbecamelower...”，根据Ontheotherhand以及后面的内容可推断设空处内容应与欢快的音乐和心率加快有关，这与G项中的“themorecheerfulthemusicwas,thefastertheirheartrateswere”相呼应。5.E空后说“Butthereisawholerangeofotherhealthissuesthatturninguptheradiocouldbebeneficialfor,whichiswhatmakesmusicsovaluable.”，因此本段讲的是音乐对身体总的好处，这与E项（音乐对整体健康的影响令人印象深刻）相吻合。05-2020北京Manypeoplethinkthatpositivethinkingismostlyaboutkeepingone'sheadinthesandandignoringdailyproblems,tryingtolookoptimistic.Inrealityithasmoretodowiththewayanindividualtalkstohimself.Self-talkisaconstantstreamofthoughtsofaperson,whoisoftenunawareanduncertainofsomeevents,phenomena,people,oreventhepersonhimself.1.Meanwhile,positivethinkingcanhelptostopnegativeself-talksandstarttoformapositiveviewonanissue.Peoplewhoregularlypractisepositivethinkingtendtosolveproblemsmoreeffectively.Theyarelessexposedtostresscausedbyexternalfactors.Theytendtobelieveinthemselvesandinwhattheydo.2.Peoplewhothinkpositivelydemonstrateincreasedlifespans(寿命),lowerratesofdepressionandanxiety,betterphysicalandpsychologicalhealth,reducedrisksofdeathfromheartproblems.Positivethinkingalsocontributestoone'sabilitytodealwithproblemsandhardships.3.Forexample,researchershavefoundthatinthecaseofacrisisaccompaniedbystrongemotions,suchasanaturaldisaster,positivethinkingcanprovideasortofbuffer(缓冲作用)againstdepressionandanxiety.Resilient(适应性强的)peoplewhothinkpositivelytendtotreateveryproblemasachallenge,achanceforimprovementofanykind,orasanopportunityforpersonalgrowth.Pessimists,onthecontrary,tendtoperceiveproblemsasasourceofadditionalstress.4.Inconclusion,positivethinkingisapowerfulandeffectivetoolfordealingwithhardtimesandimprovingthequalityofone'slife.Itdoesn'thaveanythingtodowithignorantoptimismwhenanindividualrefusestonoticeaproblem.5.Thinkinginapositive,self-encouragingwaybringsaboutmanybenefitstoone'sphysicalandmentalhealth.A.Itdoesn'tcauseanysevereemotionaldiscomfort,either.B.Negativeself-talkdamagesself-confidenceanddecreasesself-respect.C.Ithelpsonetoremainclear-headedandconfidentindifficultsituations.D.Positivethinkinghasseveralbeneficialeffectsonthebodyandthemind.E.Asthinkingchanges,anindividual'sbehaviourandhabitschangeaswell.F.Theyoftenofferarealalternativetothecommonandregularwayofthinking.G.Theyoftenfeeldiscouragedlongbeforetryingtosolvetheproblem,evenifsmall.答案[语篇解读]本文是说明文。文章介绍了积极思考对人的好处。1.B由设空处前提到的“Self-talkisaconstantstreamofthoughtsofaperson,whoisoftenunawareanduncertainofsomeevents,phenomena,people,oreventhepersonhimself.（自我对话是一个人持续不断的思绪，往往他对一些事件、现象、人，甚至是他自己都不了解和不确定）”和后一句“Meanwhile,positivethinkingcanhelptostopnegativeself-talksandstarttoformapositiveviewonanissue.（同时，积极思考有助于停止消极的自我对话，并开始对一个问题形成积极的看法）”可知B项（消极的自我对话会损害自信，降低自尊）正确。2.D设空处位于段首，设空处后的句子提到积极思考可以延长寿命，降低一些疾病的发生率，并且可以帮助提高处理问题的能力。由此可知本段旨在说明积极思考给人的身心带来的有益影响。D项与此对应。3.C由设空处前提到的“Positivethinkingalsocontributestoone’sabilitytodealwithproblemsandhardships.（积极思考也有助于提高一个人处理问题和困难的能力）”及设空处后的具体事例（研究人员发现在一场伴随着强烈的情绪的危机中，如自然灾害，积极思考可以提供一种缓冲作用来对抗抑郁和焦虑）可知C项中的difficultsituations与前文中的problemsandhardships和后文中的crisis相呼应，故选C项（它有助于一个人在困难的情况下保持头脑清醒和自信）。4.G由设空处前提到的“Pessimists,onthecontrary,tendtoperceiveproblemsasasourceofadditionalstress.（相反，悲观主义者倾向于把问题看作额外压力的来源）”可知本句在说明悲观主义者面对问题时的态度，G项（他们常常在试图解决问题之前很久就感到气馁，即使问题很小）是对前句中additionalstress的进一步解释说明。5.A本段为总结段，由本段第一句可知，积极思考是处理困难和提高生活质量的强大、有效的工具。由设空处前提到的“Itdoesn’thaveanythingtodowithignorantoptimismwhenanindividualrefusestonoticeaproblem.（当一个人拒绝留意问题时，这与无知的乐观主义没有任何关系）”可知，A项（它也不会引起任何严重的情绪不适）是和前句共同对本段首句中的positivethinking进行的解释说明。06-2019北京Muchoftheworkintoday'sworldisaccomplished（完成）inteams.Mostpeoplebelievethebestwaytobuildagreatteamistogatheragroupofthemosttalentedindividuals.1.Companiesspendmillionshiringtopbusinesspeople.Istheirmoneywellspent?2.Theyfocusedonfootball,basketballandbaseball.Theresultsaremixed.Forfootballandbasketball,addingtalentedplayerstoateamprovesagoodmethod,butonlyuptothepointwhere70%oftheplayersaretoptalent;abovethatlevel,theteam'sperformancebeginstodecline.Interestingly,thistrendisn'tevidentinbaseball,whereadditionalindividualtalentkeepsimprovingtheteam'sperformance.Toexplainthisphenomenon,theresearchersexploredthedegreetowhichagoodperformancebyateamrequiresitsmemberstocoordinate(协调)theiractions.3.Inbaseball,theperformanceofindividualplayersislessdependentonteammates.Theyconcludethatwhentaskinterdependenceishigh,teamperformancewillsufferwhenthereistoomuchtalent,whileindividualtalentwillhavepositiveeffectsonteamperformancewhentaskinterdependenceislower.Ifabasketballstaris,forexample,tryingtogainahighpersonalpointtotal,hemaytakeashothimselfwhenitwouldbebettertopasstheballtoateammate,affectingtheteam'sperformance.Youngchildrenlearningtoplayteamsportsareoftentold,“ThereisnoIinTEAM.”4.Anotherpossibilityisthatwhenthereisalotoftalentonateam,someplayersmaymakelesseffort.Justasinagameoftug-of-war(拔河比赛)，wheneverapersonisadded,everyoneelsepullstheropewithlessforce.5.AnA-teammayrequireabalance—notjustAplayers,butafewgenerousBplayersaswell.A.It'snotasimplemattertodeterminethenatureoftalent.B.Sportsteamownersspendmillionsofdollarsattractingtoptalent.C.Thegroupinteractionanditseffectdrewtheresearchers'attention.D.Starsapparentlydonotfollowthisbasicprincipleofsportsmanship.E.Severalrecentstudiesexaminedtheroleoftalentinthesportsworld.F.Buildingupadreamteamismorecomplexthansimplyhiringthebesttalent.G.Thistaskinterdependencedistinguishesbaseballfromfootballandbasketball.答案[语篇解读]本文为论说文。本文主要讨论了一个优秀的团队中是否需要很多有天赋的个人加入。1.B设空处后的“Companiesspendmillionshiringtopbusinesspeople.”与B项内容呼应，为并列关系，故答案为B项（体育团队的老板们花数百万美元吸引顶尖人才）。2.E根据下文尤其是“Theyfocusedonfootball,basketballandbaseball.”以及“Theresults”可知，答案为E项（最近的几项研究调查了人才在体育界中的作用）。3.G本段主要说明了任务互依性在不同运动项目中的作用以及对团队表现产生的影响，与G项中的“taskinterdependence”相对应，且G项中的“distinguishesbaseballfromfootballandbasketball”与下文Inbaseball相呼应，故答案为G项。4.D根据设空处前的“Ifabasketballstaris,forexample...Youngchildrenlearningtoplayteamsportsareoftentold,‘ThereisnoIinTEAM.’”可知这两句主要在讲basketballstars与youngchildren在团队中不同的态度，所以答案为D项（明星们显然不愿遵循这个体育精神的基本原则)。5.F根据设空处后的“AnA-teammayrequireabalance—notjustAplayers...”可知答案为F项（建立一个理想的团队比仅仅雇用最好的人才更复杂）。07-2018北京WhyDoWeGetAngry?Angerseemssimplewhenwearefeelingit,butthecausesofangerarevarious.Knowingthesecausescanmakeusexamineourbehavior,andcorrectbadhabits.Themainreasonswegetangryaretriggering(触发)events,personalitytraits(特征),andourassessmentofsituations.1.Triggeringeventsforangeraresomanythattodescribethemallwouldtakehundredsofpages.However,herearesomeexamples:beingcutoffintraffic,adeadlineapproaching,experiencingphysicalpain,andmuchmore.2.Thereasonwhysomeoneistriggeredbysomethingandothersarenotisoftenduetoone’spersonalhistoryandpsychologicaltraits.Eachperson,nomatterwhotheyare,haspsychologicalimbalances.Peoplewhohavepersonalitytraitsthatconnectwithcompetitivenessandlowupsettolerancearemuchmorelikelytogetangry.3.Also,sometimespre-angerdoesnothavetodowithalastingcondition,butratheratemporarystatebeforeatriggeringeventhasoccurred.4.Sometimesevenroutineoccurrencesbecomesourcesofpre-anger,orangeritself.Sometimesignoranceandnegative(消极的)outlooksonsituationscancreateanger.5.However,angercaneasilyturnviolent,anditisbesttoknowthereasonsforangertoappearinordertopreventitspresence.Withthesemainreasonsinmind,wecanevaluateourlevelofangerthroughoutthedayandpreventcasesofoutburstsbycomprehendingthereasonsforourfeelings.A.Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituationscancreateangerwithinusaswell.B.Butsometypesofsituationscanhelpustogetridoftheoccurrenceofanger.C.Angerisrarelylookeduponasabeneficialcharactertrait,andisusuallyadvisedtoreduceit.D.Angerisaparticularlystrongfeelingandmaybepeoplethinkthattheyhavereasonstofeelangry.E.Havingthesepersonalitytraitsimpliesthepre-angerstate,whereangerisinthebackgroundofyourmind.F.Understandingthesereasonswillcontrolourownangerifwearewillingtoevaluateourselveswithacriticaleye.G.Noteveryoneactsthesameinresponsetoevents,andthatiswhywhattriggersonepersonmayormaynottriggeranother.答案[语篇解读]本文为说明文。文章从三个方面向读者介绍了引起愤怒的原因，以帮助减少愤怒的出现。1.F设空处位于段尾，作者在该空之前先给出引起人们发怒的三个主要原因：triggeringevents（触发事件）、personalitytraits（个人性格特征）、assessmentofsituations（对形势的评估），然后通过F项引出下文。2.G空前作者先列举出几个生活中的事件，通常人们在遇到这些事之后的反应都是发怒；空后作者介绍“因为个人经历和心理特点的不同，所以面对某些事时，有人发怒但也有人不生气”。所以该空应与前后句话题一致，说的是“人们对这些事件的反应是不尽相同的”，与G项一致。3.E第三段主要的关键词是“personalitytraits（个人性格特征）”。空前一句话提到争强好胜的人及忍耐度低的人更容易发怒；空后介绍pre-anger（生气前兆）的特点，与E项中的thesepersonalitytraits和pre-anger形成原词复现，故选E项。4.A通读本段内容可知本段主要围绕“ourassessmentofsituations”展开。空后第二句话中的“outlooksonsituations”的意思是“对局势的判断”，与A项中的“Ourattitudeandviewpointonsituations”意思相近，故选A项。5.D由衔接词However可知，设空处内容与后文描述“发怒很容易变成暴力”的内容相反，故D项（发怒是一种特别强烈的情感，或许人们认为愤怒是情有可原的）放在此处最合适。08-2017北京Everyanimalsleeps,butthereasonforthishasremainedfoggy.Whenlabratsarenotallowedtosleep,theydiewithinamonth.1

Oneideaisthatsleephelpsusstrengthennewmemories.2Weknowthat,whileawake,freshmemoriesarerecordedbyreinforcing(加强)connectionsbetweenbraincells,butthememoryprocessesthattakeplacewhilewesleephavebeenunclear.

Supportisgrowingforatheorythatsleepevolvedsothatconnectionsbetweenneurons(神经元)inthebraincanbeweakenedovernight,makingroomforfreshmemoriestoformthenextday.3

Nowwehavethemostdirectevidenceyetthatheisright.4Thesynapsesinthemicetakenattheendofaperiodofsleepwere18percentsmallerthanthosetakenbeforesleep,showingthattheconnectionsbetweenneuronsweakenwhilesleeping.

IfTononi'stheoryisright,itwouldexplainwhy,whenwemissanight'ssleep,wefinditharderthenextdaytoconcentrateandlearnnewinformation—ourbrainsmayhavesmallerroomfornewexperiences.Theirresearchalsosuggestshowwemaybuildlastingmemoriesovertimeeventhoughthesynapsesbecomethinner.Theteamdiscoveredthatsomesynapsesseemtobeprotectedandstayedthesamesize.5“Youkeepwhatmatters,”Tononisays.

A.Weshouldalsotrytosleepwellthenightbefore.B.It'sasifthebrainispreservingitsmostimportantmemories.C.Similarly,whenpeoplegoforafewdayswithoutsleeping,theygetsick.D.Theprocessestakeplacetostopourbrainsbecomingloadedwithmemories.E.That'swhystudentsdobetterintestsiftheygetachancetosleepafterlearning.F.“Sleepisthepricewepayforlearning,”saysGiulioTononi,whodevelopedtheidea.G.Tononi'steammeasuredthesizeoftheseconnections,orsynapses,inthebrainsof12mice.答案[语篇解读]本文为说明文。研究表明，睡眠期间脑细胞之间的关联会减弱，从而使大脑为新的记忆腾出空间，但是对于重要的记忆，大脑则会对其加以保护。1.C上句指出，当不允许实验室的老鼠睡觉时，它们在一个月之内就死去了。本句是上句的延伸，由动物延伸到了人类。C项符合语境，意为“同样，当人几天不睡觉时就会生病”。2.E上句指出睡眠有助于加强新的记忆，下文对此进行了解释。本句应该是对这个观点的回应，E项（那也就是为什么学生在学习之后如果有机会睡觉的话，他们就会考得更好）符合语境。3.F下段首句指出现在我们有最直接的证据证明他是正确的，由此可知本句应指出某人的观点。结合本段提出的睡觉期间神经元之间的关联减弱，从而为第二天要形成的新记忆腾出空间可以判断F项符合语境。4.G下句中的synapses以及themice为关键线索。下文指出了老鼠在睡完一觉后和睡觉前synapses的不同，所以本句应该指出本次实验的内容，故G项符合语境。5.B上句指出，研究团队发现某些神经突触似乎得到了保护，并未发生变化，这正是对某些重要记忆的保护，故B项正确。09-2016北京TheScienceofRisk-SeekingSometimeswedecidethatalittleunnecessarydangerisworthitbecausewhenweweightheriskandthereward,theriskseemsworthtaking.1.Someofusenjoyactivitiesthatwouldsurpriseandscaretherestofus.Why?Expertssayitmayhavetodowithhowourbrainswork.Thereasonwhyanyofustakeanyrisksatallmighthavetodowithearlyhumans.Risk-takerswerebetterathunting,fighting,orexploring.2.Asthequalityofrisk-takingwaspassedfromonegenerationtothenext,humansendedupwithasenseofadventureandatoleranceforrisk.Sowhyaren'twealljumpingoutofairplanesthen?Well,even200,000yearsago,toomuchrisk-takingcouldgetonekilled.Afewdaringsurvived,though,alongwithafewstay-in-the-cavetypes.Asaresult,humansdevelopedarangeofcharactertypesthatstillexiststoday.Somaybeyoulovecarracing,ormaybeyouhateit.3.Nomatterwhereyouareontherisk-seekingrange,scientistssaythatyourwillingnesstotakerisksincreasesduringyourteenageyears.4.Tohelpyoudothat,yourbrainincreasesyourhungerfornewexperiences.Newexperiencesoftenmeantakingsomerisks,soyourbrainraisesyourtoleranceforriskaswell.5.Fortherisk-seekers,apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebecomesactive,whilefortherestofus,apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbecomesactive.Asexpertscontinuetostudythescienceofrisk-seeking,we'llcontinuetohitthemountains,thewavesortheshallowendofthepool.A.Italldependsonyourcharacter.B.Thosearetherisksyoushouldjumptotake.C.Beingbetteratthosethingsmeantagreaterchanceofsurvival.D.Thus,thesewell-equippedpeoplesurvivedbecausetheywerethefittest.E.Thisiswhenyoustarttomoveawayfromyourfamilyandintothebiggerworld.F.However,wearenotallusingthesamereferencestandardtoweighrisksandrewards.G.Newbrainresearchsuggestsourbrainsworkdifferentlywhenwefaceanervoussituation.答案[语篇解读]