英语语法系统化总结

英语语法系统化总结1.英语句子结构总结：1）简单句：主+谓+宾（主干）辅助成分——状语（副词，或词组），定语（形容词，或词组）补语：（主补、宾补）I’mateacher(主补).Thesunrisesred.(主补)WecallherMary.(宾补)Isawhimintheclassroomjustnow.(宾补)Hemademehappy.(宾补)Iseeherwalkinginthestreet.(宾补)Isawhimbeatenbyhisfather.(宾补)Ihopeyoutobeadoctor.(宾补)2）复杂句：⑴并列句：（由连词连接的两个或两个以上的句子）连词:and,but,or,both…and…,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…,nosooner…than,not…until…,as…as…,more…than,nomore…than…,etc.⑵主从句：（主句+从句）从句：名词性从句—（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，）引导词that形容词性从句—（定语从句,引导词:that,which,who,whom,when,where副词性从句—（状语从句）引导词:when,as,while,before,after,because,so,since,if,evenif,although,though,assoonas,aslongas,nowthat,incasethat,lestthat,forfearthan,nomatter+wh-,etc.doingorbeing作为现在分词引导伴随状语从句独立主格结构例句：1)Usually(being)veryagreeable,henowquitspeakingaltogetherandonamountofwordscouldpenetratethevacantexpressionheworeonhisface.2)CaringforsomeonewholovesasdeeplyandappreciatesmyeffortsasmuchasJimmydoeshasenrichedmylifemorethananythingelseevercouldhave.3)Whensomeonedoessthforyou,nomatterhowsmallandnomatterwhetherheissuperiororinferior,itispropertosay“Thankyou”.4)Theironcontentoftomatosaucecookedinanironpotforthreehoursshowedastrikingincrease,thelevelgoingupnearly30times.5)Athletesinhigh-impactsports(suchasrunning)mayalsoloseironthroughaphenomenonwhere(=inwhich可看成为引导定语从句)smallbloodvesselsinthefeetleakblood.2.非谓语动词：1）动名词(动词当名词用)：（doingorbeing）可作主语、宾语（动词+doing）2）分词：现在分词（动词的ing形式:doingorbeing）过去分词（动词的ed形式:doneorbeen）可作定语、宾补、表语和引导状语从句例句：LearningEnglishonlineisquitedifficulttome.(主语)Iwantgoingshoppingnow.（宾语）Doyoumindmysmoking?（宾语）Ihearyoucursingatyourbrotherjustnow.（宾补）Thelittlegirlplayingthereismysister.（定语）Ivisitedthesitenamedaftertheman.（定语）Playingbasketballisinteresting.（表语）I’minterestedinsports.（表语）Istandhere,watchingyou.（引导伴随状语从句）Followedbyastrangeman,Iwasscaredandwentaheadquickly.（引导伴随状语从句）3）动词不定式（todo或不带to的不定式）可作宾语、宾补、定语、状语（1）作宾语和宾补v.+(to)doornot(to)do（宾语）不带to的动词多数为感官动词，还有（make,let,have,leave,etc）v.+wh-+todo（宾语）v.+sb+(to)do（宾补）v.+it+adj.+todo（宾补）v.+n.+(to)do（宾补）（2）作定语：Heisthelastonetoleave.Ihavealottolearn.（3）作状语：（目的、结果、原因、adj.+todo—beready/glad/..todo….）3.虚拟语气：1）wish(=ifonly)后的that从句（虚拟）Eg.Iwish(that)Ihaddone…..Iwish(that)Iwere……Iwish(that)Iwould……2)wouldrather+that从句（过去时）表示不是事实（虚拟）It’s(high)timethat从句（过去时）3）asif虚拟：Hetalkedasifheknewtheaddress.事实：Helooksasifheisgoingtobeill.4)could/should/oughtto+havedone①本可以做，实际没做。Must/might/may+havedone②对过去行为的推测。5）有条件句的虚拟语气（注意时态的混用）Eg.IfIhadhadthehouse,Iwouldhavedone…..IfIhadthehouse,Iwoulddo…..Ifhewere….,hewoulddo…..注：If的代用语及省略4.情态：1）总体分类在传统语法中，情态就是一系列情态助动词所表达的意义。系统功能语言学认为情态一般由下列方式来表达：（1)情态助动词，(如:may,can,must,shall,will,could,might,should,would,need,dare等）（2）情态附加成分，(如:already,still,yet,soon等与时态有关,not,so,yes,no与归向极有关,ofcourse,surely,absolutely,actually等与语气有关，以及评注性附加成分：unfortunately,hopefully等）（3）谓语的扩展，(如:besupposedto,beobligedto,beanxiousto）（4）情态隐喻：第一人称代词为载体，(如:Ithink,Iguess,Ibelieve,I’msure等)非第一人称代词载体，（如:It’sobvious,It’srequired,Everyoneadmitsthat…等）（5）情态名物化结构，(如:There’sapossibilitythat…,There’sacertaintythat…等）（6）介词短语，(如:inmyopinion,tomymind,inallprobability,tosomedegree等）2）情态词值高低所有的情态表达方式都存在值高值低的问题。就情态助动词来说，可以根据其所表示意义的强弱程度将它们归入不同的类型。主情态动词，如will,shall,can,may比其“过去形式”表示的意义要强烈一些，其值就相应高一些；而must和haveto没有过去形式，则不存在这样的划分，但它们的意义最强烈，因而所含的值最高。高中低MustHavetoWillshallWouldShould/oughttoCanmayCouldmight情态隐喻也存在值高低的问题，比如在我们常用的表达方式中，Ithink的情态值居