浙江省Lambda联盟高三下学期三模英语试题

浙江省Lambda联盟2024年5月高三模拟考试英语试题卷考生须知：本试卷共8页，24小题。满分150分，考试用时120分钟。1.考生答题前，务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸上。2.选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号黑。写在试卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。3.非选择题的作答：用黑色签字笔直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。写在试卷、草稿纸和答题卡上的非答题区域均无效。4.考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并上交。第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。例：Howmuchistheshirt?A.£19.15B.£9.18C.£9.15答案是C。1.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Whenwillthemanarriveattheparty?A.At7:30. B.At8:00. C.At8:30.【答案】C【解析】【原文】W:Whattimedoesthepartystart?M:Itstartsat8o’clock.IthinkI’llarrivehalfanhourlatebecauseIhavetoworklatetoday.2.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Whatdoesthewomanwanttodrink?A.Orangejuice. B.Coffee. C.Hotchocolate.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M:Whatwouldyouliketodrink,teaorcoffee?W:Iusedtoorderorangejuice,butthistimeI’dlikeahotchocolate.3.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】WhatdidthemanplantodoonMarch1st?A.Applyforsomeclasses. B.Callthetravelagent. C.Gotothemountains.【答案】C【解析】【原文】M:Ijustcalledthetravelagent.It’sallset.OnMarch1st,I’mheadingforthemountainsforanentireweek.W:Haveyoucheckedtheacademiccalendarbecausemyclassesaren’tovertilltheseventh?4.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Whatarethespeakersprobablydoing?A.Unpackingabox. B.Loadingacar. C.Buyingasuitcase.【答案】B【解析】【原文】W:Isthereroomforthatboxupthere?M:Icanfititinthetrunk.Andthissuitcaseshouldfitinthebackseat.5.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】Whatrelationisthemantothewoman?A.Hercustomer.

​​​​ B.Hercoworker.​​ C.Herboss.【答案】B【解析】【原文】M:Youshouldgetsomerest.You’vealreadymixeduptheordersoftwocustomers.W:IknowIalsoknockedoveracupofcoffeeonalady.M:You’vebeenworkingtoohard.Whydon’tyouaskthemanagerfortheafternoonoff?W:Well,I’llgoandtalktohimrightaway.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有10秒钟的时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】6.Whatdoweknowabouttheman?A.Heishardworking.B.Helikesmakingthings.C.Hepaid$50forthebookcase.7.Whatdidthemandointheend?A.Hetoldajoke.B.Hemadeafutureplan.C.Heaskedthewomanforhelp.【答案】6.B7.A【解析】【原文】W:What’sthissupposedtobe?M:It’smynewbookcase.Ijusthavetoputittogether.W:Whydidn’tyoubuyonewhichwasready?M:Tobeginwith,Ilikemakingthings.W:Iknow,butthisisalotofwork.Isitworthit?M:Ofcourse!Isaved$50.W:Wow,Ihadnoidea.M:Youknowwhat?ThenextthingIwanttomakeisacar.Willyouhelpmebuildit?W:What?You’recrazy!M:Relax.I’monlykidding!听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】8.Whatcouldthemanbe?A.Asupermarketmanager. B.Apoliceman. C.Ahotelclerk.9.Wheredoesthewomanthinkshelosthercellphone?A.Inataxi. B.Inasupermarket. C.Inapark.【答案】8.B9.A【解析】【原文】M:Couldyourememberhowyoulostyourcellphone?W:Aftervisitingapark,Ididsomeshoppinginasupermarket,andthenIwentbacktomyhotel.PerhapsIleftitinthetaxitomyhotel.I’mnotsure.M:OK.canyourememberthenumberofthetaxi?W:Yes.It’slikelythatthetaxiismarkedwithT3345.M:We’llgetintouchwiththetaxipanyassoonaspossible.Ifyouhaveotherclues,pleasecallus.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】10.WhatwasProf.Stone’sgrandfatherafraidof?A.Leavinghishome.B.Partingfromhisson.C.Takingearlyretirement.11.WhatdoesoldagemeantomanyelderlyAmericans?A.Lackofmoralsupport.B.Lossofselfworth.C.Changeoflivinghabits.12.WhatwillProf.Stonetalkaboutnextconcerningelderlypeople?A.Publicservicestheyaskfor.B.Healthcareavailabletothem.C.Contributionstheycanmake.【答案】10.A11.B12.C【解析】【原文】W:Hello,ladiesandgentlemen.TodaywehaveinvitedProf.Stonetotalkabouttheroleofelderlypeopleinoursociety.Weletoourshow,Prof.Stone.M:Tobeginwith,I’dliketotellastoryfrommyownlife.Severalyearsago,whenmygrandparentswerewellintotheireighties,theywerenolongerabletocareforthemselvesverywell.Mygrandfatherwasafraidofleavingtheonlyhometheyhadknownforthepast60years.Theideaofhavingtoselltheirhomeandmoveintoaretirementhomewasanextremelypainfulexperienceforthem.Indeed,oldageforthemandmanyolderAmericanscanmeannotonlythepossiblefailureofone’shealthbutthelossofidentityandselfworth.W:Yes,it’strue.Whatdoyouhavetosayabouttheproblemofoldage?M:Manyexpertshavegiventalksherethathavefocusedonthemedicalcareandthedevelopmentofpublicservicesforseniorcitizens.Today,I’dliketofocusmymentsonthemeaningfulrolestheelderlycanplayandshouldplayinoursociety.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】13.Whatdoesthewomangivethemanfirst?A.Herpassport. B.Herticket. C.Hername.14.Wheredoesthewomanasktosit?A.Infirstclass. B.Bythewashroom. C.Nearthewalkway.15.Whattimeisitnow?A.9:20. B.9:30. C.9:40.16.Howdoesthewomanfeelintheend?A.Rushed. B.Grateful. C.Confused.【答案】13.C14.C15.A16.B【解析】【原文】M:Hello,there.WeletoDeltaAirlines.HowcanIhelpyoutoday?W:Hello.Justaminute,myhandsarefull...Ihavemypassportheresomewhere...M:Noproblem,ma’am.Whydon’tyoujustgivemeyourname?AndI’llgetyourticketreadyforyou.W:It’sLauraJones.I’monthe10:00flighttoToronto,Canada.I’mrunningalittlelatebecauseofthetraffic.Isthereanythingyoucoulddotohelpme?M:I’llcertainlytrymybest.I’llalsoneedyourbaby’spassport.W:Hereitis.I’msorry.Iaminsuchahurry.Mydaughterhasbeencryingallmorning.M:Ipletelyunderstand,ma’am.Letmeseewhatkindofseatsareavailableforyou.W:Actually,Iwouldpreferaseatnearthewalkwaybecauseofmydaughter.M:Youknowwhat,Ihavesomeverygoodnews.Someoneinfirstclasshasjustcanceledtheirflight.Icanmoveyouintotheirseat.Thatwillgiveyoulotsofroom,andyou’llberightbesidethewashroom,too.W:Areyoukidding?M:No,ma’am.Butboardingbeginsat9:30,whichis10minutesfromnow.We’llfindsomeonetoacpanyyouthroughsecurity,andhaveyouatthegateinlessthan20minutes.W:Youaretookind!Ireallyappreciateit!M:It’smypleasure.MerryChristmas!听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】17.Whatpositivenewsdothescientistsreportregardinglowcarbontechnologies?A.Theusageoflowcarbontechnologieshasincreased.B.Thecostsofmanykeylowcarbontechnologieshavefallendramatically.C.Theefficiencyoflowcarbontechnologieshasimprovedsignificantly.18.Whatisamajorconcernhighlightedbyobserversregardingthereport?A.Therelianceonexistingtechnologies.B.Thelackofgovernmentpolicies.C.Thedependencyonnewtechnologiestoremovecarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere.19.Howdothesuggestedpersonalactionsforreducingemissionsalsobenefitindividualhealthaccordingtothereport?A.Theypromotehealthierlifestylechoices.B.Theyreducerelianceonpharmaceuticals.C.Theyincreaseawarenessofenvironmentalissues.20.Whyistherelianceonnewcarbondioxideremovaltechnologiesconsideredproblematic?A.Theyarenotwidelyacceptedbythescientificmunity.B.Theyarestillveryexpensiveandatanearlystageofdevelopment.C.Theyhaveanegativeimpactontheenvironment.【答案】17.B18.C19.A20.B【解析】【原文】Thereissomegoodnewsintoday’sreport.Thescientistspointoutthatthecostsofmanykey,lowcarbontechnologies:solarpower,windturbines,andbatterieshavefallendramaticallyinjustthelastdecade.Andtheysay,wecanalltakeactiononclimate:eatingabitlessmeat,andwalkingandcyclingabitmorewillcutouremissionsandmakeushealthier,theysay.Butformanyobservers,thereallyworryingaspectoftoday’sreportistherelianceitplacesonnewtechnologiestosuckcarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere.Thescientistssaythesewillbeneededtokeeptemperaturesdowninvirtuallyallthescenariostheylookedat.Theproblemisthesetechnologiesareataveryearlystageofdevelopmentandarestillveryexpensive.Giventheurgencyofthechallengethereportsaysweface,thatisnotencouraging.第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AFacebook’sBigOutage—UnderstandingtheInternet’splexMachineryAt15:51UTC,wedetectedasignificantissue:“FacebookDNSlookupreturningSERVFAIL.”ThiserrorsuggestedthatourDNSresolver,,mightbemalfunctioning.However,thesituationwasmoreseriousthanweinitiallythought.Socialmediawasabuzzwithactivity,andourengineersconfirmedthatFacebook,WhatsApp,andInstagramwereallexperiencinganoutage.ItappearedasiftheseplatformshadbeenabruptlydisconnectedfromtheInternet.ThiswasnotasimpleDNSproblem;itwasasignofamuchlargerissue.Facebooklaterrevealedthatachangeintheirinternalconfigurationhadcausedawidespreaddisruption,affectingnotjusttheirservicesbutalsotheabilityoftheirstafftorestorenormaloperations.DelvingintoBGPBGP,orBorderGatewayProtocol,isacriticalponentoftheInternet’sinfrastructure.It’sthesystemthatallowstheInternet’srouterstomunicateanddeterminethemostefficientroutesfordatatotravel.Essentially,BGPistheInternet’sGPS,guidingdatapacketstotheirdestinations.IfanetworklikeFacebookstopsusingBGPtoannounceitspresence,itbeesinvisibleandunreachableontheInternet.TheRippleEffectAt15:58UTC,weobservedthatFacebookhadceasedannouncingitsDNSroutes.ThismeantthatDNSresolvers,whicharetheInternet’sdirectoryassistance,couldnolongerfindtheIPaddressesforFacebook’sservices.Asaresult,attemptstoaccessFacebook.andsimilardomainsfailed.Thisfailuretriggeredachainreaction.Withnoresolutionpossible,DNSresolversworldwidebegantoexperienceanunprecedentedsurgeinqueries,asbothautomatedsystemsandusersrepeatedlytriedtoaccessthenowunavailableservices.ThissurgenotonlystrainedtheDNSinfrastructurebutalsoaffectedotheronlineplatformsasuserssoughtinformationandalternatives.TheInterconnectedWebTheday’seventsunderscoredtheInternet’splexityandthedelicatebalanceofsystemsandprotocolsthatkeepitrunning.It’savast,interconnectedecosystemthatreliesonmutualtrust,standardization,andcollaborationamongitsvariousponentstoservenearlyfivebillionusersglobally.TheResolutionandBeyondBy21:00UTC,webegantoseesignsofrecoveryasBGPactivityfromFacebook’snetworkresumed.Thisactivitypeakedat21:17UTC,indicatingthatFacebookwasactivelyworkingtorestoreitsservices.By21:20UTC,theDNSfor“facebook.”wasonceagainavailableonourresolver,,andby21:28UTC,itappearedthatFacebookwasbackonline,withDNSfunctioningnormally.WhileFacebook,WhatsApp,andInstagrammayhavetakensometimetoreturntofulloperation,theincidentservedasastarkreminderoftheInternet’sinterdependenceandtheimportanceofrobustinfrastructure.21.WhatwastheinitialindicationofaproblemwithFacebook’sservices?A.AdecreaseinuseractivityonsocialmediaplatformsB.TheappearanceofaerrorinDNSlookupsforFacebookC.AsuddenincreaseintraffictopetingsocialmediasitesD.ReportsofphysicaldamagetoFacebook’sdatacenters22.WhatroledoesBGPplayinthefunctioningoftheInternet?A.ItmanagesthedistributionofInternetcontenttousersB.ItprovidessecurityforonlinetransactionsC.IthelpsroutersfindthemostefficientpathfordatatotravelD.ItregulatesthespeedofInternetconnectionsworldwide23.WhydidtheoutageatFacebookleadtoasignificantincreaseinDNStraffic?A.BecauseuserswereattemptingtoaccessFacebook’spetitors,whichresultedinanelevatednumberofDNSqueriesforthoseplatforms.B.BecauseDNSresolverscouldnotresolveFacebook’sdomainnames,leadingtorepeatedqueriesC.BecauseacyberattackspecificallytargetedtheDNSinfrastructure,whichincreasedthevolumeofrequeststoDNSresolversforresolution.D.BecausetheFacebookoutageindirectlycausedphysicaldamagetotheglobalDNSnetwork,necessitatingahighernumberofqueriestoDNSresolverstofindalternativeroutes.【答案】21.B22.C23.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了Facebook等平台大规模断网事件揭示了互联网复杂架构中的脆弱性，源于内部配置错误导致BGP路由失效，如同从互联网消失。这一连锁反应不仅影响用户访问，还波及其他在线服务，凸显互联网系统的相互依赖性和维护其稳定运行的挑战。至当晚，Facebook逐步恢复服务，强调了加强基础设施稳定性的迫切需求。【21题详解】细节理解题。由文章第一段中“At15:51UTC,wedetectedasignificantissue:“FacebookDNSlookupreturningSERVFAIL.”(在UTC时间15:51，我们检测到一个重大问题：“FacebookDNS查找返回SERVFAIL。”)”可知，问题的最初迹象是Facebook的DNS查找返回错误。故选B。【22题详解】细节理解题。由文章DelvingintoBGP部分中“It’sthesystemthatallowstheInternet’srouterstomunicateanddeterminethemostefficientroutesfordatatotravel.(它是一个系统，它允许互联网上的路由器进行通信，并确定数据传输的最有效路线。)”可知，BGP帮助路由器找到最有效的数据传输路径。故选C。【23题详解】细节理解题。由文章TheRippleEffect部分中“Thisfailuretriggeredachainreaction.Withnoresolutionpossible,DNSresolversworldwidebegantoexperienceanunprecedentedsurgeinqueries,asbothautomatedsystemsandusersrepeatedlytriedtoaccessthenowunavailableservices.(这次失败引发了连锁反应。由于无法进行解析，全球的DNS解析器开始经历前所未有的查询激增，因为自动化系统和用户都反复尝试访问现在不可用的服务。)”可知，这种无法解析Facebook域名的情况，使得DNS解析尝试频繁重复，从而增加了DNS流量。故选B。BFiftyyearsafterLilianaCavani’sfilmTheNightPorterwasreleasedtowidespreadcriticaldisgust,howhaveviewsofitchanged?“TowriteapoemafterAuschwitzisbarbaric,”wrotetheGermantheoristTheodorAdorno,suggestinginhis1949essayCulturalCriticismandSocietythatartisticexpressionhadbeenrenderedinadequateasatooltounderstandrealityaftertheHolocaust.Inher1974filmTheNightPorter,ItaliandirectorLilianaCavanichallengedthistheory,takingittoitslogicalextreme.SheusedaconcentrationcampasthesettingtoexploreacrazedsexualbondbetweenanadolescentprisonerandanSSmandant,andhow,yearslater,thispsychologicalpoisonhaspervadedtheirsouls.Amidthefuroreafteritsrelease—whichincludedintenselynegativereviewsandanattemptedbanbytheItalianratingsboard—withtypicalnonchalance,CavanitoldTheNewYorkTimes:“Thisisnothingparedtothenumberlesscoupleswhoteareachotherapartpsychologically.”Halfacenturyon,however,doesTheNightPorterstillseemlikeaprovocationthatplumbsthedepthsofbadtaste?Withthefilm’srecentrestorationandrereleases,aswellasrenewedconversationsaroundcinematicdepictionsoftheHolocaust,manyhaverevisitedthefilmandremainunimpressedbyitscontent.OthersareperhapsseeingthefilmmoreasLilianaCavanioriginallyintended:asanartisticreflectionofhowsexualobsessioncanbefascisticinitstunnelvisionedferocity.Cavaniherselfputitmoresimply:“loveesalwayswithapricetopay.”TheNightPorterissetinViennain1957,whereaformerNazimandant,Max(DirkBogarde),worksinanupmarkethotel.There,heclasheswithformerSScolleagueswhoaredeterminedtopurgethemselvesofanyshameabouttheirrolesintheFinalSolutionandeliminateanysurvivingwitnesses.Max,however,wouldratherforgethispastandmoveon,livinghislifequietly,hesays,“asachurchmouse.”HiscarefulworldisupendedwhenLucia(CharlotteRampling),nowmarriedtoanAmericanposer,walksintohishotellobby—theverywomanhesexuallyabusedwhileshewasaprisonerinhiscamp,andwithwhomheenteredintoasadomasochisticrelationship.Reunitedoncemore,theirtwistedfolieadeuxresumesandaferventdebasementbegins—now,onbothsides.24Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestreflectstheauthor’sperspectiveonthefilm’sportrayaloftheHolocaust?A.ThefilmisadisrespectfulandexploitativerepresentationoftheHolocaust.B.ThefilmisaplexandabstractexplorationofNaziideologyandsexualtaboos.C.ThefilmisastraightforwardhistoricalaccountoftheHolocaust.D.ThefilmisaromanticizeddepictionofloveduringtheHolocaust.25.Inthecontextofthearticle,whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheterm“sadomasochistic”?A.Aformofpsychologicaltherapy.B.Atypeofartisticexpression.C.Arelationshipdynamiccharacterizedbytheexchangeofpainandpleasure.D.AhistoricalaccountofeventsduringWorldWarII.26.Whatisthemainargumentofthosewhodefendthefilm’sartisticmerit?A.ThefilmprovidesarealisticportrayaloftheHolocaust.B.Thefilm’scontroversialnaturegeneratesimportantdiscussions.C.Thefilmisasuccessfulexampleofthe“Nazisploitation”genre.D.Thefilm’splotandcharacterdevelopmentarehighlyoriginal.27.Whatisthemostappropriatetitleforthearticle?A.“TheNightPorter:ACinematicControversy”B.“LilianaCavani:TheDirectorWhoChallengedArt”C.“LoveandEvil:TheplexThemesofTheNightPorter”D.“TheHolocaustonFilm:AHistoryofCinematicPortrayals”【答案】24.B25.C26.B27.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了对莉莉安娜·卡瓦尼的电影《午夜守门人》的具有争议的评价。【24题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Inher1974filmTheNightPorter,ItaliandirectorLilianaCavanichallengedthistheory,takingittoitslogicalextreme.SheusedaconcentrationcampasthesettingtoexploreacrazedsexualbondbetweenanadolescentprisonerandanSSmandant,andhow,yearslater,thispsychologicalpoisonhaspervadedtheirsouls.(意大利导演莉莉安娜·卡瓦尼在她1974年的电影《午夜守门人》中挑战了这一理论，将其推向了逻辑的极致。她以集中营为背景，探索了一名青少年囚犯和一名党卫军指挥官之间疯狂的性关系，以及多年后，这种心理毒药是如何渗透到他们的灵魂中的。)”可推知，这部电影是对纳粹意识形态和性禁忌的复杂而抽象的探索，最好地反映了作者对电影对大屠杀的描绘的观点。故选B。【25题详解】词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“SheusedaconcentrationcampasthesettingtoexploreacrazedsexualbondbetweenanadolescentprisonerandanSSmandant,andhow,yearslater,thispsychologicalpoisonhaspervadedtheirsouls.(她以集中营为背景，探索了一名青少年囚犯和一名党卫军指挥官之间疯狂的性关系，以及多年后，这种心理毒药是如何渗透到他们的灵魂中的。)”以及文章最后一段“HiscarefulworldisupendedwhenLucia(CharlotteRampling),nowmarriedtoanAmericanposer,walksintohishotellobby—theverywomanhesexuallyabusedwhileshewasaprisonerinhiscamp,andwithwhomheenteredintoasadomasochisticrelationship.(当露西娅(夏洛特·兰普林饰)走进他的酒店大厅时，他小心翼翼的世界被颠覆了——露西娅(夏洛特·兰普林饰)现在嫁给了一位美国作曲家。露西娅正是他在集中营里被他性侵的那个女人，他和她陷入了一种受虐狂和施虐狂的关系。)”可推知，sadomasochistic意为“一种以痛苦和快乐的交换为特征的动态关系”。故选C。【26题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Withthefilm’srecentrestorationandrereleases,aswellasrenewedconversationsaroundcinematicdepictionsoftheHolocaust,manyhaverevisitedthefilm(随着这部电影最近的修复和重新发行，以及围绕大屠杀的电影描述的重新讨论，许多人重新审视了这部电影)”可知，那些为这部电影的艺术价值辩护的人的主要论点是影片的争议性引发了重要的讨论。故选B。【27题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“FiftyyearsafterLilianaCavani’sfilmTheNightPorterwasreleasedtowidespreadcriticaldisgust,howhaveviewsofitchanged?(莉莉安娜·卡瓦尼的电影《午夜守门人》上映50年后，评论界对它的看法发生了怎样的变化？)”和全文描述可知，文章主要介绍了对莉莉安娜·卡瓦尼的电影《午夜守门人》的具有争议的评价。故选A。CHowcanonepersonenjoygoodhealth,whileanotherpersonlooksoldbeforehertime?Humanshavebeenaskingthisquestionforthousandsofyears,andrecently,it’sbeingclearerandclearertoscientiststhatthedifferencesbetweenpeople’sratesofaginglieintheplexinteractionsamonggenes,socialrelationships,environmentsandlifestyles.Eventhoughyouwerebornwithaparticularsetofgenes,thewayyoulivecaninfluencehowtheyexpressthemselves.Somelifestylefactorsmayeventurngenesonorshutthemoff.Deepwithinthegeneticheartofallourcellsaretelomeres,orrepeatingsegmentsofnoncodingDNAthatliveattheendsofthechromosomes(染色体).Theyformcapsattheendsofthechromosomesandkeepthegeneticmaterialtogether.Shorteningwitheachcelldivision,theyhelpdeterminehowfastacellages.Whentheybeetooshort,thecellstopsdividingaltogether.Thisisn’ttheonlyreasonacellcanage—thereareotherstressesoncellswedon’tyetunderstandverywell—butshorttelomeresareoneofthemajorreasonshumancellsgrowold.We’vedevotedmostofourcareerstostudyingtelomeres,andoneextraordinarydiscoveryfromourlabsisthattelomerescanactuallylengthen.Scientistshavelearnedthatseveralthoughtpatternsappeartobeunhealthyfortelomeres,andoneofthemiscynicalhostility.Cynicalhostilityisdefinedbyhighangerandfrequentthoughtsthatotherpeoplecannotbetrusted.Someonewithhostilitydoesn’tjustthink,“Ihatetostandinlonglines”;theythink,“Othersdeliberatelyspedupandbeatmetomyrightfulpositionintheline!”—andthengetviolentlyagitated.Peoplewhoscorehighonmeasuresofcynicalhostilitytendtogetmoreheartdisease,metabolicdiseaseandoftendieatyoungerages.Theyalsohaveshortertelomeres.InastudyofBritishcivilservants,menwhoscoredhighonmeasuresofcynicalhostilityhadshortertelomeresthanmenwhosehostilityscoreswerelow.Themosthostilemenwere30%morelikelytohaveshorttelomeres.Whatthismeans:agingisadynamicprocessthatcouldpossiblybeacceleratedorslowed—and,insomeaspects,evenreversed.Toanextent,ithassurprisedusandtherestofthescientificmunitythattelomeresdonotsimplycarryoutthemandsissuedbyyourgeneticcode.Yourtelomeresarelisteningtoyou.Thefoodsyoueat,yourresponsetochallenges,theamountofexerciseyouget,andmanyotherfactorsappeartoinfluenceyourtelomeresandcanpreventprematureagingatthecellularlevel.Oneofthekeystoenjoyinggoodhealthissimplydoingyourparttofosterhealthycellrenewal.28.Whyaresomelifestylefactorsconsideredextremelyimportant?A.Theymaydeterminehowgenesfunction.B.Theymayshortentheprocessofcelldivision.C.Theymayaffectthelifespanoftelomeres.D.Theymayaccountforthestressesoncells.29.Whathavetheauthorandhiscolleaguesdiscoveredabouttelomeres?A.Theirnumberaffectsthegrowthofcells.B.Theirlengthdeterminesthequalityoflife.C.Theirshorteningprocesscanbereversed.DTheirhealthimpactsthedivisionofcells.30.Whathavescientistslearnedaboutcynicalhostility?A.Itmayleadtoconfrontationalthoughtpatterns.B.Itmaycausepeopletolosetheirtemperfrequently.C.Itmayproduceanadverseeffectontelomeres.D.Itmaystirupagitationamongthoseinlonglines.31.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraphabouttheprocessofaging?A.Itmayvaryfromindividualtoindividual.B.Itchallengesscientiststoexplorefurther.C.Itdependsonone’sgeneticcode.D.Itmaybecontrolledtoadegree.【答案】28A29.B30.C31.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们衰老速度的差异在于基因、社会关系、环境和生活方式之间复杂的相互作用。一些生活方式因素甚至可能开启或关闭基因。【28题详解】细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Eventhoughyouwerebornwithaparticularsetofgenes,thewayyoulivecaninfluencehowtheyexpressthemselves.Somelifestylefactorsmayeventurngenesonorshutthemoff.(即使你生来就有一组特殊的基因，你的生活方式也会影响它们的表达方式。一些生活方式因素甚至可能开启或关闭基因)”可知，一些生活方式因素可能决定基因的功能，所以被认为是极其重要的。故选A。【29题详解】推理判断题。由文章第二段中“Shortening

with

each

cell

division,

they

help

determine

how

fast

a

cell

ages.

When

they

bee

too

short,

the

cell

stops

dividing

altogether.

(随着每次细胞分裂而缩短，它们有助于确定细胞衰老的速度。当它们变得太短时，细胞就完全停止分裂)”可知，末端粒的长度直接关联到细胞的老化速度及终止分裂的时点，从而影响生命质量。因此，我们可以推断出末端粒的长度是决定生命质量的一个关键因素。故选B。【30题详解】细节理解题。由文章第三段中“Scientistshavelearnedthatseveralthoughtpatternsappeartobeunhealthyfortelomeres,andoneofthemiscynicalhostility.(科学家们已经了解到，有几种思维模式似乎对端粒不健康，其中之一是愤世嫉俗的敌意)”和“Peoplewhoscorehighonmeasuresofcynicalhostilitytendtogetmoreheartdisease,metabolicdiseaseandoftendieatyoungerages.(在愤世嫉俗的敌意测试中得分高的人往往更容易患心脏病和代谢疾病，而且往往在更年轻的时候死亡。它们的端粒也更短)”可知，愤世嫉俗的敌意对端粒有不良影响。故选C。【31题详解】推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Whatthismeans:agingisadynamicprocessthatcouldpossiblybeacceleratedorslowed—and,insomeaspects,evenreversed.Toanextent,ithassurprisedusandtherestofthescientificmunitythattelomeresdonotsimplycarryoutthemandsissuedbyyourgeneticcode.Yourtelomeresarelisteningtoyou.Thefoodsyoueat,yourresponsetochallenges,theamountofexerciseyouget,andmanyotherfactorsappeartoinfluenceyourtelomeresandcanpreventprematureagingatthecellularlevel.Oneofthekeystoenjoyinggoodhealthissimplydoingyourparttofosterhealthycellrenewal.(这意味着：衰老是一个动态过程，可以加速或减缓，在某些方面甚至可以逆转。在某种程度上，端粒不只是执行你的遗传密码发出的命令，这让我们和科学界的其他人感到惊讶。你的端粒在倾听你的声音。你吃的食物、你对挑战的反应、你的运动量，以及许多其他因素似乎都会影响你的端粒，并能在细胞水平上防止过早衰老。享受健康的关键之一就是尽自己的一份力量来促进健康的细胞更新)”可推知，衰老过程可以在一定程度上得到控制。故选D。DInthelatenineteenthcentury,artcriticsregardedseventeenthcenturyDutchpaintingsasdirectreflectionsofreality.Thepaintingswerediscussedasanindexofthedemocracyofasocietythatchosetorepresentitsclass,action,andoccupationsexactlyastheywere,widerangingrealismwasseenasthegreatacplishmentofDutchart.However,theachievementofmorerecentstudyofDutcharthasbeentherecoveryofthefactthatsuchpaintingsaretobetakenassymbolizingmortality,therenaissanceofearthlylife,andthepowerofGod,andasmessagethatrangefromthemildlymoralizingtothefirmlydidactic.Howexplicitandconsistentthesymbolizingprocesswasintendedtobeisamuchthorniermatter,butanyonewhohasmorefamiliaritythanapassingacquaintancewithDutchliteratureorwiththekindsofimagesusedinillustratedbooks(aboveallemblembooks)willknowhowmuchlesspervasivewasthehabitofinvestingordinaryobjectsthanofinvestingsceneswithmeaningthatgobeyondtheirsurfaceandoutwardappearance.Inthemid1960s,EddydeJonghpublishedanextraordinaryarrayofmaterial—especiallyfromtheemblembooksandvernacularliterature—thatconfirmedtheunreliabilityoftakingDutchpicturesatsurfacevaluealone.Themajordifficulty,however,withthefindingsofcriticssuchasdeJonghisthatitisnoteasytoassessthemultiplicityoflevelsinwhichDutchviewersinterpretedthesepictures.DeJongh’sfollowerstypicallyregardthepicturesaspurelysymbolic.NoteveryobjectwithinDutchpaintingsneedbeinterpretedintermsoftheglossgiventoitsequivalentrepresentationintheemblembooks.NoteveryfootwarmeristobeinterpretedintermsofthefootwarmerinRowmerVisscher’sSinnepoppenof1614,noteverybridleisanemblemofrestraint(thoughmanywereindeedjustthat).TomaintainasBrowndoes,thatthetwochildreninNetscher’spaintingALadyTeachingaChildtoReadstandforindustryandidlenessistofailtounderstandthatthepaintinghasavarietyofpossiblemeanings,eventhoughthepictureundoubtedlycarriersunmistakablesymbolicmeanings,too.ModernArthistoriansmaywellfindthediscoveryofparallelsbetweenapaintingandaspecificemblemexciting,theymay,likese