现代汉语语法修辞教案 苏州大学

现代汉语语法修辞教案-苏州大学（ModernChinesegrammarandrhetoricteachingplan-SoochowUniversity）Documentsfromthenetwork,Icollected,finishing,andifthereareomissions,errors,butalsopleasecorrectme!SyllabusofmodernChineseCourseCourses:professionalteachingcoursesTeachingobject:Chinesemajor(juniorcollegedegree)Class:54Lecturer:ZhuJingsongSpecifiedmaterials:HuangBorong,LiaoXudongeditorof"modernChinese"(revisedFourthEdition),highereducationpress,June2007Teachingpurpose:ModernChineseisaspecializedcourseforundergraduatesmajoringinteachingChineseasaforeignlanguage.Itisnotonlyatheoreticalcourse,butalsoahighlypracticalspecializedskilltrainingcourseStudentsthroughthecourse,abetterunderstandingofmodernChinese,intheoryofmodernChinesephonetics,vocabulary,grammarandregularityoftheChinesecharactersunderstanding,formandimprovetheabilityofanalysisofmodernChinese,toimprovetheabilityoftheuseofmodernChineseIntheteaching,theappropriateprominentfeaturesinpronunciation,vocabularyandgrammarofmodernChineselanguage,guidestudentstomodernChineseandrelatedlanguages,theformationoffocusonthecharacteristicsofChineseconsciousness,inordertocarryouttargetedteachingactivitiesinforeignlanguageteachingIntroductionThefirstdayofI.language,ChineseandmodernChineseLanguageisthemostimportanttoolforhumancommunication,isatoolofthinking;languageisasymbolsystemwhichcombinessoundandmeaning;languageisaspecialsocialphenomenonChineseisthemothertongueoftheHanpeopleModernChineseisthemothertongueoftheHanpeopleintheearlytwenty-firstCenturyModernChineseinbroadsenseandnarrowsenseSpokenandwrittenlanguageliterarylanguageTwo,theHannationalitycommonlanguageanddialectTheconceptsofcommonlanguageanddialectTheformationofthecommonlanguageofHannationalityDefinitionofthedefinitionofPutonghuaModernChineseDialects:NortherndialectsWudialectxiangdialectGanDialectMindialectshakkaCantonesedialectSomeexplanationsaboutthedivisionofdialectareasCharacteristicsofmodernChinese:phoneticfeaturesLexicalfeaturesGrammaticalfeaturesThestatusofmodernChinesedomesticabroadChapteronepronunciationThefirstdayofFirst,thenatureofspeech:physiologicalattributesPhysicalpropertySocialattributeTwo,thebasicconceptofpronunciation:syllableConsonantsandvowels(headmiddleandend),tonephonemeAvowelorconsonantThree,notes:Chinesephoneticalphabetprogram,internationalphoneticalphabet32phoneticsymbolsofmodernChineseSecondinitialconsonantI.pronunciationofinitialconsonants:initialsArticulationareaPronunciationmethodTwo,theinitialsofThirdquarterfinalsFirst,thefinalsTwo,theclassificationoffinalsThree,rhymeFour,onthefinalFourthtoneTheconceptofatone,toneandtone:Two,MandarintonesThree,theancienttonecomparisonFour,thechangeofthirdtonesandhi:Tonesandhi"One"and"no"tonesandhiThesandhiof"seven"and"eight"Five,thetoneofFifthsyllablesSyllablestructureAtleastonesoundphonemeispresentinasyllable,andatmostfourphonemescanbepresentAsyllablecanhaveone,two,oreventhreevowelphonemes.Whenmorethantwovowelsappearinasyllable,theymustbearrangedcontinuouslyAsyllablemaynothaveconsonant,alsocanappearoneortwoconsonants,respectively.TheinitialorendingpositionEachsyllablevowelandtonecannotbelessTwo,PinyinRulesofinitialconsonantandfinalconsonantThree,spellingrules:theuseoflettersyandWUseofsoundinsulationsymbolsabbreviationStandardadjustmentWriteanduppercaseInsectionsixth,"andsomeothersoftlyFirst,softlyDefinitionofneutraltoneDistributionofneutraltoneFunctionofneutraltoneTwo."Thedefinitionof"RetroflexionpronunciationTheroleofErThree,otherchangesThearticulationofthemodalparticle"ah"Thesecondchapter,ChinesecharactersThefirstdayofTextandlanguageTwo,thenatureofChinesecharactersThree,thecharacteristicsofChinesecharactersTheoriginanddevelopmentofsecondChinesecharactersFirst,theoriginofChinesecharacters:ChinesecharactersoriginatedfromtheXiaandShangDynasties,andsomeofthemhavemorethan3000yearsofhistoryTwo,theevolutionofChinesecharactersChinesecharactersatthestageofancientwriting:OracleBoneInscriptionsInscriptionsonbronzeSixscriptQinscriptThestageofthetextThescriptstageChinesecharactersThirdsectionsofChinesecharactersFirst,the"six"theory:pictographs,selfexplanatory,knowing,Zhuanzhu,undertheguiseofpictophmetic;SixcommentsTwo.AnalysisofmodernChinesecharacters1.strokesandstroke:basicstrokes:horizontal,vertical,left,andfold2.parts3,thewholewordThree.ModernChinesecharactersThefourthsectionChinesecharacterspronunciationSure,awordChinesecharacterspronunciationdependsontherecordofthemorphemepronunciationTwo,variantpronunciationThecausesofvariantpronunciationswordsThevariantpronunciationofpronunciationThree,mulfiplereadlngcharactersOftenpronunciationSubnormalpronunciationRarepronunciationFour,homonymThecausesofhomophoneThefifthsectionChinesecharactersmeaningA,wordmeaningandmorphemeFromthemeaningofwrittenmorphememeaningTwo,thesinglewordThedefinitionofmonosemicwordsThesinglewordappearsbeforetheoccasionThree,YiNocontacteachwordmeaningWitheachwordmeaningAwordmeaninghadcontact,donotseethislinkSixthwordorderofChinesecharactersFirst,thewordorderisimportantTwo,sequencerThree,radicalmethod(formofordermethod)Four,strokepenshapemethod(shapeprefacemethodtwo)Seventh,thecollationandsimplificationofChinesecharactersFirst,thecollationofvariantwords:"thefirstbatchofvariantwordsortingform"Two,simplifiedChinesecharacters:simplifiedmethodsThree,otheraspectsoffinishingEighth,thestandardizationandstandardizationofChinesecharactersI.specificationsofChinesecharacters:"printedChinesecharactersingeneralform"Simplifiedtextlist"ModernChinesecommoncharacters"XinhuaDictionaryTwo,thecorrectuseofChinesecharacters,toeliminateconfusionintheuseofwordsThree,thestandardizationofChinesecharacters:quantitativeSettingAccordaturaOrderingThirdchaptersvocabularyThefirstsectionistheconstructionofwordsAword:thesmallest,independentsemanticcombinationTwo.Morpheme:thesmallestcombinationofphoneticandsemanticClassificationofmorphemes:rootsandaffixesIntowordsandwithoutwordsThepositioningmorphemeandtheindefinitemorphemeThree:singlesyllableThedoublesyllablewords:lianmianci(alliteration,DieYun,transliteration)Four,compoundwords:compound,additional,overlappingFive,abbreviation:reductionTightenDigitalgeneralizationSecondmeaningsFirst,meaninganditsnature:objectivityGeneralityFuzzinessNationalityTwo,themeaningoftheword:rationalmeaningEvaluationsignificancestylisticmeaningImagecolorThethirdsectioniswordmeaninganalysisAsingle,polysemousandmeanings:ThedefinitionofmonosemicwordsPolysemydefinitionTwo.Analysisofmeaningsofpolysemouswords:synchronicanddiachronicThree,polysemyandhomophone:therealityoftheconnectionHistoricalconnectionPsychologicalconnectionFour,analysisanddefinition:sememesememesememeThemethodofsemanticanalysisTheroleofsememeanalysisFourthmeaningsofwords--SemanticFieldI.semanticfieldTwo,synonymsandsynonymousfieldsThree,antonymandantonymfieldThefifthsectionisabouttheformationofmodernChinesevocabularyI.BasicVocabulary:stabilityproductivityUniversalityTwo,generalvocabulary:basicvocabularyandgeneralvocabularyoftherelationshipThree,ancientwords,loanwords,dialectwordsFour,industrywords,metaphorTheseventhsectionofIdiomsI.idioms:DefinitionsCharacteristicsourcestructureTwo.Idioms:DefinitionsstructureSignificanceThree,Chinese:definitionclassificationSignificanceanduseTheeighthsectionisthedevelopmentofvocabularyandstandardizationofvocabularyVocabularydevelopmentTwo.Standardizationofvocabulary:standardizationofnewcoinageNormsofLoanwordsThenormsofarchaicwordsThenormsofdialectalwordsThefourthchapterisgrammarThefirstsectionisintroductionI.grammarGrammaristheorganizationrulesandstructuralrulesofwords,phrases,sentences,andevensentencegroupsTwo,thenatureofgrammar:abstractness(orgenerality)StabilityNationalitySystematicnessGenerativeSecondgrammaticalunitsI.morphemeTwowordsThree,phrases(phrases)FoursentencesThirdpartsofspeechPartIconceptsandclassificationstandardsParttwo:thewordclasssysteminmodernChineseWords:nouns,numeralsandquantifiers(abovenoun,verbandadjective)(abovepredicate),thedifferencebetweenwordsandadverbs,Pronouns(generationofwords)Functionwords:prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliarywords,modalparticles,pronouns(substitutingfunctionwords)InterjectionsandonomatopoeicwordsNotionalwordsandfunctionwords:accordingtothetraditionalprocessingmethod,canmakethesentencewords,wordscannotserveassentenceelementsThenominalpredicatepredicateandpredicate:thestrongest,thenominalsubjectpredicatethestrongestabilityisweakThree,NOUNIndividualNouns/countablenounsAmaterialnoun/uncountablenounCollectivenounAbstractnounPropernounTimeNOUNLocativenounsLocativeNOUNGrammaticalfunctionsofnouns:Noundetermined:firstdeterminethenominalCanthenumberdeterminernoun,orcanbeplacedinthepreposition"in/to"behindisanounFour,verbs,adjectivesIdentificationmethod:no/noDistinguishbetweenthetwocategoriesbyusingtheobjectandadding"very"Verb:thefunctionofverbsAsmallclassofverbsVerbreduplicationYes,itis"Adjectives:thefunctionofadjectivesoverlapAdjectives:categories,adjectives,andadjectivesOntheproblemofadjectivecausativetransformationSuchissuesFive.DistinguishedwordsFunction:asanattribute(plus""")Six,numeral,quantifierNumerals:cardinalnumbersandordinalnumbersClassifier：Nounclassifier(individualmeasureword,collectivemeasureword,unitmeasureword,compoundmeasureword,borrowquantifier)Momentumwords(secondary,lower,back,linear,continuous,repeated,repeated,field,sequential,coherent)Seven,adverbAdverbscanonlybeusedasadverbialAdverbclassEight,pronounPersonalpronouns,demonstrativepronounsandinterrogativepronounsTheuseofpronouns:avoidreferringtounknownTheuseofpersonalpronounsintheuseofinterrogativepronounsNine,prepositionsRecognitionofPrepositionsPrepositionalfunctionTenconjunctionsTogether,alongwith,alongwith,orwith,orNotonly,butalso,if,since,evennow,letalone......Usageof"harmony"Conjunction"harmony"andpreposition"sum""Eleven,auxiliarywordStructureword:ground,ground,place,placeDynamicauxiliarywords:,past,past,pastSimilarwords:sameTwelve,modalparticlesOh,yes,right,hereitis,it'scomingThirteen,InterjectionsandonomatopoeicwordsFourteen,wordsFourthphrasesandtheiranalysisFirst,thetypeofphraseInternalstructurePhrasefunctionTheendocentricphraseVerbphrase.ObjectphrasecoordinatephraseSubject-PredicatePhrasePredicatephraseConcurrentphraseappositivephraseTwo.AnalysisofcomplexphrasesComplexphraseHierarchyanalysisThree.AmbiguousphrasesDifferentphrasesandpartsofspeechinaphrasemaycauseambiguityinthewholephraseDifferentlevelsofphrasesmaycauseambiguityinthewholephraseThestructureofphrasesisdifferent,ItmaycauseambiguityinthewholephraseAdifferentmeaningofawordinaphrasemaycauseambiguityinthewholephraseFifthsubjectpredicatephrases:subjectandpredicateI.themeaningofsubjectandpredicateSubjectistopic,predicateisthestatementoftopicTwo,thesubjectofthecompositionandclassificationSubjectConstitutionThesubjectisdividedintothreecategories:thesubject,thepatientsubject,thesubjectThree,thecompositionandclassificationofpredicateVerbphrases,adjectivephrases,noun(noun)words,subjectpredicatephraseTheverbpredicate,adjectivepredicate,nounpredicate,predicateFour,verbpredicateFive,adjectivepredicateSix,nounpredicate(nominal)Seven,predicateverbphraseaspredicateEight.ClassificationofsubjectpredicatesentencesverbalsentenceadjectivepredicatesentenceNounpredicatesentence(noun)PredicatepredicatesentenceThesixthsection:theobjectphrasepredicateandobjectApredicateandobject,significanceSomesaidactionscanalsobeexpressed,judging,meaningTheobjectistheobjectofthepredicateinvolvedTwo,thecompositionandclassificationofobjectsWordsthatcanbesubjectcangenerallybeusedasobjectsTheobjectdividedintopassiveandactive,whenthingsthreeThree,fromtheobjecttoseetheverb:someverbscanonlycarrynominalobjectSomeverbscanonlycarrypredicateobjectsSomeverbscannotonlycarrynounobjects,butalsodrivepartofspeechobjectsFour,doubleobjectsGivingverbs:giving,delivering,paying,giving,selling,teaching(YinPing),telling,asking,informingSomeverbscarry"doubleobjects"with"give"Five,presentobjectNominalwords,1+,verbalwords+nominalwords2Theseventhsection:predicateandcomplementverbphrase.ApredicateandcomplementthesignificanceThetendency,result,possibility,state,ordegreeofcomplementTwo,predicateandcomplementstructureThree,directionalcomplementThedirectionalcomplementactsasatendencyverbtoindicatethetendencyofactionThegrammaticalizationorgeneralizationofdirectionalcomplementFour,resultcomplementComplementtheactionshown,predicatebehaviorresultsThepredicateisaverb,adjectiveorverbcomplementisFive,possiblecomplementThreetypes:OnekindisexpandedbythedirectionalcomplementandtheresultcomplementIndicatesthepossibilityofsubjectiveorobjectiveacquisitionoftheoutcomeofanaction(therealizationofatendencycanalsoberegardedasaspecialoutcome)Aclassof"get/cannot"("de/DeBu")actsasthemainobjectivetoshowobjectivelyandrationallywhethertoallowornotBythirdtypesof"got/not"(Delio/-Bulimillionomillion).Themainrepresentationhassubjectiveability,canalsobesaidwhethertoallowthereasonSix,statuscomplementComplementcanbeverycomplex.Idioms,complexverbsandadjectivephrases,subjectpredicatestructurescanactasstatecomplementsSeven,degreecomplement"Extreme","bad","through","dead","many"arefollowedby".""Thedegreecomplementissometimesmerelyaform,evenifitisThecomplementdoesnotappearorcanshowdepthEighthphrases:attributiveandadverbialFirst,themeaningofattributiveandadverbialAttribute:attributestateMaterialleaderandsubordinateNumberpurposeAdverbial:StatusdegreeplacePositiontimemodeTwo,attributiveconstitutionThree,complexattributesThreecasesOrderofcomplexattributesFour,thecompositionofadverbialFive,complexadverbialThreecasesOrderofcomplexadverbialsNinthsentencepatternsI.thesentencepatternsystemofmodernChinese:asentencepatternofmodernChineseTwo,"Ba"and"Bei""Ba"anditsusingconditionsTheBeisentenceanditsuseconditionThree,evensentencesandsimultaneoussentencesComparesentenceswithpredicateverbphrasesasobjectsentences:seeverb1,Voicepause,insertFour,nonsubjectpredicatesentenceVerbalnonsubjectpredicatesentenceAdjectivenonsubjectpredicatesentenceNominalnonsubjectpredicatesentenceTheinterjection,OnomatopoeticWordsTenthsentencecomplexsentenceFirst,thedefinitionandcharacteristicsofcompoundsentencesTwo,thetypesofcompoundsentencesParallel(generallyjuxtaposed)Contrast)CIS(continuous)commentaryProgressiveChoiceTransitionhypothesisconditionCausalobjectiveAnalysisofthreeandmorerepeatedsentencesAnanalysisofrepeatedsentencesThemoodoftheeleventhsentencesI.ThemoodcategoriesandmodalparticlesofsentencesDeclarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,exclamatorysentenceandechoingsentenceAh,well,moodwords:doyouhaveenough,and,to,ah,oh,Mei(,)Two,declarativesentence"Yes"meansnewsituations,and"yes"meansso"What?"thereareexaggeratedcolors,makepeoplebelievethat;with"just"hasdeliberatelyintendedtosmall,deliberatelynarrowingthemeaningThree,theimperativesentenceImperativesentencesexpressmeaningssuchasinstructions,prayers,etc."Bar",withatoneofdiscourse"Yes"isoftenusedinnegativeformFour,interrogativesentenceSpecificquestionsYesnoquestionAlternativeQuestionsthecomplexinterrogativesentenceFiveexclamatorysentencesTwelfthcommonsyntaxerrorsAsyntaxerrorofGrammaticalerrorssometimesinvolvesemanticproblemsTwo,thesentencecomponentsincompleteSubjectincompleteThedeficiencyofthecentrallanguageofanobjectIncompletepredicateAttributeandadverbialdeformityThree,therelevantingredientsinappropriatecollocationImpropercollocation,alargenumberissemanticThesubjectcannotbematchedwiththepredicateVerbcollocationInappropriatecollocationofmodifierandcentrallanguageCategoryconfusionofjointcomponentsFour,thewordslocationiswrongMainlythelocationofmodifiersFive,hybridityMixingthetwomeaningsofthesamemeaningTwosentences"welding"togetherThefifthchapterisrhetoricSection1rhetoricandrhetoricFirst,themeaningofrhetoricTwo,languageenvironmentSecond,thechoiceanduseofwordsI.GeneralrequirementsfortheselectionanduseofwordsTwo,selectthefurtherrequirementsofwordsTheadjustmentanduseofthethirdsentencepatternsSentenceelementtranslocationTwo,activesentenceandpassivesentenceThree,affirmativeandnegativesentencesFour,longsentencesandshortsentencesLongsentencesFive,thesentenceandloosesentencesPutthesentenceandloosesentencesusedincombination,arescatteredandSix,tightsentencesandloosesentencesThesentencestructureiscompactandthestructureislooseSeven,oralandwrittensentencesFourthcommonlyusedrhetoricaldevicesMetaphorTwo,metonymyThree,analogyFour,exaggerationFiveironySix,punSeven,euphemismEight,parallelism,andrepeateddeliveryNine,contrast,contrastandantithesisTen,LianLian,synesthesia,imitationwordsEleven,rhetoricalquestionsTwelve,thetopandtheloopThirteen,P.Fourteen,thecomprehensiveuseoffiguresofspe