江苏牛津英语所有语法精讲

语法基数词和序数词表示数目多少的词叫基数词：onetwothree….二，表示顺序的数次叫序数词：1stfirst6thsixth10thtenth2ndsecond7thseventh12thtwelfth3rdthird8theighth20thtwentieth4thfourth9thninth21sttwenty-first5thfifth100thonehundredth注意：Hundredthousandmillion其前有具体数字时，用单数：twothousandstudents前无数词，模糊数字+s+of短语:Hundredsofpeople3.序数词的用法：序数词前加“a”表“再一次”。MayIhaveasecondtry?我能再试一次吗？当“分数词”用表示“几分之几”。onethirdofthestudents三分之一的学生twothirds(ofthestudents)三分之二（的学生）4.时间表达法：7:05sevenfive/fivepastseven8:50sevenfifty/tenpasteight8:008（o’clock）8:30Eightthirty/halfpasteight5.年、月、日的顺序：日、月、年5Jane2005②月、日、年Jane52005Inthe1990’s(nineteennineties)20世纪90年代5.年龄表达法：一个十七岁的女孩a17-year-oldgirlagirl17yearsold6.416房间：Room4161路公共汽车：Bus17.幸福大街81号：No.81,Xingfustreet8.电话号码256-9905：twofivesixninenine(两个9也可表示：doublenine)0(零)five9.数字表达：1,115,780:onemilliononehundredandfifteensevenhundredandeighty8%:eightpercent10.Page120第120页11.倍数表达法：三次以上用“基数词+times”，两倍用twice或double。名词所有格一．在英语中有些名词可以加“’s”来表示所有关系，1.单数名词词尾加“’s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“’s”。theboy’sbag男孩的书包men’sroom男厕所2.若名词已有复数词尾又是s，只加“’”。theworkers’struggle工人的斗争3.凡不能加“’s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构表示所有关系。例thetitleofthesong歌的名字5.如果两个名词并列，并且分别有’s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个’s，则表示“共有”。例John’sandMary’srooms(两间)JohnandMary’sroom(一间)6.在复合名词或短语中，’s加在最后一个词的词尾。例atwo-monthholidayatwomonths’holiday8.不定代词后接else,所有格放在else上。例somebodyelse’sbag二、另外一种所有格是由介词of加名词构成的名词短语1.名词的所有格形式除’s外，还可用of+名词构成短语修饰前面的名词或表示两个名词间的所有关系。2.使用名词所有格须注意:一般地说，’s所有格多用于有生命的东西，of所有格多用于无生命的东西，但也有许多例外。例studentsoftheschoolthecostoflivingthenewsofsuccess3．双重所有格双重所有格即“of+名词’s所有格”，表示整体中的一个或部分。anoldfriendofmyfather’s（=oneofmyfather’soldfriends我父亲的一个老朋友anoldfriendofmine我的一个老朋友定冠词the的用法：定冠词的基本用法：表示特指的人或事物。如：Themanwithaflower指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Lookattheblackboard,Lily.(复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：Thereisamanunderthetree.ThemaniscalledRobert.表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：Theearth在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。常用在乐器名称的前面用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。theHimalayaMountains.(喜马拉雅山)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。theUnitedStatesofAmerica.美利坚合众国)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：TheGreens和某些形容词连用表示一类人thepoor/richtheyoung/old三餐饭前不用节、假日前一般不用。球类名词前不用。表示方向的介词On(强调与物体的表面相接触)over（不必与物体相触在……正方under在……（正）下方above（不必与物体表面相接触，也不必在……正上方below在……下方，也不必在……正下方between在……之间（指二者）among在……之间（指三者或三者以上）across从表面横过、越过……through从内部穿过……infrontof→指在某地方之外的前面，inthefrontof→指在某地方之内的前面，can和could的用法1,表示允许，两者均可用，但用could语气更委婉；2,can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力，3,beableto有更多时态4,表示推测时，can’t意为“不可能”，感叹句一、由what引导的感叹句，其句子结构可分为以下三种：1.“What+a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！”。2.“What＋形容词＋可数名词复数＋主语＋谓语！”。3.“What＋形容词＋不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！”二、由how引导的感叹句，其句子结构也分为三种：1.“How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！”。如：2.：“How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！”。3.“How＋主语＋谓语！”由what引导的感叹句与由how引导的感叹句有时可以转换，但句中部分单词的顺序要有所变化。如：1，Howbeautifulagirlsheis!＝Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!,三、有时感叹句也可以由一个单词、词组、祈使句、陈述句等构成。Goodidea!（好主意！）wonderful!（太精彩了！）Thankgoodness!（谢天谢地！）

祈使句1祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。,2动词原形开头，Takethisseat.3否定结构句首加Don't4反意疑问句用willyou/won'tyou?（1），(Don't)openthedoor,willyou/won'tyou?,（2），Letushaveanothertry，willyou/won'tyou?（3），Let'shaveanothertry，shallwe/shan'twe?形容词比较级和最高级一、英语形容词比较等级有三个：原级，比较级和最高级。1、规则变化1）单音节词末尾加-er（比较级），-est（最高级）2）单音节如以e结尾，只加-r（比较级），-st（最高级）3）闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er（比较级），-est（最高级）bigthinfatslimhotwetred4）辅音字母+y,则变y为-i，再加-er和-est。5）部分双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most。6）不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/well-better–bestbad-worse-worstmany/much–more-mostlittle--less–leastfar--farther/further--farthest/furthest注：有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如：right,wrong,woolen等。原级（同级）比较：2、as+形容词/副词+as…;notas(so)+形容词/副词+as…3、比较级：表示两者之间比……常用than可用状语much,alot,alittle,even等修饰：4、最高级：最高级前必须加the,副词最高级前常省略the，后面多用of……，in……短语表示范围：5、特殊：⑴Johnistheclevererofthetwoboys.5、用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。-Johnistallerthananyotherboyintheclass.-Johnisthetallestboyintheclass.5、the+比较级…..the+比较级，表示“越……越……”:6、moreandmore+多音节，表示“越来……越……”:7形容词前如加less和least则表示"较不"和"最不"lessimportant较不重要8that代指单数和不可数these代指复数-TheweatherinShanghaiishotterthanthatinBeijing.9Shanghaiisoneof

thebiggest

cities

inChina.上海是中国最大城市之一。比较级、最高级1.Hedidn’tpasstheexamandhisteacherlookedathim________(angry).2Youarevery(care).3Ihavemany(care)students.4.Youplannedeverything_________(well)thanIdid.5.Annisas_________asMillie.(care)6..Annwritesas_________asMillie.(care)7.Jimworks_________thananyotherstudentinhisclass.(hard)8.The________(busy)heis,the_______(happy)hefeels.9.Nobodycanjump___________(far)thantheboyinhisclass.10.Alargenumberofpeoplegoabroadtostudy__________.(far)11.Hetalked_________(little)ofallatthemeeting.12.Itrained.越来越大。【2011泰州】5.—WhoissuitableforthenewchairpersonoftheStudents’Union?—Davidis.Heis______enoughtocomeupwithnewideas.A.imaginativeB.humorousC.modestD.outgoing【2011•无锡】—Thereusedtobelotsoffishinthelake.—Yes,buttherearevery__________now.A.fewB.fewerC.littleD.less【2011•无锡】Nanjingisn’tsolarge__________Shanghai,however,it’sthesecond__________cityinEastChina.A.like;largestB.as;largestC.like;largeD.as;large【2011·苏州】Duringthisyear’sReadingWeek,Ireadthemostbooksinourclass.Nooneread______booksthanI.A.manyB.moreC.fewD.fewer【2011连云港】9.—Howamazingthenoodleis!—Yes,itis______,andbreakstheGuinnessWorldRecordasthelongesthandmadenoodle.A.1,704–meter–longB.1,704–meters–longC.1,704meterlongD.1,704meterslong【2011江苏徐州】14.We’vegotnocoffee.Let’shavetea_______.A.either B.however C.yet D.instead【2012江苏连云港】7.TheFirstHuaguoshanInternationalGolfOpenwassuccessthatweenjoyedourselvesverymuch.A.suchagreatB.asuchgreatC.soagreatD.asogreat【2012江苏宿迁】11.—Jack,isthereintoday’snewspaper?—No,nothing.A.anythingimportantB.somethingimportantC.importantanythingD.importantsomething【2012江苏徐州】11.—Whyareyouso,Amy?—IthoughtIlostmypurse,butIdidn’t.Ifounditinmystudy!A.angryB.happyC.sadD.nervous【2012江苏盐城】7.Thisschoolbagisnotexpensive.Andthepriceofitistheofthethree.A.lowest B.biggest C.highest D.smallest【2012江苏镇江】12.HespeaksFrenchwell,butofcoursenot_____apersonborninFrance.A.asclearasB.clearerthanC.asclearlyasD.themoreclearly【2012江苏连云港】5.—HaveyouboughtforLinda’sbirthday?—Notexactly.Justsomeflowers,A.somethingunusualB.anythingunusualC.unusualsomethingD.unusualanything【2012江苏宿迁】17.Themeatsmells.Throwitaway.A.wellB.goodC.badlyD.bad【2013徐州】50.I________watchthisTVprogramme.It'sveryinteresting.A.oftenB.neverC.hardlyD.seldom【2013扬州】110.EagleFatherwasso__________withhissonthathekeptthefour-year-oldsonrunninginthesnowwithoutclothes.A.pleasedB.sorryC.carefulD.strict过去完成时一、过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。基本结构：主语+had+过去分词二、基本用法1表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineo'clocklastnight.TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.2是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。4)Whenwereachedthecinema,thefilmhadbegun3宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilmbefore.三、用‘should’,‘oughtto’,‘hadbetter’,‘haveto’,and‘must’提建议1.⑴should/oughtto应该⑵must表示“必须”，侧重于说话人的主观意志。⑶haveto表示“必须”，侧重于客观的需要，含有“不得不”的意味。⑷hadbetter(常缩写为’dbetter)，表示“最好”，hadbetterdosth.。hadbetternotdosth.表示“最好不要做……”。四、用‘whynot’,‘whydon’tyou’and‘perhaps’提建议Whynot…?/Whydon’tyou…?后面必须跟动词原形。动词不定式1.(主语)Itisunhealthyforyoutoeattoomuch.=Toeattoomuchisunhealthyforyou.2.Predictive(表语)Mydreamistobeagreatfootballplayer.3.Object(宾语)不定式可以接在有些动词后作宾语,如:hope,promise,plan,learn,decide,choose,prepare,agree,remember,forget,seemPleasedon’tforgettotakepartinourclubparty.4.ObjectComplement(宾语补足语)Myparentsdonotallowmetogooutafter6p.m.这样的搭配有：allowneedadvisewanttellaskorder有些动宾结构可以接省略“to”的不定式作宾补。(使役动词)make/let/havesb.dosth.（感官动词)see/hear/notice/watchsb.dosth.在被动语态中“to”要还原。Millieismadetodoplentyofexercises.5.Attributive(定语)MrWuisalwaysthelasttoleave.不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的词之后。Ihavesomemoretosay.Thereisneedtotellhimthetruth.Hesaidhefoundachairtositon.6Adverbial表目的Hestayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.Adverbial表结果Lindacamebackhometofindherhouseonfire.（二）疑问词+不定式动词1)Shefoundoutwhereshecouldbuycheaperfruits.=Shefoundoutwheretobuycheaperfruits.间接引语间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。1.直接引语转换成间接引语时应注意几个变化:A.人称的变化Shesaid,“Iamtired.”Shesaidthatshewastired.B.时态的变化：1.主句谓语是现在时，从句的时态不变Heasks,“IsTomanEnglishman?”Heasksif/whetherTomisanEnglishman.2.主句谓语是过去时，从句的时态要相应地降一级一般现在时—一般过去时一般将来时—过去将来时现在进行时——过去进行时现在完成时—过去完成时一般过去时——过去完成时3.直接引语改为间接引语时时态不变的情况(1)当表示的是客观事实或真理的时候,时态不变。Theteachertoldusthatthesunrisesintheeast.C.连接词1.被引用的句子是陈述句,只需要在句子前面加that,在口语中及非正式用语中常常省略,如:Dadsaidtome,“Ienjoycartoonsverymuch.”Dadtoldme(that)heenjoyscartoonsverymuch.2.如果被引用的句子是一般疑问句，这个时候要用if/whether引导从句。如:Heasked,“DoyoulikeChinesetea?”Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedChinesetea.whether/if之异同：(1)强调两方面的选择，特别是句中有ornot时。如：(4)在介词之后作介词的宾语时。如：Ihaven’tsettledthequestionofwhetherI’llgobackhome.(5)在不定式前与不定式一起组成词组时。如：Whethertogoorstayisstillaquestion.4.当被引用的句子是祈使句时,改为间接引语时用ask,want,tell,order等表示，如:⑴TommysaidtoLinda,“Gotoclosethedoor.”TommyaskedLindatogotoclosethedoor.⑵Themansaidtothechildren,“Don’tplaywithfire.”Themantold/orderedthechildrennottoplaywithfire.D.指示代词，地点状语的变化直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthesethose地点状语herethere动词comegobringtakeE.时间状语的变化直接引语间接引语nowtodaytonightthisweek/year/termthenthatdaythatnightthatweek/year/termthreedaysagoyesterdayeveninglastweekyesterdaythedaybeforeyesterdaythreedaysbeforetheeveningbeforetheweekbeforethedaybeforetwodaysbeforetomorrowtomorrowmorningthedayaftertomorrownextweek/month/yearthenextdaythenextmorningtwodayslater/afterthenextweek/month/yearF

F用陈述语序2.ShirleyaskedMary,“AreyoufromAmerica?”ShirleyaskedMaryifsheisfromAmerica.反义疑问句一、基本形式：Youcan’tdoit,canyou?你不能做它，是吗？否定肯定Theyareverylateforthemeeting,aren’tthey?他们开会迟到了，是吗？肯定否定当陈述句中含有be动词，助动词，或是情态动词时，反问句部分由这些词加上主语人称代词构成，Be动词包括：am,is,are,was,were助动词有：do,does,did,have\has（用在完成时）,had（用在过去完成时）等情态动词有：can,could,may,might,must,will,would,shall,should二、反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little,few,never,hardly,seldom，nobody,nothing,no等否定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式。如：①Shenevertellsalie,doesshe?②Hewasseldomlate,washe?三、陈述部分带有dislike,unhappy,useless等加前后缀构成否定意义的词时，问句部分用否定四、反意疑问句的陈述部分为Iam……时，问句部分习惯上用aren’tI？表示。陈述部分的主语为不定代词something,anything,等时，问句部分的主语用it。主语为不定代词somebody(someone),anybody等)时，问句部分的主语用he或they，五、．陈述部分为祈使句1）若为let’s引导，反问句用shallwe?2）若为letus引导和其余的任何一般的否定祈使句，都用willyou,3）Please(don’t)openthewindow,willyou?打开窗，好吗？六、Hedoesn’tthinksheisright,isshe?反意疑问句1、Fewofthemhurtthemselvesintheaccidentlastnight,________

A.don’ttheyB.didn’ttheyC.didtheyD.dothey

2、-You’veneverseendinosaureggs,haveyou?

--_____.HowIwishtovisittheDinosaurWorld.

A.Yes,IhaveB.No,Ihaven’tC.Certainly,IhaveD.Ofcourse,Ihaven’t

5、JohncanhardlyunderstandanyChinese,_________he?

A.Can’tB.doesn’tC.canD.does

6.Don’tsmokeinthemeeting-room,_________?

A.doyouB.willyouC.canyouD.couldyou

9、Theladycouldn’tsayawordwhenshesawthesnake,________?

A.couldtheladyB.couldn’ttheladyC.couldsheD.couldn’tshe

14、Tinaisunhappynow,________?A.isn’tsheB.issheC.isheD.didshe

21、He’sneverbeentoaforeigncountry,_______?

A.hasheB.doesheC.hasn’theD.doesn’the

22、Thereissomewaterinthatbottle,isn’t_______

A.thereB.itC.thatD.those

26Let’sgoandplayfootball,__________?

A.willyouB.doyouC.won’tyouD.shallwe

27、Theboyhastostayathometolookafterhislittlesister,_______?

A.doesheB.isheC.doesn’theD.hasn’the5、Hethinkshisauntisright.(改为反意疑问句)

Hethinkshisauntisright,______________________?

9aUnit1句型一：Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.(not)todo…这里形容词是对人的品质、特征等的修饰、说明某人（不）做某事是……怎么样的ItisverykindofJackieChantoraisemoneyforcharities.JackieChan_________________________raisemoneyforcharities.ItisnotwrongofLucytohelpLily.Lucy______________________________________helpLily.类似句型1：Itis/was+adj.+forsb.+todosth.对某人来说，做某事是……怎么样的。这里的形容词是对做的事的好坏等性质的修饰、说明1.Itiseasy_________me________speakEnglish.2.Itwasquitedifficult____________thechild___________lift(举)suchaheavybox.类似句型2：Itis/wasadj.+that引导从句.对某人来说，做某事是……怎么样的。1.在步行前先训练自己是有必要的。Itisnecessarythatyoutrainyourselfbeforethewalk.转换成:It’snecessary________you________trainyourselfbeforethewalk.句型二：tobe+adj.+enough+todo某人足够……以至于……注意：enoughadj./adv.+enough;enough+n./n.+enough用tobe+adj.+enough+todo句型改写下列句子：1.It’spatientofyoutowaitfortwohourshere.You____________________________________________waitfortwohourshere.2.Heiskind.HehelpsmewithmyEnglish.He’s____________________________helpmewithmyEnglish.It’s________________________________helpmewithmyEnglish.其它类似句型及其转换：such…that,so…that,enoughto..,too…to1.Heissuchayoungboythathecan’tgotoschool.=Heis___________young______________hecan’tgotoschool.=Heis______________________enough______________gotoschool.=Heis____________young____________gotoschool.3.Mr.Wuissopatientthathespendsmuchtimeexplainingthingstous.=Mr.Wuis_____________________________spendmuchtimeexplainingthingstous.4.Thepandaissofatthatitcan’tgothroughthehole.=Thepandais__________________________gothroughthehole.句子成分Ⅰ.主语subjectTheclassroomisverybig.Ⅱ.表语(predicative)联系动词后面的成分叫表语，主语+连系动词＋表语Ⅲ.联系动词（Linkverb）be动词become成为，turn变成.seem,look,sound,taste,feel等Thebikeismine.Thatsoundsgreat.Ⅳ.谓语(predicate)谓语一般放在主语之后。Westudyhard.Ⅴ.宾语object句型II:主语+谓语＋宾语HecanspeakEnglish.Theyhavefinishedthejob.双宾语:directobjectandindirectobjectAndyboughtMillieanicecream.MyteachergavemeanEnglishbook.间接宾语直接宾语Ⅵ.定语attributive定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。Youareahard-workingperson.Thegirlinredismysister.定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰由some,any,every,no构成的不定代词时，（如：something、nothing），则定语通常后置。Ihavesomethinginterestingtotellyou.Ⅶ.状语(adverbial)：IreadEnglisheverymorning.Mygrandpaoftenwalksinthepark.时间地点副词通常作状语。9AUnit1()12.Heusedtodoeverythingso______thatheoftenmademistakes.A.carefulB.carelessC.carefullyD.carelessly()13It’simportant______us______Englishwell.A.for;learnB.for;tolearnC.of;learningD.of;tolearn(14.It'snecessary______learnaforeignlanguageA.forwetoB.thatweC.ofustoD.forus()14.Andyis______bealeader.A.enoughenergetictoB.energeticenoughtoC.energeticenoughthathecanD.B&C()15.Heisnot______togotoschool.A.enougholdB.enoughyoungC.oldenoughD.youngenough()16.Itisnecessary______you______Englishasoftenasyoucan.for;toreadB.for;toreadingC.of;toreadD.of;reading()17.Itisnice______youto______methenewspaper.A.for;bringB.for;takeC.of;bringD.of;take()18.Anenergeticpersonhaslotsofenergy.A.directobjectB.indirectobjectC.predicateD.attributive()19Kittydanceseveryday.A.predicateB.predicativeC.objectD.adverbial()20.Mikeisanenergeticperson.A.predicateB.predicativeC.objectD.adverbial(21.Yourfriendisshowingyouanarticle.A.directobjectB.indirectobjectC.predicateD.attributive()9.Amywantstotravelaroundtheworld.A.predicateB.adverbialC.objectD.subject()22.Whobrokethewindow?A.subjectB.objectC.predicativeD.attributive()23.TheycallthemanMonk（和尚）.A.predicativeB.objectcomplementC.attributiveD.adverb